IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


5^. 


//A 


1.0 


I.I 


1^128     |Z5 
£   U£    12.0 


iy£ 


IL25  mu 


1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STtlET 

WiBSTER.N.Y.  14SS0 

(716)  872-4503 


A^> 

^>^ 

^4" 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microreproductions  historiquM 


5^.  ^6^ 


>. 


<«^ 


Tachnical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notas  tachniquaa  at  bibliographiquas 


Tha  instituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  bast 
original  capy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturas  of  this 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographicaliy  uniqua. 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raproduction.  or  which  may  significantly  changa 
tha  usual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  balow. 


□    Colourad  covars/ 
Couvartura  da  coulour 


I      I    Covars  damagad/ 


D 


Couvartura  andommagte 


Covars  rastorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  rastaurAa  at/ou  palliculte 


I      I    Covar  titia  missing/ 


D 


La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 


Colourad  maps/ 

Cartas  gtographiquas  an  coulaur 


□   Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  blua  ot  black)/ 
Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  blaua  ou  noira) 

I      I   Colourad  platas  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 


Planchas  at/ou  illustrations  an  coulaur 

Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
RaliA  avac  d'autras  documants 


r~y|    Tight  binding  may  causa  shadows  or  distortion 


D 


D 


along  intarior  margin/ 

La  re  liura  sarria  paut  causar  da  i'ombro  ou  da  la 

distortion  la  long  da  la  marga  intAriaura 

Blank  laavas  addad  during  rastoration  may 
appaar  within  tha  taxt.  Whanavar  possibia,  thasa 
hava  baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
II  sa  paut  qua  cartainas  pagas  blanchas  ajoutAas 
lors  d'una  rastauration  apparaissant  dans  la  taxta. 
mais.  lorsqua  cala  Atait  possibia.  cas  pagas  n'ont 
pas  6t4  filmAas. 

Additional  commants:/ 
Commantairas  supplAmentairas: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  la  maillaur  axamplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  ttt  possibia  da  sa  procurar.  Las  details 
da  cat  axampiaira  qui  sont  paut-iltra  uniquas  du 
point  da  vua  bibliographiqua,  qui  pauvant  modifier 
una  imaga  raproduita.  ou  qui  pauvant  axigar  una 
modification  dar^  la  m6thoda  normala  da  filmaga 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dassous. 


Tha 
totl 


I     I   Colourad  pagas/ 


Pagas  da  coulaur 

Pagas  damagad/ 
Pagas  andommagias 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurtes  at/ou  palliculies 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxet 
Pagas  dAcolorias.  tachaties  ou  piquAes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditach^as 

Showthroughy 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  in6gala  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  matarii 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppiimentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Saule  Mition  disponible 


I — I  Pages  damaged/ 

I      I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

rri  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I     I  Pages  detached/ 

r~l  Showthrough/ 

r~71  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I     I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

n~|  Only  edition  available/ 


Tha 
poai 
oftr 
filml 


Orig 
bagi 
thai 
sion 
otha 
first 
sion 
or  ill 


Tha 
shall 
TIN! 
whi( 

Map 
diffi 
antii 
bagi 
righi 
raqu 
mati 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ansure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pagas  totalament  ou  partiallement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  M  filmies  A  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  imaga  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous 

10X                            14X                             18X                            22X 

26X 

30X 

J 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

Th«  copy  film«d  h«r«  ham  b««n  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

York  Univariity 
Toronto 
Soott  Library 

Tha  imagas  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  baat  quality 
possibia  conaldaring  tha  condition  and  iaglbility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  tpacifications. 


L'axamplaira  fiimA  fut  raproduit  grica  i  la 
gin^rosit*  da: 

York  University 
Toronto 
Scott  Library 

Las  imagas  suivantas  ont  4ti  raproduitaa  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin.  compta  tanu  da  la  condKion  at 
da  la  nattatA  da  l'axamplaira  filmi,  at  an 
-^onformit*  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covara  ara  fllmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impras- 
sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  Ail 
othar  original  copias  ara  fllmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  Illuatratad  impras- 
sion.  and  anding  on  tha  iaat  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illuatratad  Impraaalon. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  "■^-  (moaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  aymboi  ▼  (moaning  "END"), 
whichavar  appllaa. 


Laa  axampiairaa  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
paplar  aat  imprim4a  sont  filmto  an  commanqant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'impraasion  ou  d'iliustration,  solt  par  la  sacond 
plat,  salon  la  caa.  Toua  laa  autraa  axamplair^ 
originaux  sont  fiimis  an  commandant  par  la 
pramlAre  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'iliustration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darnlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  taiia 
amprainta. 

Un  das  symboiaa  suivanta  apparaltra  sur  la 
darnMra  imaga  da  chaqua  microficha.  salon  la 
cas:  la  symbols  — »•  signifia  "A  SUIVRE".  la 
symbols  ▼  signifia  "FIN". 


iMapa.  platas.  charts,  ate,  may  ba  fllmad  at 
diffarant  raductlon  ratloa.  Thosa  too  larga  to  ba 
antiraly  includad  in  ona  axposura  ara  fllmad 
baginning  in  tha  uppar  iaft  hand  cornar,  iaft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framaa  aa 
raquirad.  Tha  following  diagrama  illuatrata  tha 
mathod: 


Laa  cartaa,  pianchas,  tablaaux,  ate.  pauvant  Atra 
filmte  A  das  taux  da  rMuctlon  diffirants. 
Loraqua  la  documant  aat  trop  grand  pour  Atra 
raproduit  an  un  saul  clichA.  il  aat  film*  A  partir 
da  I'angla  supAriaur  gaucha.  da  gaucha  A  droita. 
at  da  haut  an  baa.  an  pranant  la  nombra 
d'imagac  nAcassaira.  Laa  diagrammas  suivanta 
illuatrant  la  mAthoda. 


1  2  3 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

THE 


8ILVA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


A  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  TREES  WHICH  GROW 

NATURALLY  IN  NORTH  AMERICA 

EXCLUSIVE  OF  MEXICO 


CHARLES   SPRAGUE    SARGENT 


DIRECTOR  OF  THE  ARNOLD  ARBORETUM 
OP  HARVARD  VNIVERSIXT 


Silluiaitrateii  tmtl^  iftgure^  atm  SLmima  mraton  from  0amxt 

BT 

CHARLES  EDWARD  FAXON 

VOLUME   XI 
CONIFERS 

(Pinus) 


BOSTON  AND  NEW  YORK 
HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  AND  COMPANY 


MDCCCXCVn 


Bt  OHARLia  BPBAOini  BAIODT. 
All  rigkU  ntentd. 


TV  Rivenidt  Prat,  PamlirUie,  Miui.,  V.  8.  A. 
ElMtn>tn>«>  •"I'  Prtot«d  bjr  H.  O.  Houghton  tui  Compwj. 


TO 

JOHN  MUIR 

LOVEB  AND  INTEBFRETEB  OF  NATCBE 

WHO  BEST  HAS  TOLD  THE  BTORT  OF  THE  8IEBRA  FOBE8TS 

THIS  ELEVENTH  VOLUME  OF 

THE  SILVA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

IB  OBATEFULLT  DEDICATED 


BVMOI 

PiNUH 
PiNUII 

Pitrvi 

PiNUH 

PiNua 

PiNUH 
FiNVH 
PlNUH 
PiNUII 
PiNUH 
PiNUK 
PWUH 

PurvH 

PiNUII 

PiNua 

PlNUH 
PlMUK 
PiNUH 

PiNua 

PiNUH 

PiNua 

PiNUS 
PiNUS 
PlNUS 

PiNUK 

PrauK 

PiNUI 
PiNUI 
PlNUt 
PiNUII 
PiNUII 
PiNUS 

Pm"« 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


SYXOMIt  OV  OkDUU Vtt 


Platea  dxxxviii.,  dzxziz 17 

FUtei  dxl.,  dxli 38 

,        .         .  FUtei  dxlii.,  dzliii 37 

,        ,                .        ,        ,        .  PL .  es  dzUv.,  dzlv •        •        .  88 

FliLtes  dxWi,  dzlvit S5 

PUte  dzlviii ■        •        •        -39 

FUtedxlix 48 

PiNUI  OIHBHOIIIIM Plate  dl 47 

PiNUI  MONOPHVLliA Plate  dli. 61 

PiNU*  KDULit Plate  dli! 6S 


Visvn  Btbobwi 

PiKUN  MOMTICOIA 

PiNut  Lamhrrtuka 

PlWVI  ITRORlrORMU 
PiNV*  VLRXILU         . 
PiNUt  AbSSC'.'.i'I'!! 
PlMUl  qUADRirOLIA 


PiNiri   PALrOURIANA 
PiNUI  ARHTATA 
PlNUH  RMINORA 
PlirUI  TORRRVAKA      . 

FiNU*  Arixonioa  . 


Plate  dliU 09 

Plate  dliv 68 

Plates  dlr.,  dlvi 67 

Plates  dWii.,  dlviii 71 


Plate  dliz. 


PiNUS  TONDRROtA Platea  dix.,  dlzi.,  dlzii.,  dbdii.,  dlzW.,  dlzr. 


PiNUI  ClIIIIUAIIUANA 

PitrUI  CONTORTA  

PiNUi  Sabiniana 

PiNVI  COULTRRI 

PiNUH  RAMATA 

PiNUS  ATTRMVATA Plates  dlxzv.,  dizzv'. 

PiNVI  Tmd.'  . FlattM  dlxxvli.,  dlzxviii. 


76 

77 
86 


Plate  dlzvi 

PUtes  dlxvii.,  dlxviii 89 

Plates  dlxiz.,  dlxz 96 

Plates  dlxxi.,  dlxzii 99 

Plates  dlxxiii.,  dlzxiv 103 

107 

111 


PiNUH  RlPibA Plate  dlxidx 116 

PitrvR  SRnoTiHA Plate  dUxi. 119 

PiNUS  ViROiNiANA Plate  dlxxxi 123 

PiNUH  OLAUIA Plato  dlxzxii 127 

PiNUl  ULABRA Plate  dlxxxiii 131 

PiNU*  raNORNl Plate  dlxxxiv 136 

PiNUi  MURIOATA Plates  dixxxv.,  dlxxxvi 139 

PlNU«  ROHINATA Plate  dlxxxvii 143 

Pwug  DiVARlOATA Plate  dlxxxviii 147 

PlNVS  PALUSTRIM Plates  dlxxxix.,  dxc 161 

Pn«"<  URTRROPIIYLLA Plates  dzci.,  dxcii 157 


8Y] 


Cr.i 

Stoi 

SUme 

JMTtill 


SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  ORDERS  OF  PLANTS  CONTAINED  IN  VOLUME  XI. 
OF  THE  8ILVA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Clam  III.   OYMNOSPERlLfi.   Reainoiu  trees  or  ■brubi. 

Stanu  incTOMing  in  diuneter  by  the  anniul  addition  of  B  layer  of  wood  iniida  th*  bark.  Flowan  onimual,  nakad. 
Stamani  numeroni.  OtuIn  2  or  many  not  inoloMhl  in  an  ovary.  Cotyledons  2  or  mora.  Laavei  uinally  •traigbl-Teined, 
peniitant,  or  decidooui. 

68.  Couifena.     t^lowen  monoeoiooi,  niually  ioUUry,  terminal,  or  azUUry.    Oralea  2  or  many.     Fruit  a  woody 
or  rarely  flethy  itrobile.    Cotyledoni  2  or  many.     Leavaa  leala-UIib,  linear  or  lubnlata,  iolitary  or  olutared. 


nit 
8ca 
in 
■eo 

Plni 
■i 
1 
1 
f 
8 


bark 
with 
bran 
ohesj 
brani 


mard 

shool 

branI 

two 

thin  I 

deciq 

leavd 

variq 

acut 

on  tl 

flat 

solit 

vascil 

var 

U8ua 


SILVA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


PINU8. 

Flowers  naked,  monceoious,  the  stuminate  involucrate.  fascicled ;  stamens  indefl- 
nitc,  anther-cells  2;  the  pistillate  lateral  or  subterminal,  solitary  or  clustered,  their 
scales  spirally  disposed ;  ovules  2  under  each  scale.  Fruit  a  woody  strobile  maturing 
in  two  or  rarely  in  three  years.  Leaves  dimorphic,  the  primordial  scattered,  the 
secondary  fascicled,  persistent. 


Pinua,  DuhMnal,  TraUi  dt$  Arbret,  II.  121  (176B)  —  Ad»n- 
■on,  Fam.  PI.  ii.  480.  —  Link,  AbhanU.  Akad.  Berl.  1827, 
167.  —  BenUuun  dp  Hookar,  Oen.  iii.  438.  —  Engelmann, 
Traru.  St.  Louit  Aead.  W.  1 U.  —  Eiohlar,  Engler  -* 
Prantl  Pflanxtnfam.  ii.  pt  i.  70.  —  Mwttrt,  Jour.  Linn. 
Soe.  lu.  37. 


Fintu,  Linnwii,  Oen.  203  (in  ptrt)  (1737).  —  Endlielrar, 
am.  260  (in  part).  —  Haiinar,  Oen.  3S2  (in  part).  — 
UuUIoi.,  Hitt.  PI.  xii.  44  (in  part). 

Apiniu,  Neckcr,  JCUm.  Bot.  iii.  269  (1790). 

Oambra,  Opiz,  Setnam,  27  (18S2). 

Strobus,  Opiz,  Loto$,  ir.  94  (1864). 


Tre«8,  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  deeply  furrowed  and  gometimes  laminate  or  with  thin  and  scaly 
bark,  hard  or  soft  heartwood  often  conspicuously  marked  by  dark  bands  of  summer  cells  impregnated 
with  resin,  pale  nearly  white  sapwood,  stout  branches  and  branchlets,  large  terminal  and  axillary 
branch-buds  formed  during  summer  and  covered  with  numerous  loosely  imbricated  scarious  usually 
chestnut-brown  thin  ovate  acute  accrescent  scales,  the  outer  empty  and  persistent  on  the  growing 
branch,  the  inner  inclosing  the  leaf-buds,'  and  fibrous  rootlets.  Primary  leaves  subulate  from  a  btoad 
base,  flat,  keeled  above  and  below,  usually  serrulate,  stomatiferous  on  both  surfaces,  scarioua  ur  hy;iline, 
marcescent,  spirally  disposed  in  many  scries,  on  some  species  occasionally  produced  on  vigorous  stump 
shoots  and  branches ; '  secondary  or  foliage  leaves  clustered,  the  clusters  borne  on  rudimentary 
branches  in  the  axils  of  primary  leaves  or  of  bud-scales,  and  surrounded  at  the  base  by  sheaths  of 
two  lateral  keeled  scales  and  from  six  to  ten  inner  accrescent  scales  more  or  less  united  by  their 
thin  edges,  inclosing  the  leaf-clusters  in  the  bud,  persistent  with  the  leaves,  or  loose,  spreading,  and 
deciduous  during  the  first  season ;  leaf-clusters  composed  of  two,  three,  or  five,  or  rarely  of  six  or  seven 
leaves,  or  of  a  single  leaf,  the  number  usually  definite  in  each  species,  or  on  a  few  species  regularly 
variable,  deciduous  duiing  their  second  season  or  persistant  for  many  years ;  leaves  acicular,  elongated, 
acute,  spinescent,  or  occasionally  somewhat  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  apex,  generally  sharply  serrulate 
on  the  margins  and  on  the  keel  of  the  upper  surface ;  in  two-leaved  clusters,  semiterete,  convex  below, 
flat  above,  in  clusters  of  three  or  more,  triangular  and  more  or  less  keeled  above,  or  terete  when 
solitary  ;  stomatiferous,  the  stomata  disposed  in  longitudinal  bands  on  one  or  on  both  surfaces ;  fibro- 
vascular  bundles  solitary  or  in  pairs ;  resin  ducts  peripheral  or  parenchymatous  or  internal,  often 
varying  in  number  in  the  same  species ;  hypoderm  or  strengthening  cells  scattered  under  the  epidermis, 
usually  at  the  angles  and  keel  of  the  leaf,  and  occasionally  also  in  the  fibro-vascular  region.     Flowers 


;™ 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIfBKJB. 


monoecious,  very  rarely  androgynous,^  appearing  in  early  spring.  Staminate  flowers  fascicled  at  the 
base  of  leafy  accrescent  shoots  of  the  year  in  the  aiils  of  bracts,  yellow,  orange-color,  or  scarlet,  oval, 
cylindrical,  or  more  or  less  elongated,  composed  of  numerous  sessile  twa«elled  anthers  imbricated  in 
many  ranks,  their  cells  parallel,  extrorse,  opening  on  the  sides  longitudinally  and  siurmounted  by  crest- 
like transverse  semiorbicular  or  almost  orbicular  connectives,  entire,  denticulate,  lacerate,  or  rarely  short 
and  tuberculate  or  dentate,  each  flower  surrounded  at  the  base  by  an  involucre  of  scale-like  bracts 
varying  from  three  to  sixteen,  usually  definite  in  number  on  each  species,  the  two  external  bracts 
lateral,  strongly  keeled  on  the  back;  pollen-grains  bilobed, with  lateral  air  sacs.*  Pistillate  flowers 
subterminal  or  lateral,  solitary,  geminate,  or  clustered,  erect  or  recurved,  sessile  or  pedunculate,  borne 
near  the  apex  of  branchlets  of  the  year  in  the  axils  of  bud-scales,  composed  of  numerous  carpellary 
scales  each  in  the  axil  of  a  small  bract,  spirally  disposed  in  many  series,  rounded,  obtuse  and  appressed 
at  the  apex,  or  produced  into  longer  or  shorter  or  much  elongated  subulate  often  scarious  tips,  bearing 
on  the  inner  surface  near  the  base  two  naked  collateral  inverted  ovules.  Fruit  a  woody  pendulous 
horizontal,  or  occasionally  erect,  subglobose  oblong  or  elongated  conical  symmetrical  or,  by  the  greater 
development  of  the  scales  on  one  side  than  on  the  other,  oblique  woody  strobile  maturing  at  the  end  of 
the  second  or  rarely  of  the  third  seasoa,  and  persistent  on  the  branch  after  the  escape  of  the  seeds,  or 
on  some  species  remaining  olostid  for  many  years,  composed  of  the  now  hard  and  woody  scales  of  the 
flower  more  or  less  thickened  on  the  free  exposed  surface  terminating  in  a  blunt  umbo  or  acicular  with 
a  weak  or  strong  caducous  o"  utout  persistent  mucro,  or  furnished  with  a  much  thickened  elongated 
often  curved  or  twisted  spine;'  floral  bracts  now  thickened  and  corky,  much  shorter  than  the  scales, 
partly  inclosing  the  seeds  in  depressions  at  the  base.  Seeds  geminate,  reversed,  attached  at  the  base  in 
shallow  depressions  on  the  inner  face  of  the  scales,  obovate  or  obliquely  triangular,  occasionally  nearly 
cylindrical,  often  somewhat  compressed,  smooth  or  frequently  slightly  ridged  or  tuberculate  below, 
destitute  of  resin  vescicles,  in  falling  bearing  away  portions  of  the  membranaceous  lining  of  the  scale 
forming  wing-like  attachments  often  several  times  longer  or  as  long  or  shorter  than  the  seeds,  or 
reduced  to  a  narrow  rim  frequently  remaining  attached  to  the  scale  after  the  falling  of  the  seed ;  testa 
of  two  coats,  the  outer  crustaceous,  or  thick,  hard,  and  bony,  pale  gray,  yellow-brown,  or  black, 
sometimes  produced  into  a  narrow  wing-like  border,  the  inner  membranaceous,  light  chestnut-brown, 
and  lustrous.  Embryo  axile  in  copious  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  from  three  to  fifteen  or  rarely 
eighteen,'  usually  much  shorter  than  the  inferior  radicle.' 

About  seventy  species  of  Pinus  can  now  be  distingpiished.'  The  genus  is  widely  distributed 
through  the  northern  hemisphere  from  the  Arctic  Circle  to  the  West  Indies*  and  the  highlands  of 
Central  America  *"  in  the  New  World,  and  in  the  Old  World  to  the  Canary  Islands,  which  are  inhabited 
by  one  endemic  species,"  northern  Africa,  Burma,  and  the  Philippine  Islands,  where  one  species 
occurs,"  and  to  the  mountains  of  the  Indian  Archipelago,  where  a  single  species  crosses  the  equator.'' 
Pine-trees  form  vast  forests  on  high  mountain  slopes  and  maritime  plains,  and  are  generally  scattered 
through  the  forests  of  deciduous-leaved  trees  in  most  northern  countries.  The  principal  centres  of 
distribution  of  Pinus  are  the  western  United  States,  where  twenty-one  species  are  recognized,  the  eastern 
United  States,  where  thirteen  species  grow,  and  the  highlands  of  Mexico,  which  are  often  covered  with 
great  forests  of  Pine-trees."  In  the  Old  World  Pine-trees  abound  in  the  regions  bordering  the  Medi- 
terranean, where  there  are  five  species,  and  constitute  great  forests  on  the  mountains  of  central  Europe 
and  the  plains  of  northern  Europe  and  Asia.  In  southern  Asia  the  genus  is  comparatively  poorly 
represented  in  number  of  species,  although  on  some  of  the  outer  ranges  cf  the  Himalayas  the  forests 
are  largely  composed  of  Pine-trees."  It  is  widely  distributed  with  a  few  species  through  eastern  con- 
tinental A8ia,'°  and  Pine-trees  are  common  in  all  the  elevated  regions  of  Japan.*'  The  genus  has 
representatives  in  all  parts  of  eastern  North  America  except  the  basin  of  the  central  Mississippi  and 
the  elevated  plains  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains;  in  the  north  one  species  only  braves  the  arctic 
winter ;  four  inhabit  the  St.  Lawrence  basin  and  northern  New  England ;  the  number  increases  to  five 


COMIFBILB. 


CONIFERS. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMEIUCA. 


fascicled  at  the 
ir,  or  scarlet,  oval, 
leis  imbrioated  in 
mounted  by  crest- 
ate,  or  rarely  short 
if  scale-like  bracts 
iro  external  bracts 

Pistillate  flowers 
pedunculate,  borne 
umerouB  carpellary 
tuse  and  appressed 
irious  tips,  bearing 

woody  pendulous 

or,  by  the  greater 

uing  at  the  end  of 

pe  of  the  seeds,  or 

iroody  scales  of  the 

ibo  or  acicular  with 

hickened  elongated 

ter  than  the  scales, 

shed  at  the  base  in 

occasionally  nearly 

tuberculate  below, 

linbg  of  the  scale 

than  the  seeds,  or 

of  the  seed;  testa 

w-brown,  or  black, 

rht  chestnut-brown, 

to  fifteen  or  rarely 

widely  distributed 
id  the  highlands  of 
which  are  inhabited 

where  one  species 
roBses  the  equator." 
e  generally  scattered 
principal  centres  of 
:ognized,  the  eastern 
e  often  covered  with 
}ordering  the  Medi- 
IB  of  central  Europe 
omparatively  poorly 
iinalayas  the  forests 
brough  eastern  con- 
I."  The  genus  has 
itral  Mississippi  and 
ly  braves  the  arctic 
iber  increases  to  five 


in  the  middle  Atlantic  states,  and  in  the  lowlands  of  the  south  eight  species  are  found.  In  western 
North  America  Pine-trees  are  distributed  over  all  the  mountain  ranges  and  elevated  valleys  from 
Alaska  to  the  Mexican  boundary,  which  is  crossed  by  five  Mexican  species  finding  their  northern  liDinu 
on  the  mountains  of  southern  California,  Arizona,  and  New  Mexico.  At  the  norih  Pine-trees  foiiii 
great  forests  on  many  of  the  interior  ranges  of  the  Pacific  states,  and  at  the  south,  mingled  with 
Junipers,  frequently  c  elevated  plains  and  mesas ;  they  are  found  at  the  timber  fine  un  all  hi({li 
mountains,  maintain! i.^  a  foothold  where  no  other  tree  can  live;  they  bear  uninjured  tlie  fiercest  ouean 
gales,  and  flourish  in  tlie  arid  valleys  of  the  interior,  where  neither  cold  nor  drought  is  able  to  chuck 
their  vigor. 

The  type  is  an  ancient  one.  Represented  by  a  few  species  in  the  cretaceous  flora  of  North 
America  and  Europe,  it  became  abundant  in  the  miouene  period,  when  at  least  one  hundred  species  of 
Pines  are  believed  to  have  existed." 

Pinus  contains  some  of  the  most  important  timber-trees  of  the  world ;  and  the  straight-grulited 
moderately  hard  resinous  wood  of  many  species  is  used  in  immense  quantities.  The  most  valuable 
timber-trees  of  the  genus  are  the  eastern  American  Pinus  jmhistris,  Pinus  Strobtis,  and  Pinus  evhl' 
naht,  the  western  American  Pinus  Lmnhcrtiana,  Pinus  jtonderosa,  and  Pinus  monticola,  the  tropical 
American  Pinus  heterophylla,  Pinus  sylcestris  '"  of  northern  Europe  and  Asia,  Pinus  Laricio '"'  of 
southern  Europe,  the  Himal.ayan  Pinus  Nepalensis,^  and  the  eastern  Asiatic  Pinus  Thunhergii  '■  and 
Pinus  densijioral'^  Fesin  from  which  turpentine  is  distilled  is  obtained  by  drawing  off  the  juices  of 
several  species,  the  largest  part  ot"  the  world's  supply  being  obtained  from  the  eastern  American  Pimm 
pahtstris  and  Pinus  heterophylla;  it  is  also  obtained  from  Pinus  Pinaster'^  and  Pinus  Ilulepemin'"' 
of  the  Mediterranean  basin,  and  from  the  Himalayan  Pinus  Roxhurghii?^  Tar"  is  manufactured 
by  the  slow  combustion  of  the  wood  of  Pines  and  other  conifers.  Oil  of  turpentine'''  and  other 
products  distilled  from  the  resins  of  several  species  of  Pinus  are  stimulant,  diui'etic,  and  antheluuntit), 
and  are  employed  in  the  treatment  of  human  diseases,^  and  for  illuminating  purposes.  Rosin,  the 
residue  left  from  the  distillation  of  turpentine  from  resin,  is  used  in  plasters,  and  in  the  manufacture 
of  soap,  sealing-wax,  varnish,  and  cement ;  ^  and  an  essential  oil  used  medicinally  is  distilled  from 
the  leaves  and  young  shoots  of  different  Pine-trees."  The  large  slightly  resinous  edible  seeds  of 
several  species  are  important  articles  of  human  food,  the  best  being  produced  by  the  Nut  Pines  of 
western  North  America,  by  Pinus  Pinea  ^''  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  Pinus  Ceinbra  ^  of  EiU'ope 
and  Asia,  and  Pinus  Get  ardiana "  of  northwestern  India.  Pine  wool,  a  coarse  fibre  manufactured 
from  the  leaves  of  Pinus  Laricio,  Pinus  sylveslris,  and  other  European  species,  is  used  to  stuff  mat» 
tresses  and  cushions,  and,  woven  with  animal  wool,  is  made  into  hospital  and  military  blankets  81)4 
into  underclothing  which  is  believed  to  possess  valuable  medical  properties.^  In  the  southern  United 
States  coarse  carpets  are  woven  from  the  leaves  of  Pinus  palustrin.^  In  China  different  s{i  !.■>  of 
Pinus  are  used  in  medicine.^'  The  bark  of  several  species  contains  sufficient  tannic  acid  to  nifclu  ,;hoiu 
valuable  for  tanning  leather,  and  in  the  Old  World  Pine-bark  is  occasionally  employed  for  this 
purpose.^ 

The  cultivation  of  Pine-trees  for  the  production  of  timber  has  long  occupied  the  attention  of 
Japanese  '^  and  European  silviculturists ;  and  Pine-trees  are  used  to  decorate  the  parks  and  gardens  of 
all  temperate  countries. 

In  the  United  States  Pinus  is  preyed  on  by  many  insects,*  and  is  attacked  by  numerous  fmiu(*l 
diseases.^' 

Pine-trees  can  be  easily  raised  from  seeds,  which,  however,  must  not  be  allowed  to  become  dry,  as 
they  soon  lose  their  vitality.  Easily  transplanted  while  young,  their  long  fibrous  rootlets  do  not  hold 
the  soil  firmly  when  disturbed,  and  make  the  operation  of  moving  large  plants  difficult  and  uncertain, 

The  classical  name  of  the  Pine-tree  was  adopted  by  Tournefort"  for  this  genus  as  it  is  now 
limited. 


i 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIFERi«. 


■'\     1 


; 


'  Henry,  Nm.  Act.  Acad.  Cm.  leap.  nx.  03, 1. 12 ;  nril.  pt  i. 

247,  t  aa 

'  Piniu  rigida  and  Pinut  echinala  are  the  speeiea  of  the  United 
States  which  generally  bear  primary  leaves  on  branches,  or  pro- 
duce freely  shoots  from  the  stumps  of  out  trees.  These  shoots, 
which  are  clothed  with  primary  leaves,  grow  vigorously  for  a  few 
years  and  then  usually  perish,  On  the  sandy  sterile  plains  in 
Buriington  and  Ocean  Counties,  New  Jersey,  however,  the  coppice 
growth  over  large  areas  is  princi|>ally  composed  of  such  stump 
•hoots.  They  are  usually  destroyed  at  the  end  of  a  few  years  by 
flres  which  do  not  kill  the  stumps  j  and  these  often  live  to  a  great 
age,  producing  successive  crops  of  shoots,  and  show  the  wonderful 
recuperative  power  of  these  trees  under  what  would  seem  to  be 
most  unfavorable  conditions.  (See  Femow,  Garden  and  Forest, 
Tiii.  472  ;  X.  209.) 

"  Near  Bluffton,  South  Carolina,  Dr.  <T.  H.  Mellichamp  has  no- 
ticed two  trees  of  Pima  heterophylla  producing  during  several 
successive  seasons  well  developed  pistillate  flowers  at  the  tips  of 
the  staminate  flowers  (Christ,  Bull,  Soc.  Bot.  Belg.  xxxiii.  pt.  ii. 
88.  —J.  G.  Jack,  Garden  and  Forest,  viii.  '222,  f.  33,  2). 

*  The  pollen  of  Piuus  can  float  in  the  air  for  a  long  time,  and  is 
sometimes  wafted  great  distances  by  the  wind.  Engelmann  (  Trans. 
St.  Lnuis  Acad.  iv.  10!))  found  after  a  Houthem  storm  in  March 
Fine  pollen  in  the  streets  of  St.  Louis  which  must  have  been  car- 
ried from  the  forests  of  Pinus  palustris  on  the  Ked  River,  a  distance 
of  four  hundred  miles  in  n  direct  line  ;  and  the  decks  of  vessels  off 
the  coast  of  the  south  Atlantic  states  are  sometimes  covered  with 
Pine  pollen  in  early  spring. 

'  According  to  Celakovsky,  the  umbo  of  the  cone^cale  of  Pinus 
IB  the  apophysis  of  the  scale  of  the  first  year,  which  becomes  woody 
and  ceases  to  grow  at  the  end  of  the  first  season,  the  apophysis  of 
the  mature  cone  being  developed  the  second  year  from  tissue  at 
the  base  of  the  umlv-  {Oesterr.  Bot.  ZeiUchr.  1893,  314,  t.  14,  f.  11- 
14). 

*  In  germinating  the  empty  hood-like  tebta  of  the  Pine  seed  from 
which  the  wing  has  usually  fallen  is  raised  on  the  tip  of  the  coty- 
ledons ;  the  axis  soon  commences  to  elongate  and  to  bear  primary 
leaves  from  vhose  axils  the  clusters  of  foliage  leaves  begin  to  ap- 
pear in  the  second  season,  although  in  the  cose  of  Pimts  f)altt.itris 
of  the  southeastern  United  States,  as  noticed  by  F^ngelmann,  the 
axes  during  six  or  eight  years  thicken  without  elongating  and  bear 
in  the  axils  of  the  primary  leaves  numerous  clusters  of  long  sec- 
ondary leaves  (I.  r.  174). 

'  By  Kngclninnn  (/.  c.  17C)  the  species  of  Piuus  arc  grouped  in 
the  following  sections,  his  arrangement  being  based  on  the  form  of 
the  coue-scales,  the  internal  structure  of  the  leavis,  and  the  posi- 
tion of  the  cones  :  — 

Sect.  1.  Stkorub.  Cones  subterminal ;  expost^d  part  of  the 
cone-scales  thin,  rarely  reflexed,  furnished  with  n  marginal  unarmed 
umbo.  Leaves  in  5-lcavcd  clusters,  the  sheaths  loose  and  decidu- 
ous. Anthers  terminating  in  a  knob,  in  a  few  teeth,  or  in  a  short 
crest.     Wootl  soft  and  light-colored.     White  Pines. 

KusTROIiI.  Leaves  sharply  serrulate  or  rarely  nearly  entire  ; 
resin  ducts  peripheral.  Inhabitants  of  ea.stern  and  western 
North  America,  Mexico,  Japan,  the  Himalayas,  and  southeastern 
Kurope. 

Ck.mbk.1.:.  Leaves  sparingly  serrulate  ;  resin  ducts  parenchy- 
matous. Inhabitants  uf  northeastern  and  northern  Asia  and  ccn- 
tnil  Kurope. 

Sect.  2.  PiNABTKR.  Exposed  portion  of  the  cone-soales  thick- 
ened, the  dorsal  umbo  usually  ari.ttnte.  I^'aves  in  from  1  to  />- 
leaved  clusters,  the  sheaths  usually  persistent.     Anthers  generally 


terminating  in  semiorbiouhu'  or  nearly  orbicular  crests.     Wood 
bard,  heavy,  and  resinous.     Piteb  Pines. 

Intkorifou.e.  Cones  subterminal,  their  scales  thick,  un- 
armed or  in  one  species  furnished  with  long  slender  awns. 
Leaves  in  from  1  to  5-leaved  clusters,  entire ;  resin  dncts  pe- 
ripheral. Anthers  terminating  in  a  knob  or  in  a  few  teeth. 
Inhabitants  of  western  North  America  and  of  northern  Mexico. 

Sylvestres.  Cones  subterminal.  Loaves  in  3  or  3-leaved 
clusters,  ser^'ulate,  the  sheaths  persistent ;  resin  ducts  peripheral. 
Anthers  creiited  or  in  one  species  knobbed.  Inhabitants  of 
Europe,  southeastern  Asia,  the  Philippine  Islands,  and  eastern 
North  America. 

Halepenbes.  Cones  lateral,  their  scales  much  thickened  with 
prominent  umbos  or  smooth.  Leaves  in  2  or  3-leaTed  clusters, 
the  sheaths  deciduous  or  persistent  ;  resin  ducts  peripheral.  In- 
habitants of  northern  China,  the  j/orthwest  Himalayas,  and  the 
basin  of  the  Mediterranean. 

P0NDEROB.C.  Cones  subterminal,  their  scales  umbonate. 
Leaves  in  2,  3,  or  5-leaved  clusters,  the  sheaths  persistent  or 
deciduous  ;  resin  ducts  parenchymatous.  Inhabitants  of  western 
North  America,  Mexico,  the  Canary  Islands,  southern  Europe, 
and  Japan. 

Tf.D*:.  Cones  lateral,  their  scales  much  thickened,  and  armed 
with  stout  and  persistent  or  with  weak  deciduous  prickles  or 
witli  stout  elongated  hooked  or  twistefl  spines.  Leaves  in  2  or 
^  leaved  clusters,  the  sheaths  persistent ;  resin  duets  parenchy- 
matous. Inhabitants  of  eastern  and  western  North  America, 
Mexico,  and  southern  Europe. 

AusTRALES.  Cones  subterminal  or  lateral,  their  scales  umbo- 
nate. Leaves  in  from  2  to  .5-leaved  clusters,  the  sheaths  decid- 
uous ;  resin  duct^  internal.  Inhabitants  of  southeastern  North 
America,  the  West  Indies,  and  Mexico. 

'  Parlatore,  De  Candolle  Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  378.  —  Engelmann, 
I.  c.  175. 

A  tendency  to  hybridize  has  not  been  observed  in  the  North 
American  species  of  Pinus  ;  but  in  Europe  supposed  hybrids  be- 
tween Pinus  sytvestris  and  Pimis  montana  have  been  noticed  in  the 
Swiss  Engadine  (see  Christ,  Flora,  xlvii.  145,  t.  1.  —  Beissner, 
Harnlh.  Nadelh.  230) ;  and  Mayr  found  in  Japan  what  he  believed 
to  be  hybrids  between  Pinus  Thunbergii  and  Pinus  densjfiora  {Mo- 
nog.  Abiet.  Jap.  83,  t.  7,  f.  2,  3,  4  ;  84,  t.  7,  f.  3,  4). 

•  A.  Richard,  Fl.  Cul>.  iii.  233.  —  Grisebaoh,  Cat.  PL  Cub.  217.— 
Sauvalle,  Fl.  Cub.  151. 

'"  Morris,  Tbe  Colony  of  British  Honduras,  56. 
"  Pinus  Canariensis,  Buch,  Phys.  Beschr.  Canar.  Ins.  159 
(1825).  —  De  Candolle,  PI.  Bar.  Jard.  Geneve,  1,  t.  1,  2.  —  D. 
Don,  Lambert  Pinus,  iii.  t.  —  Webb  &  Bcrthelot,  Phylogr.  Canar. 
sect.  iii.  280;  Atlas,  t.  0.  — Forbes,  Pi»«(um  Wubum.  57,  t.  21. — 
Link,  Linnirn,  xv.  .308.  —  Antoine,  Conif.  3.'t,  t.  15. — Endlieher, 
Syn.  Conif.  105.^ — Carriire,  Traite  (.'otiij'.  ,148.  —  Gordon,  Pine- 
lum,  191.  —  Parlatore,  /.  c.  393.  —  Christ,  Bot.  Jahrb.  ix.  172,  486 
(Spicilegium  Canar.). —  Masters,  Gard.  Chron.  an,:  3,  iii.  723, 
f.  »l. 

Pitws  Canarieiuiis  inhabits  the  mountains  of  Teueriffe,  and  at 
elevations  of  from  five  to  six  thousand  feet  above  the  sea  forms 
extensive  forests  on  Grand  Canary  Island.  It  is  a  tree  seventy 
or  eighty  feet  10  height,  with  a  stout  trunk  covered  by  thick  deeply 
furrowed  bark,  a  broad  round-top|)ed  head  of  spreading  branches, 
slender  dark  green  leaves  in  clusters  of  three  and  from  eight  to 
ten  inches  in  length,  and  oblong-ovnte  lustrous  cones.  It  grows 
with  great  rapidity  while  young,  and  has  lieen  largely  planted  in 
the  gardens  of  southern  Europe  and  other  warm  countries. 


i 


COMIFERA. 
lUr  oruto.    Wood 

'  acalei  tbiok,  iin- 
long  slender  awni. 
re ;  resin  ducts  pe- 
er in  a  few  teetb. 
i  northern  Mexico, 
es  in  2  or  %-leATed 
«in  ducts  peripheral, 
ed.  Inhabitants  of 
Islands,  and  eastern 

niucb  thickened  with 
or  3-leaTed  clusters, 
ucts  peripheral.  In- 
;  Himalayas,  and  the 

ir  scales  umbonate. 
sheaths  persistent  or 
uhabitauts  of  western 
ids,  southern  Europe, 

thickened,  and  amied 
deciduous  prickles  or 
lues.  Leaves  in  2  or 
resin  ducts  parenchy- 
itern  North  America, 

ral,  their  scales  umbo- 
srs,  the  sheaths  decid- 
of  southeastern  North 

ii.  378.  —  Engelmanu, 

observed  in  the  North 
supposed  hybrids  be- 
Tc  been  noticed  in  the 
145,  t.  1.  —  Beissner, 
lapan  what  ho  believed 
I  Pinus  densiftom  (Mo- 
l  3,  4). 
\,,Cai.Pl.Cub.in.— 

,56. 

\chr.  Canar.  Ini.  169 
knive,  1,  t.  1,  2.  —  D. 
thelot,  Phytogr.  Canar. 
n  Wohum,  57,  t.  21.— 
311,  t.  15.  —  Endlicher, 
'.  !M8.  — Gordon,  Pine- 
Bol.  Jnhrb.  ix.  172,  486 
Chrm.   he.:   3,   iii.   723, 

ns  of  Teneriffe,  and  at 
!ct  above  tlio  sea  forms 
1.  It  is  a  trci'  seventy 
covered  by  thick  deeply 
I  of  spreading  branches, 
;hrce  and  from  eight  to 
strous  cones.  It  grows 
iHsen  largely  planted  in 
warm  countries. 


CONIFER.S. 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


'•  Pinui  iniularu,  Endlicher,  5yn.  Conif.  157  (1847).  —  Corriire, 
Traili  Conif.  363.  —  FarUtore,  De  Candolle  Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii. 
390.  — Vidal  y  Soler,  Sin.  PI.  Left.  FUipituu,  t.  98  f.  C. 

Pinvt  Tada,  Blanco,  Ft.  Filip.  767  (not  Linnieua)  (1837) 
Pimu  Timorietuit,  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  iv.  2269  (1838). 

Pinu)  inmhria,  which  is  still  imperfectly  known,  is  described  as 
a  large  tree,  with  slender  dork  green  leaves  in  o'usters  of  three 
and  from  six  to  nine  inches  in  length,  and  .mall  ovate  obtnse 
cones. 

'«  Pinus  Merkutii,  De  Vriese,  PI.  Noo.  Ind.  Bat.  5,  t.  2  (1846).  — 
Endlicher,  I.  c.  176.  —  Miquel,  PI.  Jungh.  \.l;  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  ii.  1069 ; 
Suppl.  252,  588.  —  Carri^re,  /.  c.  380. —Gordon,  Pinttum,  169.— 
De  Boer,  Conif.  Archip.  Ind.  5.  —  Farlatore,  /.  c.  389.  —  Kuri,  For- 
esl  Fl.  Brit.  Burm.  ii.  499.  —  Vidal  y  Soler,  /.  c.  t.  98,  f.  B. 

Pinui  aylvalris,  Willdenow,  Loureiro  Fl.  Cochin,  ed.  2,  ii.  709 

(not  Linnieus)  (1793). 

Pinm  Finlayaoniana,  Blume,  Rumphia,  iii.  210  (1837). 
Pinus  Lalleri,  Mason,  Jour.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  i.  74  (1849). 

Pinui  Merkusii,  which  is  widely  distributed  through  the  Malay 
Peninsula  and  over  the  high  mountains  of  the  Indian  Archipelago, 
is  closely  related  to  and  perhaps  only  a  geographical  form  of  the 
south  China  and  Malayan  Pinus  Massoniana,  Lambert.  It  is  a 
tree  which  is  often  more  than  a  hundred  feet  in  height,  with  very 
slender  leaves  in  clusters  of  two  and  from  eight  to  ten  inches  in 
length,  and  small  ovate  acute  cones. 

"  Hemsley,  Bol.  Biol.  Am.  Cent.  iii.  186. 

Great  confusion  still  exists  with  regard  to  the  specific  characters 
and  distribution  of  the  Pines  of  Mexico,  which  can  claim  perhaps 
twelve  or  fourteen  species.  This  confusion  has  been  greatly 
increased  by  seed  collectors,  who  have  distributed  seeds  of  these 
trees  under  different  names,  RoezI  alone  having  described,  and 
distributed  the  seeds  of,  ninety-two  species  of  Mexican  Pines  (see 
Catalogue  des  Graines  de  Coniferes  Mexicains  en  vente  chez  B.  Roed 
et  Cie,  Horticultures  a  Napoles  pres  Mexico  pour  automne  1867  et 
printemps  1858,  10)  ;  and  it  will  probably  never  be  cleared  up  until 
these  trees  have  been  specially  studied  in  their  native  forests  by 
competent  observers. 

"  Brendis,  Forest  Fl.  Brit.  Ind.  606 Kurz,  /.  c.  498.  —  Hooker  f . 

Fl.  Brit.  Ind.  v.  051. 

'"  Masters,  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  603  (Conifers  of  Japan).  — 
Franchet,  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  s^r.  2,  v.  285  (PI.  David,  i.). 

"  Siehold  &  Zuccarini,  Abhand.  Akad.  MUnch.  iv.  pt.  iii.  236. — 
A.  Murray,  The  Firs  and  Pines  of  Japan,  5.  —  Franchet  &  Savatier, 
Enum.  PI.  Jap.  i.  464.  —  Masters,  I.  c.  —  Mayr,  Monog.  Abiel.  Jap. 
67. 

"  Lesquereux,  Rep.  U.  S.  Geolog.  Surv.  vii.  72,  83,  t.  7,  f.  26- 
33.  —  Saporta,  Origine  Pnlfonlologiqiie  des  Arbres,  60.  —  Zittel, 
Handb.  Palceontolog.  ii.  337. 

"  Linnaius,  Spec.  1000  (exol.  var.)  (1753).  —  Lambert,  Pinus,  i. 
1,  t.  1.  —  Willdenow,  Spec.  iv.  pt.  i.  494.  —  De  Candolle,  Lamarck 
Fl.  Franf.  ed.  3,  iii.  271.  — Nouveau  Duhamel,  v.  230,  t.  66.  — Bro- 
tero.  Hist.  Nat.  Pinheiros,  Lances  e  A  betas,  6.  —  Link,  Abhand.  Akad. 
Berl.  1827,  106;  Zinnira,  xv.  484.  —  Ledebonr,  K.  All.  iv.  199; 
F/.  fioss.  iii.  674.  —  Forbes,  Pinetum  Wobuni.7. — Antoine,  Conif. 
9,  t.  4,  f.  3.  — Spaoh,  Hist.  Veg.  xi.  376.  —  Visiani,  Fl.  Dalm.  i. 
199.  — Sehouw,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  sir.  3,  iii.  231  (Conifres  d'llalie).— 
Endlicher,  /.  c.  171.  —  Hartig,  Forst.  CuUurpJl.  Deutschl.  63,  t.  4.  — 

Reiehcnbach,  Icon.  Fl.  German,  xi.  1,  t.  621.  —  Carri^re,  I.  c.  372. 

Turcznuinow,  Fl.  Baicalensi-Dahurica,  ii.  142.  —  Koch,  Syn.  Fl. 
German,  cd.  3,  ii.  570.  —  Maximowicz,  Mtm.  Sac.  ilr.  Acad.  Sci. 
St.  Pltersbourg,  ix.  263  (Prim.  Fl.  ^miir.).  —  Willkomm  &  Langc, 
Prodr.  Fl.  Hispan.  i.  17.  —  Tchibatcheff,  Asie  Mineur,  iii.  pt.  ii. 


497.— ParUtore,  Fl.  Ital.  iv.  46  ;  7)e  CandolU  Prodr.  I.  c.  385.— 
K.  Kooh,  Dendr.  ii.  pt.  ii.  273.  —  Masters,  /.  c.  606.  —  Laguna, 
Coniferas  y  Amenldeeas  Espaholat,  28  ;  Fl.  Foreslal  Espahola,  i. 
60,  t.  6.  —  Boissier,  Fl.  Orient,  v.  694.  —  SchUheler,  Virid.  Norveg. 

i.  375,  f.  68-64 Hempel  &  Wilhelm,  Bdume  und  Strllucher,  i.  120, 

f.  68-67.  — Beissner,  Handb.  Ifadelh.  226,  f.  67,  68. 

Pinus  rubra,  Miller,  Diet.  ed.  8,  No.  3  (1768).  — iVouvcau  Du- 
hamel, T.  233,  t.  C7,  f.  1.  —  Dc  Candolle,  /.  c.  272. 

Pinus  Tartarica,  Miller,  I.  c.  No.  4  (1768). 

Pinus  Mugo,  Turra,  Fl.  Ital.  Prodr.  67  (1780). 

finua  montana,  G.  F.  Hoffmann,  DevUchl.  Fl.  340  (not  Miller) 
(1791). 

f  inuj  binalo-folio,  Gilibert,  Exercit.  Phyl.  ii.  414  (1792). 

Pinus  borealis,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  398  (1796). 

Pinus  resinosa,  Savi,  Fl.  Pis.  ii.  354  (not  Alton)  (1798). 

Pinus  humilis.  Link,  Abhand.  Akau.  Berl.  1827, 170  (1830). 

Pini«  A  rmena,  K.  Koch,  Zinnon,  xxii.  297  (1849). 

Pinus  Pontica,  K.  Koch.  /.  c.  (1849). 

PiniM  Frieseana,  Wichura,  Flora,  xlii.  409  (1869). 
Pinus  sylvestris,  which  is  usually  known  to  English-speaking  peo- 
ple as  the  Scotch  Fir,  the  Scotch  Fine,  or  the  Riga  Pine,  attains 
under  favorable  conditions  a  height  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet, 
and  produces  a  trunk  three  or  four  feet  in  diameter,  free  of 
branches  for  seventy  or  eighty  feet,  and  clothed,  except  at  the  base, 
with  red  scaly  bark,  a  comparatively  narrow  open  round-topped 
head  of  small  branches,  stout  rigid  bluish  or  grayish  green  leaves 
in  clusters  of  two  and  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  and  a 
half  in  length,  and  broadly  ovate  cones  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and 
a  quarter  long.  It  is  widely  distributed  through  Europe  and  Rus- 
sian Asia  from  the  Arctic  Circle  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  southern 
Spain,  central  Italy,  Dalmatia,  Asia  Minor,  and  northern  Persia, 
and  from  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  the  valley  of  the 
Amoor  River,  forming  in  northern  Europe  and  Siberia  vast  forests 
on  sandy  plains  and  at  the  south  covering  mountain  slopes,  which 
it  sometimes  ascends  to  elevations  of  from  six  to  seven  thousand 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Pinus  sylvestris  is  the  principal 
timber  Pine  of  Europe  and  Asiatic  Russia,  and  its  wood  is  of  great 
commercial  importance  in  all  the  countries  of  northern  Europe, 
whence  it  is  exported  in  large  quantitus.  When  produced  under 
the  best  conditions  the  wood  is  light,  elastic,  strong,  and  durable ; 
it  is  used  for  the  masts  of  vessels,  in  all  sorts  of  construction,  for 
railway-ties,  and  for  fuel.  It  differs,  however,  greatly  in  quality, 
and  European  silvicultnrists  have  carefully  studied  these  variations 
of  the  wood  of  Pinus  sylvestris  in  connection  with  variations  in  its 
external  characters,  and  have  distinguished  a  number  of  geographi- 
cal forms  which  are  rather  nominal  than  real,  it  being  now  well 
understood  that  the  character  of  the  wood  depends  on  the  climate 
and  soil  of  the  region  where  it  is  produced  rather  than  on  any 
modifications  in  habit,  foliage,  or  organs  of  reproduction.  (See,  for 
the  races  of  Pinus  sylvestris,  Don,  Mem,  Caledonian  Hort.  Soc.  i. 
121.  —  Dclnmarre,  Traile  Pratique  de  la  Culture  des  Pins,  23.  — 
Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  iv.  2465,  —  L.  Vilmorin,  Mem.  Soc.  d'Agric. 
186,3,  /o.  i.  297  [Expaie  Historique  et  Descriplif  de  VkcCile  Forestihe 
des  Barres"].) 

In  some  of  the  countries  of  northern  Europe  resin  is  obtained 
from  Pinus  sylvestris,  and  tar  is  also  manufactured  from  its  wood 
in  great  quantities  (Clarke,  Traveii,  ed.  4,  xi.  299).  The  inner 
bark  and  the  branchlets  are  used  to  feed  cattle  and  hogs  ;  in  time 
of  famine  the  bark  serves  in  the  extreme  north  as  human  food 
(Clarke,  I.  c.  628)  ;  and  the  outer  bark  is  employed  to  thatch 
bouses. 
Pinus  sylvestris  was  introduced  into  the  United  States  early  in 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIFEltiC:, 


ths  present  century  and  has  been  largely  planted  in  the  northern 
•tatea  as  an  ornamental  tree,  and  to  make  wind-breaks  on  the 
prairies  and  plains  of  the  central  west.  Extremely  hardy  in  the 
northern  states  and  in  Canada,  it  grows  here  wliilo  young  with 
groat  rapidity,  but  soon  succumbs  to  disease  and  the  attacks  of 
boring  insects,  and  rarely  lives  more  than  thiity  or  forty  years. 
In  Europe  Pinus  ayheitru  has  been  much  used  in  the  decoration  of 
parks,  and  a  number  of  abnormal  forms  are  distinguished  and 
propagated  by  gardeners.  (See  Iloopes,  Eoergreem,  1(M.  —  lleiss- 
nor,  Handb.  Nadelh.  225.) 

*>  Poiret,  Lamarck  Did.  v.  339  (1804).  —  Do  Candolle,  Lamarck 
Ft.  Frani;.  ed.  3,  iii.  274.  —  Link,  Abhand.  Akad.  Berl.  1827,  174  ; 
Linnaa,  xv.  494.  — Lambert,  Pintu,  ed.  2,  i.  t.  4.  —  Forbes,  Pinetum 
Wobum.  23.  —  Autoine,  Conif.  3, 1. 1, 1.  1-3.  —  Spach,  llinl.  Vig.  xi. 
384  (oxcl.  var.  y).  —  Schouw,  Ann.  M.  Nat.  s^r.  3,  iii.  2^  (C'oiii- 
fiTts  d' Italic).  —  Eudliclier,  Syn.  Conif.  178.  —  Keichenbach,  Icon. 
Ft.  German,  xi.  2,  t.  />24.  —  Cnrriire,  Traite  Conif.  384.  —  Gordon, 
Pinelum,  1(18.  —  Willkomm  &  Lango,  Prodr.  Ft.  Hiipan.  i.  18.— 
Parlatore,  Fl.  Ilal.  iv.  52  ;  De  Candolle  Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  380.— 
Laguna,  Coniferaa  y  AmenUkean  Enpatiolas,  28  ;  Fl.  Forettal  Espa- 
Hota,  i.  77,  t.  8.  —  Heissner,  I.  c.  238. 

Pintu  sylvenlria,  c  marilima,  Alton,  Horl.  Kew.  iii.  300  (1789). 
Pinut  marilima,  Alton,  I.  c.  ed.  2,  v.  315  (not  Miller)  (1813). 
Pinm  Pinailer,  Moris,  Slirp.  Sard.  Elench.  i.  42  (not  Alton) 
(1827). 

Pinm  Laricio  ia  a  tree  frequently  one  hundred  feet  in  height, 
with  slender  dark  green  often  twisted  leaves  in  clusters  of  two 
and  from  four  to  six  inches  Iji  length,  and  ovate  cones  solitary  l:- 
in  pairs  and  three  or  four  iiichts  long.  It  covers  with  its  several 
varieties  many  of  the  mountain  ranges  of  southern  Europe  and  of 
Asia  Minor,  forming  vast  but  usually  isolated  forests  from  the 
Pyrenees  to  the  Taurus.  The  wood  of  this  tree  is  hard  and  strong, 
and  is  valued  for  all  sorts  of  construction,  although  the  abundance 
of  its  resinous  secretions  detracts  from  its  value  fur  masts  fur 
vessels  and  material  for  the  interior  fliiish  of  buildings.  Piniu 
Laricio  first  attracted  the  attention  of  European  silvicultnrista  in 
the  middle  of  the  last  century,  and  has  been  largely  cultivated  iu 
France,  southern  (!erniany,  aud  Great  Britain  (Loudon,  Arb.  Brit. 
iv.  2200).  The  attempts  which  have  been  made  to  introduce  it 
into  the  United  States  have  usually  been  unsuccessful,  and  in  New 
England  its  suuthern  forms  are  not  {:;cncrnlly  hardy. 

The  Austrian  Pine,  a  native  of  tl'o  mountains  of  southern  Aus- 
tria, Servia,  and  Roumania,  is  now  usually  considered  a  geographi- 
cal variety  of  Pinus  Laricio.     It  is  ;  — 

Pinus  Laricio,  g  Atislriaca,  Endlicher,  /.  c.  179  (1847).  —  Hcmpel 
&  Wllhelm,  Biiume  and  SIriiucher,  i.  148,  f.  74-78,  t.  C. 

Pinus  Pinaster,  Besscr,  Fl.  Gal.  ii.  294  (uot  Aiton)  (1809). 
Pinus  syhestris,  Baumgartcn,  Enum.  Stirp.  Transs.  ii.  304  (not 
Linnmu.H)  (181G). 

Pinus  .\uslriaca,  Ilciss,  Anieit.  0  (18,30)  ;  Monog.  der  Scliwarz- 
fohre.  —  De  Chambray,  Traili:  Arb.  His.  Conif.  327,  t.  3,  f.  13- 
15,  t.  5,  t.  6,  7.  —  Ilartig,  Forst.  Culturpfl.  Deulschl.  74,  t.  0.  — 
Carriire,  /.  c.  387.  —  Gordon,  /.  c.  102. 

Pinus  nigra.  Link,  Abhand.  Akad.  Berl.  1827,  173  (not  Aiton) 
(1830). 

Pinus  nigricans.  Host,  Fl.  Auslr.  ii.  028  (1831).  —  Tenore,  Fl. 
Nap.  V.  139.  —  Link,  Linnira,  xv.  4',)1. 

Pinus  marilima,   Koch,   Syn.    Fl.    German.   007   (nut   Miller) 
(1837). 
Pinus  Laricio,  Koch,  /.  c.  ed.  2,  707  (not  Poiret)  (1843). 
Pinus  Lnrii-in,  ff  nigricans,  I'arlatore,  Fl.  Ilal.  iv.  511  (1807)  ; 
»  '«  Candolle  Proilr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  387. 


The  Austrian  Pine,  which  differs  from  the  typical  Pinus  Laricio 
of  Conica  in  its  shorter,  stouter.  And  more  rigid  leaves,  grows  on 
plains  and  low  mountain  slopes,  flourishing  on  limestone  soil,  rapidly 
attaining  a  large  size,  and  producing  strong  coarse-grained  resinous 
wood  useful  for  all  sorts  of  rough  construction.  The  rapid  growth 
of  this  tree,  its  shapely  habit  v,hile  young,  and  the  denscness  of  its 
dark  foliage,  have  mn<le  it  a  favorite  for  the  decoration  of  parka, 
and  it  has  been  largely  planted  in  norll  '  rii  and  central  Europe  and 
in  the  northern  United  States.  In  America,  however,  it  suffeni 
early  from  boring  insects  which  destroy  its  vigor,  and,  although  it 
is  very  hardy  and  grows  rapidly  while  yuimg,  is  not  lung-lived  or 
satisfactory  either  as  a  tinilier  or  nu  ornamental  tree. 

Other  geographical  forms  of  the  Corsican  Pino  are  Pinus  Laricio 
Calabrica  (Beissncr,  /.  c.  241  [1891])  of  the  mountains  of  southern 
Italy  ;  Pinus  Laricio  Pallasiana  (Endlicher,  /.  c.  170  [1847])  of  the 
Crimea  ;  and  Pinus  Laricio  Cebennensit  (Grenier  &  Godron,  Fl. 
Franf.  iii.  133  [1856])  of  the  Ciivennes. 

»'  De  Chambray,  /.  c.  342  (1845). 
Pinus  excelsa,   Lamlwrt,  Pinus,  cd.  2,   i.  t.   (not  Lamarck) 

(1828).  —  Wallioh,  PI.  As.  Rar.  in.  1,  t.  201.  —  Forbes,  I.  c. 

75,  t.  29.  —  Autoine,  /.  c  42,  1,  t.  20,  f.  1.  —  Link,  /.  e.  515.  — 

Madden,  Jour.  A'jric.  and  Horl.  Soc.  Ind.  iv.  pt.  iv.  220 ;  vii.  pt.  ii, 

80  (Himalayan  Coni/era).  —  Endlicher,  /.  c.  145.  —  Carriire,  I.e. 

300.  —  Gordon,  /.  c.  222.  —  Hoopes,  /.  c.  128,  f.  17.  —  Parlatore, 

De  Candolle  Proilr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  404.  —  K.  Koch,  Dendr.  ii.  pt.  U. 

321.  —  Aitchisou,  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  97  {Fl.  Kuram  Valley).  — 

Boissier,  Pi.  Orient,  v.  008.  —  Hooker  f.  Fl.  Brit.  Ind.  v.  061.— 

Beissncr,  I.  c.  283,  f.  09. 
Pinus  Grijfitliii,  McClellan,  Orijfith  Notut.  iv.  17  (1864)  j  Icon. 

PI.  Asial.  t.  305. 

Piiiuji  Nepalensis,  the  Himalayan  representative  of  that  group 
of  iive-leavcd  Pines  of  which  the  North  American  Pinus  Strobus 
and  Pinus  Lambertiana  are  tho  best  known  members,  inhabits 
mountain  slopes  from  Afghanistan  to  IShotau  between  elevations 
of  five  thousand  and  twelve  thousand  five  hundred  feet  above  the 
sen,  where  it  is  scattered  through  the  forests  of  deciduous-leaved 
trees,  or  is  mi.\cd  with  other  conifers,  or  sometimes  covers  con- 
siderable areas  nearly  to  the  exclusion  of  all  other  trees.  It  attains, 
under  favorable  condition.),  a  height  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet, 
with  a  tall  straight  trunk  often  three  or  four  feet  iu  diameter  and 
covered  with  dark-colored  fi.ssured  bark,  slender  drooping  blue- 
green  leaves  from  five  to  eight  inches  in  length,  and  elongated 
cones,  aud  produces  light  brown  straight-grained  resinous  wood 
which  is  erisy  to  work.  This  is  much  used  in  northern  India  in 
building  and  for  shingles,  water-channels,  troughs,  aud  agricultural 
implements  ;  it  is  largely  made  into  charcoal  fur  iron  smelting,  and 
is  employed  for  tenches,  small  pieces  used  for  lighting  houses  being 
sold  in  considerable  (pumtities.  The  bark  is  employed  for  the 
roofs  of  huts  ;  tho  leaves  and  young  branches  supply  domestic  ani- 
mals with  litter,  and  the  leaves  are  mixed  with  mortar  (Brandis, 
Fore!<t  Fl.  Brit.  Ind.  510. — Gamble,  Man.  Indian  Timbers,  398. — 
Balfour,  Encyrlopmlia  of  India,  ed.  3,  iii.  220). 

Pinus  Nepale?isis,  or  tho  Bhotan  Pino  as  it  U  often  called,  is  a 
favorite  ornament  of  the  parks  and  gardens  of  temperate  Europe, 
niul  of  the  eastern  United  States,  where  it  is  hardy  as  far  north  as 
Massachusetts.  Growing  iu  cultivation  with  great  rapidity  while 
young,  it  often  suffers  iu  the  United  States  from  the  splitting  nf 
the  bark,  and  is  usually  short-lived  in  tho  nurth  ;  in  the  middle 
states  it  promises  to  be  longer  lived,  and  handsome  specimens 
already  from  forty  to  fifty  feet  in  height  exist  in  the  neighborhood 
of  New  York  and  Philadelphia. 

••"  Parlatore,  I.  c.  388  (1868).  —  Franoliet  &  Savatier,  Bnum 


:# 


CONIFERS. 

ypieal  Piniu  Laricio 
(1  IcaveSf  grows  on 
iieetone  Boil,  rapidly 
rite-grained  resinous 
The  rapid  growth 
the  dcnHcucsB  of  its 
iecoration  o(  parks, 
central  Europe  and 
however,  it  suffers 
;or,  and,  although  it 
is  not  luug-livcil  or 
1  trije. 

no  are  Pintts  Laricio 
Duntainu  of  auuthern 
'.  179  [1847])  of  the 
[lier  &  Godron,  Fl. 


t.  (not  Lamarck) 
201.  —  Forbes,  /.  c. 
-  Link,  /.  c.  515.  — 
it.  ir.  226 ;  vii.  pt.  ii. 
145.  —  Carri^rc,  /.  c, 

f.  17.  — Parlatore, 
)ch,  Dendr.  u.  pt.  ii. 
V.  Kuram  Valley),  — 
BrU.  /nrf.  V.  051.— 

V.  17  (1854)  ;  Icon. 

ntive  of  that  group 
irican  Pinus  Strobiis 
members,  iidiabits 
between  elevations 
ired  feet  above  the 
of  deciduous-leaved 
netimcs  covers  con- 
ler  trees.  It  attains, 
idred  and  fifty  feet, 
eet  in  diameter  and 
idcr  drooping  blue- 
igth,  and  elongated 
lined  resinous  wood 
n  northern  India  in 
;hs,  and  agricultural 
}i'  iron  smelting,  and 
ightiug  houses  being 
I  employed  for  the 
uppiy  domestic  nni- 
th  mortar  (Hrandis, 
'ian  Timbers^  308.  — 

i.i  often  called,  is  a 
■  temperate  Europe, 
iirdy  as  far  north  as 
^rcat  raj)idity  white 
■oni  the  splitting  of 
Tth  ;  in  the  middle 
nndsome  specimens 
in  the  neighborhood 

&  Savatier,  Enum 


CONIF£lt<G. 


8ILVA    OF  NORTH  AMEBIC  A. 


PI.  Jap.  i.  464.  —  Miutcn,  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  6<M  (Cmi/en  of 
Japan).— iiayt,  Mmog.  Abiel.  Jap.  OO,  t.  5,  f.  10,  t.  7,  I.  1.— 
Boissuor,  Handb.  Nailelh.  248. 

Pimu  lylvealris,  Thunborg,  Ft.  Jap.  274  (not  Linnous)  (1784). 
Pinut  Pinaster,   Loudon,   Arb.   liril.   iv.  2218  (in  part)    (not 

Alton)  (1838).  —  Gordon,  Pinetum,  170  (in  part). 
Pinun  Mamoniana,  Siebold  &  Zuccariui,  Ft.  Jap.  ii.  24,  t.  113, 

114  (not  Lambert)  (1842  7).  —  Endlichcr,  Syn.  Conif.  174.  —  Car- 

riftrc,  Traite  Cmif.  378.  —  A.  Murray,  fine*  and  Fin  of  Japan, 

23,  f.  3ft-&l.  —  Miquol,  Ann.  Mus.  Hot.  lugil.  Bat.  iii.  106  (Proi. 

Ft.  Jap.).  —  K.  Kocli,  Dendr.  ii.  pt.  ii.  282. —  Gordon,  (.  c.  ed. 

2,  241. 

Pinu.1  ThMibergii,  tlie  Kura-matsu  or  Blacic  Pine  of  Japan,  in- 
habits northern  China  and  Curea.  In  Japan  it  is  extremely  rare 
except  in  cultivation,  if  it  ever  grows  naturally,  but  has  been  exten- 
sively planted  and  appears  as  a  tree  frequently  eighty  feet  in  height, 
with  a  trunk  three  feet  in  diameter  covered  with  deeply  furrowed 
dark  hark,  a  broad  head  of  stout  contorted  often  pendulous 
branches,  thick  dark  green  leaves  in  clusters  of  two,  white  branch 
buds,  and  small  clustered  cones. 

It  i.s  with  this  tree  that  the  plantations  on  the  sandy  coast-plains 
of  Japan  are  chiefly  made  ;  it  shades  many  of  the  principal  high- 
ways of  the  country,  and  is  used  to  cover  arbors  with  its  artificially 
elongated  branches,  or  to  hang  over  tlie  sides  of  moated  walls  ;  it 
is  to  be  seen  in  every  garden,  whore  it  is  frequently  dwarfed  or 
trained  in  fantastic  shapes,  and  by  the  Japanese  is  the  most  revered 
of  all  Fine-trees.  The  wood  is  moderately  strong  but  coarse- 
grained and  resinous,  and  in  Japan  is  used  in  large  quantities  in  the 
oonstruutiun  of  buildings  and  for  fuel,  being  rendered  cheap  by 
the  rapid  growth  of  the  tree  on  sterile  sandy  soil  unsuitable  for  the 
production  of  other  crops  {Uuj^ont,  J^sitences  ForesliWes  rfu  Japan, 
10.  —  Kein,  Industries  of  Japan,  236,  273.  —  Sargent,  Forest  Fl. 
Jap.  79). 

Pinus  Thunbergii  has  flourished  for  many  years  in  the  gardens  of 
Europe,  and  in  those  of  the  eastern  United  States,  where  it  is  per- 
fectly hardy  as  far  north,  nt  least,  as  eastern  Massachusetts  (Sar- 
gent, Garden  and  Forest,  vi.  458). 

"  Sicbold  &  Zncciirini,  /.  c.  22,  t.  112  (1842  ?).  —  Endlicher, 
/.  c.  172.  —  Carrifcre,  I.  c.  370.  —  Gordon,  /.  f.  Suppl.  68.  —  A.  Mur- 
ray, /.  c  32,  f.  55-68.  —  Miquel,  t.  c.  105.  —  Parlatore,  De  Can- 
dolle  Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  388.  —  K.  Koch,  /.  c.  285.  —  Franchet  & 
Savatier,  Enum.  PI.  Jap.  i.  404.  —  Masters,  I.  c.  503.  —  Mayr,  I.  c. 
72,  t.  5,  f.  17,  t.  0,  f.,  t.  7,  f.  6.  —  Bcissner,  I.  c.  247. 

t  Pinus  Japonica,  Forbes,  Pinetum   Wobum.  33  (1839) An- 

toinc,  Conif.  23. 
Pinus  scopifern,  Miquel,  Zollinger  Si/st.  Verz.  Ind.  Arciup.  82 

(1854). 
Pinus  Pinea,  Gordon,  /.  c.  179  (in  part)  (not  Linnffius)  (1858). 

Pinus  demijlora,  the  Aka-matsu  or  Red  Pino  of  .Jnpim,  is  common 
in  the  mountain  forests  of  central  Hondo  at  elevations  of  from 
three  to  four  thousand  feet  above  the  sea-levol,  where  it  is  very 
generally  distributed  among  deciduous-leaved  trees  ;  it  also  grows 
in  Corca  and  northern  China.  It  is  a  tree  seventy  or  eighty  feet 
in  height,  with  a  slender  trunk  covered  toward  the  top  and  on  the 
short  slender  contorted  branches  with  thin  light  red  bark  separating 
in  loose  scales,  with  thin  light  green  leaves  in  clusters  of  two,  and 
small  crowded  cones.  The  Red  Pine  is  generally  planted  with  the 
Black  Pino  in  the  artifleiol  forests  of  Japan,  but  is  less  frequently 
used  in  tTapanesr  gardi'us.  In  cominei'ce  the  woo<l  is  not  distin- 
guished from  Unit  of  Pinus  Thunbergii,  and  is  used  for  the  same 
purposes  (Dupont,  /.  c.  10. —  Rein,  /.  c.  —  Sargent,  Forest  Fl.  Jap. 
79).    Pinus  demiflora,  which  often  appears  in  gardens  under  the 


name  of  Pinut  Mauoniana,  is  perfectly  hardy  in  New  England, 
where  it  produces  cones  in  great  profusion,  and  already  begins  to 
show  the  picturesque  habit  which  distinguishes  it  in  its  native  land 
(Sargent,  Garden  and  Forest,  ii.  638). 

"  Alton,  Horl.  Keir.  iii.  367  (1789). —  Lambert,  Pinus,  i.  21,  t. 
9.  —  Willdenow,  S/iec.  iv.  pt.  i.  496.  —  Link,  Abhand.  Akad.  Bert. 
1827, 176  ;  iinntea,  xv.  498.  —  Forbes,  I.  c.  29.  —  Aiituine,  /.  c.  18, 
t.  6,  f.  1.  — Visiaui,  Fl.  Dalm.  i.  199.  — Sehonw,  Ann.  Sci.  Nal. 
sdr.  3,  iii.  236  (Conifires  d'llalie).  —  Kndlicher,  /.  c.  168.  —  Reioh- 
enbach.  Icon.  Fl.  German,  vi.  2,  t.  575.  — Carri6re,  /.  e.  365.  —  Gor- 
don, Piitetum,  176.  —  Willkoinm  &  Langc,  Prodr.  Fl.  Hispan.  i. 
19.  —  Parlatore,  Fl.  Ital.  iv.  37  ;  De  Candnlle  Prodr.  T.vi.  pt.  ii. 
382. —  K  Koch,  /.  c.  290.  —  Lagiinn,  Conijeras  g  Amenta'ceas  Es- 
paMas,  29  ;  Fl.  Forestal  EspaMa,  89, 1. 10.  —  Bcissner,  /.  c.  221.  — 
Hempel  &  Wilhelm,  Bdume  und  Strducher,  i.  107,  i.  02,  05. 
Pinus  sfiliieatris,  $,  Linnreus,  Spec.  1000  (1753). 
Pinus  Laricio,  Saiiti,  Viagg.  59,  t.  I  (not  Poiret)  (1795). — 

Savi,  Fl.  I 'is.  253. 
Pinus  glomerata,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  398  (1790). 
Pinus  maritima,  Poiret,  Lamarck   Diet.  v.  337   (not  Miller) 

(1804).  —  Brotero,  Fl.  Lusilan.  ii.  284  ;    Hist.  Nat.  Pmheiros, 

Larices  e  Abeto.^,  8.  —  De  Cnndolle,  Lamarck  Fl.  Frani:  ed.  3,  iii. 

273.  —  A^ouieau  Duhamet,  v.  240,  t.  72,  72  bis. 
Pinus  Si/rlica,  Thore,  Promenade  en  Gascogne,  101  (1810). 

Pinus  Pinaster,  which  is  usually  called  the  Maritime  Pine,  is  a 
tree  sixty  or  seventy  feet  in  height,  with  a  stout  and  often  more 
or  less  inclined  or  crooked  trunk  covered  with  very  thick  deeply 
fissured  dark  bark,  a  dense  round-tupped  head,  stout  rigid  dark 
green  leaves  in  elustors  of  two  and  from  five  to  eight  inches  in 
length,  and  large  ovoid  cylindrical  lustrous  dark  brown  cones  borne 
in  whorls  in  close  many-coned  clusters.  It  inhabits  sandy  plains 
generally  near  the  coast  in  western  and  southern  France,  Spain, 
and  Portugal,  Corsica,  Italy,  Dalmatia,  Greece,  and  Algeria,  and 
has  been  largely  planted  to  protect  the  shifting  sands  of  the  coast 
dunes  and  to  cover  the  Landes  of  southwestern  France.  These 
plantations,  commenced  by  Br^montier  in  1789,  now  extend  over 
at  least  three  hundred  square  miles,  and  stretch  along  the  shoro 
of  the  Bay  of  Biscay  from  the  Gironde  to  the  Adonr ;  they  have 
proved  entirely  successful  and  one  of  the  greatest  triumphs  of 
modern  agriculture,  Pinus  Pinaster  being  especially  fitted  to  hold 
loose  sands  by  its  power  to  grow  freely  from  seeds  planted  in  ex- 
posed situations,  its  rapid  growth  in  sterile  soil,  and  tho  strong  grasp 
of  its  powerful  deep  descending  and  spreading  roots. 

The  wooti  of  the  Maritime  Pine  is  hord,  strong,  coarse-grained, 
very  resinous,  and  reddish  brown,  and  is  used  in  the  construction 
of  buildings,  for  railway-tics,  telegraph-poles,  and  piles,  and  for 
fuel.  This  tree,  however,  is  most  valuable  for  its  resinous  pro- 
ducts which  are  chiefly  obtained  in  the  planted  forests  of  south- 
western France,  which  are  systematically  worked  for  this  crop  and 
afford  the  principal  employment  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  region. 

In  the  French  pineries  trees  with  a  trunk  diameter  of  from 
twelve  to  eighteen  iniln's  are  considered  large  enough  to  work 
profitably  for  resin.  This  is  obtained  by  making  near  the  ground 
a  cut  a  few  inches  wide  and  about  five  inches  high  through  the 
bark  into  the  wood  ;  at  the  base  of  the  cut  a  small  earthen  pot  is 
hung  to  receive  the  resin,  which  flows  into  it  over  a  flat  piece  of 
zinc  ;  during  the  se:  ,,  which  lasts  from  March  until  the  middle 
of  October,  the  cut  is  slightly  enlarged  upward  once  or  twice  a 
week  to  improve  the  flow  of  resin,  until  at  the  end  of  five  or  six 
years  it  is  ten  or  twelve  feet  long,  the  pot  being  raised  as  the  cut 
is  carried  upward  and  the  workman  being  obliged  to  use  a  ladder 
made  by  cutting  notches  in  a  small  pole  in  order  to  empty  it.     The 


I 


8 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONim'ERJlt. 


out  ii  then  abandoned  and  a  fresh  one  is  made  on  the  oppoeUe  side 
of  the  tree,  ani  when  this  has  reached  a  height  of  ten  or  twelve 
feet  a  third  and  then  a  fourth  cut  ia  made.  In  this  way  the  tree 
continues  productive  for  many  years,  the  old  outa  healing  over  by 
the  formation  of  fresh  bark  so  that  eventually  second  cuts  may  be 
made  in  their  places.  By  this  system  only  one  wound  is  worked 
at  the  same  time,  but  when  trees  are  to  be  cut  down  a  number  of 
wounds  are  made  and  worked  simultaneously  iu  order  to  obtain 
the  largest  yield  of  resin  in  a  short  time.  Broad  firo-paths  ore 
kept  clean  through  these  pineries  to  check  the  spread  of  fires, 
which  always  menace  forests  wurked  for  the  production  of  resin. 

The  resin  collected  from  the  trees  in  the  small  pots  is  poured 
into  largo  pits  lined  witli  plankx,  and  later  is  boiled  in  copper 
kettles  to  free  it  from  impurities  ;  it  is  then  Altered  into  barrels 
through  a  layer  of  straw  spread  horizontally  and  four  or  five  inches 
thick,  and  in  this  state  is  the  brown  resin  of  commerce.  During 
the  summer  months  the  resin  is  sometimes  purified  by  eiposing  it 
to  the  sun  in  large  square  wooden  uoxes.  The  heat  liquefies  the 
resin,  which  drips  through  a  number  of  small  holes  made  in  the 
bottom  of  the  boxes  iuto  vessels  placed  beneath  them,  leaving 
the  impurities  behind.  Yellow  resin  is  made  by  gradually  addinj^' 
cold  water  to  the  boiling  pru<luct;  this  causes  it  to  melt  and  over- 
flow into  a  trough  fixed  on  one  side  of  the  kettle,  through  which  it 
passes  into  a  second  vessel,  nnd  is  then  ladled  book  into  the  first, 
the  operation  being  repeated  several  times  until  the  whole  mass 
becorars  clear  and  yellow,  when  it  is  filtered  through  straw  into 
moulds  made  in  the  sand,  in  which  it  hardens  and  ia  then  ready  for 
market. 

When  the  t^ees  can  be  no  longer  profitably  worked  for  resin 
they  are  felled,  and  the  stems  oiiil  roots  are  cut  up  into  small  pieces 
which  are  piled  on  gratings,  covered  with  h  thick  coat  of  we!  clay, 
and  burnt.  In  this  manner  tar,  which,  however,  is  cansidt"%d 
inferior  to  th:U  produced  from  Pinta  mjli'eilru,  is  obtained.  Oil  i ' 
turpentine  is  made  by  distilling  the  resin  of  the  Maritime  Pine  ; 
and  lamp-black  by  burning  the  straw  used  in  filtering  the  resin  in 
specially  made  furnaces,  which  deposit  the  snot  of  the  smoke  on  the 
walls  of  small  chambers  through  which  it  is  passed.  From  the 
buds  and  young  shoots  syrups  are  distilled  which  are  used  locally 
in  the  treatment  of  catarrhal  and  pulnionnry  complaints.  (For  de- 
scriptions of  the  piuPiies  of  Pinia  Pinaaler  in  southwestern  France 
and  their  products,  see  Hr^niontier,  Memoire  .tur  les  fhmen  el  par' 
ticulitremeiit  fur  celien  qui  M  trouignt  entre  Baijoune  et  la  Poiuie  ile 
Grave.  —  Chaptal,  Inxtnictionii  gur  la  mamWe  d*extraire  le  Goudron  et 
autres  priucipes  rhv'"axn  ilit  Pin.  —  Vdtillart,  Observations  Pratiiptes 
sur  h  Culture  du  Phi  Maritime.  —  A.  Kichard,  Uist.  Mat.  Mt'i.  iii. 
108.  —  Loudon.  Arb.  Brit.  iv.  2*iil3.  —  Liircntz,  Annates  Fori-stii rvs,  i. 
57,  119  [iVo/iV«  sur  le  Pin  Maritiir.e'].  —  Do  Chambi-ay,  Traitt  Arb. 
Ht'S.  Conif.  201.  —  Trochu,  Crlation  de  la  Fenne  et  des  lioia  de  Brule 
sur  un  Terrain  des  Landes.  —  Brungniart,  .-1  nnales  Foresti'^es.  x\.  169, 
197,  225,  253,  281  \_M('n.  sur  les  Plantations  Forestiires  dans  la 
Sol(>gne'\.  —  Boitel,  Du  Pin  Maritime.  —  Demaude,  Ou  Gemmage 
des  Pins  et  de  la  Plantation  des  Bois  en  Soloi/ne.  —  Ilippolitc  Dive, 
Monotjraphie  Industrielle  et  Commerviale  du  Pin  Maritime.  —  .Sama- 
nos,  Traite  de  la  Culture  du  Pin  Maritime.  —  Dessnrt,  Du  Pin 
Maritime  et  de  ses  Prottuits,  —  Paul  Dive,  Fssai  sur  un  .-irbre  du 
Genre  Pinus  r/ui  croit  spontam'ment  dans  les  Landes  de  Gasvogne.  — 
Revi'il, /I  nnn.Vs'  Forestiires,  xxiv.  143,170  [Oii  Pin  Maritime]. — 
Guibourt,  Hist.  Ih-mj.  cd.  7,  ii.  259.  —  J.  C.  Hniwn,  Pine  Planlat'ons 
on  the  Saiul-Wayies  of  France.  —  Matliicu,  Fl.  Forestihr,  ed.  3. 
532. —  Spoils,  Kncydopa-dia  of  the  Industrial  Arts,  .Manufactures, 
and  Raw  Commercial  Products,  ii.  1688.  -  •  Poore,  Essays  on  Rural 
Hygiene,  208  [The  Story  of  Bremontier'].) 


PinuM  Pinaster  was  int'odnoed  i'lto  Oreat  Britain  in  the  middle 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  is  freqi  ,ntly  cultivated  in  central  and 
western  Kurope  as  an  ornament  of  porks  and  gardens.  It  is  not 
hardy  in  the  northrrn  United  States,  but  may  be  expected  to 
thrive  on  the  coait  of  the  soutn  AtUntic  states.  Tn  California  it 
grows  very  rapidly  on  the  sand  '  mea  of  the  o<;;ia  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Son  Franci>'!o,  and  promises  to  attain  a  large  size  there,  aa 
well  as  in  the  gardens  in  the  central  and  southern  parts  of  the 
state.  It  has  become  common  in  southern  Africa,  and  appears  to 
be  better  suited  for  cultivation  and  more  generally  naturalized  in 
many  warm  countries  than  any  other  Pine-tree  (F.  Mueller,  Select 
Plants  Readily  Eligible  for  tndxatrial  Cuilure  or  Naturalization  in 
Victoria,  174.  —  Nicholson,  Garden  and  Forest,  ii.  208). 

«  Miller,  Diet.  ed.  8,  No.  8  (1768)  ;  Did.  Icon.  130,  t.  208.— 
Dosfontaines,  Fl.  Allanl.  ii.  3S2.  —  Lambert,  Finut,  i.  16, 1. 11.  — 
Nouveau  Duhamel,  j.  238,  t.  70.  —link,  Abhana.  / had.  Berl.  1827, 
177  J  Linnaa,  xv.  496.  —  Forbes,  Pinetum  Wobum.  26,  t.  8.  — 
Antoine,  Conif.  2,  t.  i.  f.  3.  — Visiani,  Fl.  Balm.  i.  200.  — Schouw, 
Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  sir.  3,  iii.  237  (Conif lira  d'italie).  —  Endlioher,  Syn. 
Conif.  180.  —  Reichenbach,  Icon.  Fl.  German,  xi.  2,  t.  576.  —  Cap- 
ri*re,  Traiti  Corn/.  393.  —  Gordon,  Pinetum,  166.  —  Willkomm  & 
Lange,  Prodr.  Fl.  Hispan.  i.  10.  — Christ,  Flora,  xlvi.  369.  — Pai^ 
latere,  Fl.  Ital.  iv.  40 ;  De  Candolle  Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  383.  —  K. 
Koch,  Dendr.  ii.  pt.  ii.  204.  —  Laguna,  Coniferas  y  Amentdceas  Ei- 
paHolas,  29 ;  H.  Forestal  EspaMa,  83,  t.  9.  —  Boissier,  Fl.  Orient. 
v.  695.  —  Beissner,  Handb.  Nadelk.  221.  — Ilempel  &  Wilhelm, 
Baut.e  und  Straucher,  i.  162,  f.  85-89,  t.  7. 

Pinus  syhestris,  Gouan,  Fl.  Monsp.  418  (not  Linntens)  (1765). 
Pinus  maritima.  Miller,  I.  c.  No.  7  (1768).  —  Lambert,  .'.  c.  ii. 

30, 1. 10.  —  Willdcnow,  Spec.  iv.  pt.  i.  497.  —  Brotero,  Fl.  Lusitan. 

ii.  284.  —  Sibthorp  &  Smith,  Prodr.  Fl.  Gritc.  ii.  47  ;  Fl.  Grcec.  x. 

39,  t.  049.  — Link,  Abhand.  Akad.  Berl.  1827,  177  ;  Linnaa,  xv. 

495.  —  Endlicher,  I.  c.  161.  —  Reichenbach,  /.  c.  3,  t.  627.  —  Lcde- 

bour,  Fl.  Ross.  iii.  076. 
Pinus  Alepensis,  Poiret,  Lamarck  Did.  v.  338  (1804).  —  De 

Candolle,  Lamarck  Fl.  Franf.  cd.  3,  iii.  274.  —  Brotero,  Hist.  Nat. 

i  'inheiros,  Larices  e  Abetos,  12. 

Pinus  Pityusa,  Steveu,  Bull.  Soc.  Nal.  Mosc.  i.  49  (1838).— 

Strangways,  Gard.  Mag.  n.  ser.  vi.  638.  —  Carri^re,  /.  c.  395. 

Pinus  Halrpensis  is  a  tree  usually  from  twenty  to  thirty  feet  tall, 
with  a  trunk  generally  not  '^lore  than  eighteen  inches  in  diameter, 
and  covered  while  young  with  smooth  lustrous  silver  gray  bark 
which  in  old  age  becomes  thick,  deeply  furrowed,  and  dark  red- 
bruwn,  nnd  a  round-topped  irregular  crown  of  thin  light-colored 
foliage.  The  leaves  are  borne  in  two-leaved  clusters,  and  are  slen- 
(Ut,  from  two  to  four  inches  in  length,  gray  or  blue-green,  and  about 
as  long  as  the  distinctly  stiilkod  recurved  reddish  brown  cones, 
whidi  arc  lateral  and  solitary  or  bomo  in  few-concd  clusters. 

PiniM  lialepensis  iiiliabits  th**  Mediterranean  basin,  where  it  is 
distributed  from  Por'upnl  and  northern  Arrica  to  Syria,  Arabia, 
and  A.sia  Minor.  On  the  Taurus  it  ascends  to  elevations  of  3,600 
feet  nliovo  the  sea-lovel,  ind  here,  in  Greece  on  the  rocky  hills 
of  Attica,  on  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Lepanto  and  on  the  islands 
of  the  Archipelago,  nnd  ou  the  mountains  of  Roiithcrn  Spain,  it 
forms  great  open  forests.  It  is  the  most  widely  and  generally 
di.stributed  Pine-tree  of  northern  Africa,  sometimes  attaining  in 
Tunis  a  height  of  nearly  a  hundred  feet.  (See  Legiand,  A'oui'. 
Ann.  de  la  Marine  et  des  Colonies,  1854  [Mem.  sur  les  Richesses 
Forestieres  de  VAlgiirie,  OOj.  —  Livet,  La  Tunisie  ses  Eaux  et  ses 
Fortts,'25.  —  Lamey,  Forets  de  la  Tunisie,  152.)  Hardy  Rud  robust, 
it  flourishes  in  all  soils  and  exposures,  and  on  dry  exposed  sun- 
baked slopes,  where  other  trees  caunot  maintain  a  foothold.    The 


I 
[J 


ii 


CONIFER  JC. 


CONIFERS. 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


9 


Aleppo  Pina  requires,  however,  light  and  heat,  and  doea  not  endure 
the  winters  of  oold  countries.  Its  great  value  consists  in  the  pro- 
tection it  is  able  to  afford  the  soil  of  steep  dry  hillsides.  The 
wood,  although  coarse-grained  and  resinous,  is  somewhat  used  in 
coustructio..,  especially  in  northern  Africa,  and  largely  for  fuel. 
In  southern  France  and  in  the  eastern  Mediterranean  countries  the 
forests  of  Aleppo  Pine  are  worked  for  the  production  of  resin, 
which,  however,  it  yields  in  smaller  quantities  than  Pinut  Pineuler. 
(See  Lok.  on,  Arb.  Brit.  iv.  2233.  —  Matbieu,  Fl.  For«»(iere,  ed.  3, 
620.) 

'*  Pinut  Roxburghii. 
Pinm  longi/olia,  Lambert,  Pinut,  i.  29,  t.  21  (not  Salisbury) 

(1803).  — JVoMDeou  Duhamel,  v.  247.  —  Willdeiiow,  Spec,  iv.pt. 

ii.  eOO.  —  Roxburgh,  Fl.  Ind.  od.  2,  iii.  651.  —  Hoylo,  Jll.  353,  t. 

86,  f.  1.  — Forbes,  Pinetum  Wobum.  55,  t.  20.  — Antoine,  Conif. 

89,  t.   9.  —  Link,  Linncea,  xv.  507.  —  Endlicher,  Syn.    Conif. 

168.  — MoClellan,  Griffilk  Notul.  iv.  18  j  Icon.  PI.  Aiial.  t.  360, 

370.  —  Madden,  Jour.  Agric.  and  Hart.  Soc.  Tnd.  iv.  pt.  iv.  223 ; 

vii.  pt.  ii.  75  (Himalayan  Coni/tra).  —  Carritre,  Traile  Con\f. 

332.  —  Gordon,  Pinetum,  200.  —  Parlatore,  De  Candolle  Prndr. 

xvi.  pt.  ii.  390.  —  Hooker  f.  Fl.  Brit.  Ind.  v.  652.  —  Beissner, 

Handb.  Nadelh.  261. 

Pinus  Rozburghii  often  forms  open  forests  on  the  outer  ranges  of 
the  Himalayas,  where  it  is  distributed  from  Afghanistan  to  Bho- 
tan,  usually  at  elevatious  of  from  Hfteen  hundred  to  six  thousand 
feet  above  the  level  of  tbi  sea,  although  in  Kamaou  occasionally 
ascending  fifteen  hundred  feet  higher,  and  flourishing  equally  in 
the  humid  semitropical  valleys  of  tjikkim  and  on  the  arid  sandstone 
hilh  of  the  upper  Punjab.  It  is  a  tree  sometimes  a  hundred  feet 
in  height,  with  a  tall  and  usually  naked  truuk  occasionally  four 
feet  in  diameter,  although  it  is  generally  smaller  and  often  gnarled 
and  stunted  ;  it  has  thick  and  deeply  furrowed  bark,  a  round- 
topped  open  head  of  stout  branches  often  ascending  at  the  extremi- 
ties, dark  or  light  green  leaves  in  clusters  of  three  and  from  nine 
to  twelve  inches  in  length,  and  long  solitary  or  whorlcd  cones.  It 
produces  moderately  hard  and  strong  easily  worked  yellow  or  red- 
brown  resinous  wood,  which,  ilthough  not  durable,  is  largely  used 
in  many  of  the  northern  districts  of  India  in  construction,  for  shin- 
gles a.id  tea-chests,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  charcoal.  This  tree 
furnishes  the  largest  part  of  the  resin  produced  in  India  ;  it  is 
obtained  by  making  trinngular-sbaped  incisions  or  cups  in  the 
trunk,  or  by  stripping  off  the  bark,  the  usual  product  from  an 
average  sized  tree  being  from  ten  to  twenty  pounds  in  the  first 
year  and  about  one  third  as  much  in  the  second  year,  after  which 
the  tree  generally  dies.  Tar  is  obtained  by  the  slow  combustion  of 
chips  of  the  resinous  wood  in  earthen  pots  closed  and  covered  with 
wet  soil ;  dried  cow-duug  is  used  as  fuel,  and  the  tar,  running 
through  holes  in  the  bottom  of  the  pot,  flows  into  n  second  jar  bur- 
ied in  the  ground  below  it.  Spirits  of  turpentine  i»  distilled  in 
some  of  the  northwest  provinces  from  the  crude  turpentine  yielded 
by  this  tree  (Pharmacngraphia  Indica,  vi.  378).  Pieces  of  the 
wood  of  stumps  of  trees  which  have  been  worked  for  turpentine 
are  used  for  torches,  aiul  as  candles  in  houses  and  mines.  The 
bark  contains  considerable  quantities  of  tannin  identical  with  that 
of  oak  bark,  and  is  used  in  India  in  tunning  Icntliur,  and  ns  fuel  in 
smelting  iron  (Bustin  &  Trimble,  Am.  .four.  Phann.  Ixviii.  139). 
Charcoal  made  from  tlie  leaves  mixed  with  rice  water  serves  as 
a  substitute  for  ink  ;  nnd  the  seeds  are  edible,  sometimes  fvrnisliing 
in  time?  of  famine  an  important  supply  of  food  (Brandis,  Forest 
Fl.  liril.  Ind.  606.  —  Gamble,  Mnn.  Indian  Timbers,  396.  —  Bal- 
four, Eucyclop(tdia  of  India,  ed.  3,  iii.  221). 

Pinus  Roxburghii  is  cultivated  on  the  plains  of  northern  India, 


but  it  hoi  not  proved  hardy  in  Europe  except  in  exacptionally 
favorable  position!,  or  in  the  eastern  United  States  ;  and  it  ia 
rarely  seen  in  the  gardens  of  temperate  countries. 

'^  Tar  by  distillation  yields  pyroligneous  acid  and  oil  of  tar,  the 
residue  being  pitch,  which  is  largely  used  commercially  in  caulking 
vessels  and  medicinally  as  a  gentle  stimulant  and  tonio.  Tar  is 
employed  in  cases  of  chronic  catarrh  ;  its  vapor  is  mhaled  in  the 
treatment  of  bronchitis  ;  and  ointment  of  tar  is  sometimes  applied 
to  relieve  cutaneous  diseases  {If.  S.  Dixpens.  ed.  16,  1174). 

'■  Oil  of  turpentine  is  used  as  a  solvent  for  several  resins  and 
for  sulphur,  phosphorus,  caoutchouc,  wax,  and  fats,  and  is  largely 
consumed  in  the  manufacture  of  varnish  and  paint. 

»  Woodville,  Med.  Sol.  iii.  672.  —  FlUokiger  &  Ilanbury,  Phar- 
macograpMa,  Bi5.  —  Johnson,  i>/nn.  Med.  Bot.  N.  Am.  260. — Mills- 
paugh.  Am.  Med.  Plants  in  Homaopathic  Remediei,  ii.  103-2.  — 
If.  S.  Dispeni.  ed.  10, 1485. 

*>  Spons,  Encyclopaedia  of  the  Indiulrial  Arts,  Manufactures,  and 
Raw  Commercial  Products,  ii.  1408. 

•>  Spons,  I.  c.  1680. 

"»  Linufflus,  Spec.  1000  (1753).  —  Desfontaiues,  Fl.  Allant.  ii. 
362.  —  Lambert,  Pinus,  i.  11,  t.  6-8.  —  Brotero,  fX  Lusilan.  ii.  286  ; 
Hist.  Nat.  Pinheiros,  Larices  e  Abelos,  11.  —  Willdenow,  Spec.  iv. 
pt.  i.  407.  — De  Candolle,  Lamarck  Fl.  Franc  ed.  3,  iii.  273 — 
Nouveau  Duhamel,  v.  242,  t.  72  bis,  f.  3,  t  73.  — Link,  Abhand. 
Akad.  Berl.  18':?,  178  i  Linnoia,  xv.  409.  —  Antoine,  /.  c.  20,  t.  3, 
f.  2.  —  Visiani,  Fl.  Datm.  i.  199.  —  Schouw,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  air.  3, 
iii.  236  (Conif'eres  d'llalie).  —  Endlicher,  /.  c.  182.  —  Iteichenbach, 
Icon.  Fl.  German,  xi.  3,  t.  528,  630.  — Koch,  Syn.  Fl.  German,  nd. 
3,  ii.  578.  — Carriire,  /.  c.  402.  — Gordon,  /.  c.  179.  —  Willkomm 
&  Lange,  Prodr.  Fl.  Hispan.  i.  20.  —  Parlatore,  Fl.  Ital.  iv.  34  ; 
De  Candolle  Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  381.  —  K.  Koch,  Dendr.  ii.  pt.  ii. 
270.  —  Laguna,  Coniferas  y  Amenldceas  Espailolas,  29  ;  Fl.  Forestal 
Espanola,  49,  t.  4,  5.  —  Boissier,  Fl.  Orient,  v.  694.  —  Beissner,  /.  c. 
220.  —  Ilempel  &  Wilhelm,  Bdume  und  Slrtiucher,  170,  f.  94,  95. 
Pinus  fasluosa,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  398  (1796). 
Pinus  Maderiensis,  Tenure,  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Neap.  1864 ;  Ann, 

Sci.  Nat.  sdr.  4,  ii.  379. 

Pinu^  Pinea  now  inhabits  the  Mediterranean  basin  from  Portugal 
to  Syria,  growing  usually  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  and 
often  forming  pure  forests  of  considerable  extent,  although  it  is  not 
improbable  that  the  region  it  occupied  naturally  has  been  extended 
westward  through  ancient  cultivation,  as  this  Pine,  which  was  valued 
by  the  Greeks  and  Ilomans  for  its  picturesque  habit  as  well  as  for 
its  edible  seeds,  in  southern  France  and  Spain  rarely  grows  far 
from  human  habitations.  It  is  a  tree  with  a  stout  erect  or  often 
inclining  trunk  free  of  branches  for  lifty  or  sixty  feet,  covered  with 
thin  smooth  reddish  bark,  and  surmounted  with  a  flat  parasoMike 
head  of  spreading  branches  ;  it  has  deep  dark  green  leaves  in 
clusters  of  two  and  seven  of  eight  inches  in  length,  stout  ovate 
obtuse  cones,  almost  as  long  as  the  leaves,  which  do  not  mature 
until  the  third  season,  and  thick-shelled  nearly  cylindrical  seeds 
three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  length.  The  wood  is  almost  white, 
slightly  resinous  and  easily  worked,  and  in  southern  Europe  is 
sometimes  used  for  the  interior  finish  of  buildings,  in  cabinet- 
making,  nnd  for  water  pipes  nnd  the  outside  sheathing  of  boats. 
The  Stone  Pine,  as  this  tree  is  commonly  called  in  Englisli,  is  most 
valued,  however,  for  its  abundant  crops  of  seeds.  These  furnish  a 
large  amount  of  food  to  the  inhabitants  of  r.  nthern  Europe,  who 
eat  them  roasted,  or  grind  them  into  flour  j  they  are  exported  in 
small  quantities  to  northern  Europe  and  the  L^nitcd  States,  and  the 
large  Pine  seeds  sold  in  the  markets  of  eastern  American  cities  are 
the  product  of  Pinus  Pinea. 


rTf 


10 


SJLVA    OF  NORTH  AMEltlCA. 


CONIKEIt*. 


Tk  Stoue  Pine  it  oultinted  often  on  »  liirge  •oiUe  in  MUtlittrn 
£uro|io  for  iU  seedi ;  lu  iin  oriminental  tree  it  luu  lieeu  freely  uwd 
to  dicoroto  tbo  gafdons  of  Italy  and  Uiii  ulhiir  ooiintrioi  of  «oiitliiini 
Euro|M',  which  owo  much  to  ita  peeuiiar  and  pirtnr«B<|ne  haliit. 
(H«o  (iilpin,  h'oreal  Srer  ri/,  1.  H3.  —  I-oudon,  .1 W).  Jlrit.  iv.  ^'J^l,  t.) 
It  WRi  introduced  ir.i>  llritish  iilaniatiunH  Iwfori'  the  uiidillo  uf  tlie 
•iitocnth  century,  l)ut,  although  it  survives  the  wintcra  in  favoivd 
localities  in  mithcrii  Knglunil  and  Ireland,  it  docs  not  (loiirish 
there  i  in  the  Lnited  States  it  is  not  hiidy  in  the  middle  and  north- 
ern Atlantic  states,  but  in  California  il.r  :-itono  I'inc,  although  still 
yomifj,  piorairos  to  grow  rnpiilly  to  its  largest  size. 

"  Liimuus,  S/iti:  KXK)  (I7.">;1).  —  Jjimbort,  J'iiiiu,  i.  34,  t.  'J3, 

24. Will'lcnow,  S/in:  iv.  pt.  i.  oOO.  —  Do  Candollc,  Lamarck  M. 

Franf.  ed.  iV  iii.  -'7").  —  iVmiirnii  fhihamel,  v.  a4»,  t.  77,  f.  1.— 
Brotero,  Hut.  Xal.  I'iuknrm,  /.aricei  e  iVielm,  20.  —  Link,  Ahhand. 
Ahiil.  Ilrrl.  1«27,  171);  /.iHwrii,  »v.  Ci;i.  —  Ledcbom,  Fl.  All.  iy. 
aOO  i  /■'/.  Host.  iii.  073.  —  Korlws,  Pinelum  Wnhum.  (lit,  73,  t.  'SI.  — 
Antoine,  Cnnif.  Vt,  t.  IM),  f.  "J.  —  Schoiiw,  /l«.i.  Sri.  Nat.  »6r. 
3,  iii.  y.tS  (Couiflrci  (/7m/ii ).  —  Kndlicher,  Si/n.  Coni/.  141.— 
Reichcniiach,  Ifim.  Fl.  d'enimu.  xi.  3,  t.  fillO  —  I'.irtig,  Fiml. 
Cuft'ir/;//.  IJeiiltflit.  77,  t.  7.  —  fr.rricre,  Tniili;  Cimi/.  205. — 
Koch,  Si/ii.  Fl.  German,  od.  3,  ii.  378.  —  (ionlon,  Pinelum,  210.  — 
I'nrlntore,  Fl.  Jial.  iv.  65  ;  IJe  CaniiuUe  Prmlr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  "102.  — 
K.  Koch,  Demir.  ii.  pt.  ii.  31fl.  —  Masters,  .Tour.  Linn.  .Vor.  xviii. 
505  (Cimifrrt  of  Japan).  —  Heissner,  Ilamlb.  Nuddh.  270,  f. 
(15-07.  —  llcnipil  &  Wilheliii,  Hiiume  unit  Strilucher,  i.  173,  f.  00- 
100,  t.  8. 

Pima    montana,    Lnuiank,    Ft.    Frai^'.     ii.  651    (not    Miller) 

(1778). 
Pinm  Cnlrm,  UspenskI,  Hull.  Sm:  Not.  Moac.  1834,  389  (not 

Linnnii.i). 
Pinua  Cembni,  y  Ifetvelica,  Kurbcs,  I.  c.  71  (18.30). 

Pimu  Cembra  inhabits  the  mountains  of  central  Knroiie,  where, 
mingled  on  the  lower  sIo[k'H  witii  the  upper  Spruces  and  Firs,  it 
ascends  above  tlic  Moimtaiu  I'iiie  and  the  Larch,  and  with  Alders, 
UlKxtodcudrons,  ;.nd  alpiuo  Willows  forms  scattered  groves  along 
the  timber-line  at  elevations  as  high  a.s  seven  thousand  live  hundred 
feet  above  the  sea-level  ;  it  is  common  in  northern  Russia  and  in 
.Siberia,  where  it  sometimes  forms  pure  foi-csts  of  great  extent.  It 
is  an  exceedingly  slow-growing  tree,  with  an  erect  trunk  covered 
with  smooth  pale  bark  and  clothed  while  young  with  short  slender 
horizontal  whorled  brnnehes  forming  a  narrow  symmetrical  pyra- 
mid which  becomes  open  and  picturesipie  in  old  age  by  the  turning 
np  of  the  branches  ;  it  occasionally  attains  a  height  of  one  hundred 
ami  twenty  feet,  although  on  the  mountains  of  Kurope  it  is  rarely 
more  than  half  this  size.  The  leaves  arc  berr.c  in  from  three  to 
five-leaved  ( lusters  and  are  short,  stout.  »'igid,  blue-gi-een,  clustered 
At  the  ciuls  of  the  thick  brnnchlcts,  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  ovate 
erect  cones,  which  arc  about  three  inches  long  and  two  and  a  half 
inches  wide,  with  broad  tlu.i  scales  and  somewhat  triangular  seeds 
half  an  inch  in  length.  The  wood  of  Pinus  Cemltra  is  soft,  close- 
grained,  nearly  white  and  slightly  tinged  with  red,  easily  worked, 
and  very  durable  ;  it  is  va  ued  in  cabinet-making  and  turnery, 
and  i.H  largely  employed  in  l-'urojio  for  wood-carvings.  The  seeds 
are  used  as  food,  and  oil  eii'ployed  as  foo<l  and  lor  illuminating 
purposes  is  pressed  from  thcni  in  Kurope,  (Loudon,  Arh.  liril.  iv. 
2271.  —  Mathieu,  Fl.  Furesliire,  c^.  '.^.  o\2.)  In  Siberia  the  seeds 
often  form  an  important  article  of  diet  and  arc  employed  medi- 
cinally. (See  Omelin,  Fl.  Sihir.  i.  181.)  Carjiathiau  balsam,  a 
colorless  oleo-rcsin  with  a  i)leasant  odor  and  an  i.crid  bitter  flavor, 
is  derived  from  Poitw  Cembra. 

Pinuii  Cembra,  in  spite  of  its  slow  growth,  has  long  been  valued 


H  an  pinnment  of  uarki  and  gardens,  and  ii  rn!<|ueDtly  planted  in 
tho  eastern  I'nitod    tates,  where  it  is  hardy  In  New  Knglund. 

The  dwarf  I'ine,  which  covem  the  high  summits  of  the  monntaini 
of  northern  .Inpan  with  broad  almost  im|ienetrable  thickets  four  or 
five  feet  high,  grows  also  in  Saglmlin,  Kamtselmtka,  and  the  Knrile 
Islands,  and  is  erroneously  said  to  cross  Bering  Strait  to  the  Aleu- 
tian Islands,  has  often  been  considered  a  varif  ty  of  J'imu  Cembra, 
but  from  its  habit  and  gei'grnpbical  range  is  row  luually  oouid- 
ored  n  species.     It  is  :  — 

Pimu  pumila,  Kegel,  Cal.  Srm.  /fori.  Pelrnp.  1858,  23  j  Buil. 
Soi:  Nat.  Mom:  xxxii.  pt.  i.  211  ;  Uiuii.  Iletilr.  cd.  2,  p».  1.  48. — 
Trautvetter,  Acl.  Ilorl.  /'elrn/i.  ix.  210  (/nremenlu  Fl.  Hott.).— 
Mayr,  .Wonoy.  Ahivl.  Jap.  H«,  t.  0,  I.  21.  — Herder,  Acl.  Hart. 
I'elrop.  xi.  01  (/'/.  /.'«(/</.> 

PiuHi  Cniibni,  b  /lumila,  I'allas.   Fl.  llom.  i.   '    t.  2,  f.  E-H 

(1781).  —  Kudlichcr,  /.  r.  142.  — Maiinuiwi  i,  AUm.  Sav.  jitr. 

Arad.  St.  Pilmlmurg,  ix.  202  {Prim.  Fl.  /li.iur). —  I'arlatore, 

Ve  Camtnlle  Proilr.  I.  c.  40;'.  —  Musters,  /.  c. 
Pinui  Cembra  ptjgmira,  London,  /.  r.  2270  (1838). 
Pinna  Manihhurira,  Itn,/recht,  Hull.  Pliijt.  Math.  Acad.  Sri.  St. 

Pilerfbnury,  xv.  ;I82  fl857). 

"'  1).  Don,  Lambert  J'inus,  e.!.  2,  Ii,  t.  (1828).  —  Forbes,  /.  c. 
53,  t.  10.  —  Boyle,  lit.  353,  t.  85,  f.  2.  —  Antoine,  /.  e.  20,  t.  10.  — 
Madden,  Jour.  Aiji ic.  and  Hort.  Sac.  India,  iv.  pt.  iv.  228  j  vii.  pt.  U. 
8.3  (Himalnfian  Conif'  ). —  Kndlieher,  t.  r.  150.  —  Carri6ro,  i.e. 
3.'V1.  — Cordon,  /.  r  .  ,).  —  Tarlatore,  /.  c.  301,  — K.  Koch,  I.  c. 
31">.  —  Aitch'son,  your.  Linn.  Sor.  xviii,  98  (/•'/.  Kurnm  Valley). — 
Boissier,  Ft.  Orient,  v.  («Hi,  — Hooker  f,  Fl.  Bril.  Ind.  v.  052.— 
Beissner,  /.  c.  250, 

Pinm  Gerardiana  is  a  tree,  occasionally  sixty  feet  in  height,  with 
a  trunk  four  feet  in  diameter,  although  usually  much  smaller  and 
generally  oidy  thirty  or  forty  feet  tall,  with  thin  smooth  gray-green 
or  silvery  bark  exfoliating  in  long  thin  scales  and  exposing  as  tbty 
separate  the  smooth  darker  colored  ip.ier  bark,  a  broad  round- 
topped  head  of  stout  spreading  or  pendent  branches  ascending 
toward  their  ext.emities,  smooth  dark  brown  brancblets,  dark 
green  leaves  in  clusters  of  three,  stout  cones  from  six  to  nine 
inches  in  length,  and  cylindrical  seeds  an  inch  long.  It  inhabit 
the  arid  in'.er  valleys  of  northwestern  India,  growing  usually  at 
altitudi-j  varying  from  Hvo  thousand  eight  hundred  feet  to  twelve 
tho'isand  feet  above  the  sea,  often  on  dry  steep  rocky  slopes  ;  and, 
although  gregarious,  it  does  not  generally  form  pure  forests,  be- 
ing fref]uently  asswMated  with  the  Deodar.  The  seeds  are  so  valu- 
able for  food  that  the  trees  are  rarely  cut,  and  the  hard  resiuoua 
dark  yi  <)w-bruwn  wood  is  little  used.  Baskets  ami  water-buckets 
are,  bowevr,  uuule  from  the  bark.  The  cones  "rc!  gathered  be- 
fore they  open  and  are  heated  to  expand  tiu>  scn'es  and  secure 
the  seeds.  These  are  stored  for  winter  use,  and  are  often  ground 
ami  mixed  with  tlonr.  In  Kunawar  they  are  a  stn|>Ie  article  of 
food,  and  they  form  a  eonsidernble  article  of  Indian  commerce. 
The  seeds  and  the  oil  extracted  from  them  are  used  medicinally 
in  Imlia  In  native  practice  (Balfour,  Fncyclopadia  of  India,  ed.  3, 
iii.  221). 

In  the  ganlcns  of  western  and  central  Kurope  Pinus  Gerardiana 
survives,  but  grows  very  slowly  ;  and  it  has  not  yet  shown  its 
ability  to  endure  the  climate  of  the  I'uited  States. 

■'^''  Spo.'  Fncjtvloptrdia  of  the  Industrial  Artt,  Manufactures,  and 
/{««•  Commercial  Products,  ii,  1427. — Jackson,  Commercial  liolany 
c/tlie  lOM  Centnrij,  130, 

'«  Jackson,  Gard.  Chron.  ser.  3,  iii.  171.  —  Mohr,  Tiult.  No.  13  For- 
estry Div.  I/.S.  Depl.Agric.  48  (Timber  Pines  of  the    '.ulliem  U.S.). 

"  Soubciran  &  Tbiersant,  Mat.  .Med.  Chin.  I'M, 


I 
•I 


CONtFGRiK. 

ri'ipiently  |>liiiit«d  in 
Ni'w  Ktigluitil. 
litH  <)f  tlio  iiiountaiiK 
ubiu  thickutn  fuur  or 
Ktkn,  uiiil  tlio  Kurila 
Stniit  ti>  the  AI(!U- 
ty  of  /'iniM  Cembra, 
row  uaually  conaid- 

n/>.  Ism,  i^  ;   Hull. 

W.  I'll,  a,  jit,  i.  4H.— 

meiiUt  h'l,  Jiusi.).  — 

IIiTder,  Acl.  Horl. 

i.  '  t.  'J,  f.  K-H 
1  ^,  Mem.  Sav.  Utr. 
tti.vir ',,  —  I'nrlntore, 

(18;iH). 
Afal/i.  /lead.  Sri.  St. 

<i;8).  —  Forbes,  /.  c. 
mve,  I.  e.  20,  t.  10.  — 
pt.  iv.  2i!8  J  vii.  pt.  ii. 
l,"il(.  —  C«rri6ro,  I.  c. 
Ul.  — K.  Koch,  /.  c. 
'I.  Kitram  Valley^. — 
Uril.  Intl.  V.  (152.— 

y  foct  ill  height,  with 
ly  mituh  smaller  niitl 
ill  smooth  gniy-green 
iiml  exposing  us  they 
iirk,  n  brond  rotiiid- 
:  branches  ascending 
iwu  braiielilets,  dark 
ICH  from  six  to  nine 
icli  long.  It  inhabit 
I,  growing  usually  nt 
iiudreil  feet  to  twelve 
pp  rocky  slopes  ;  and, 
irm  pure  forests,  be- 
riie  seeds  are  so  valu- 
md  the  hard  resinous 
ets  anil  water-biickota 
mew  "H!  gathered  be- 
Liie  scn'cs  and  secure 
and  arc  often  ground 
re  a  stnpic  article  of 
of  Indian  comnicree. 
are  used  medicinally 
padia  of  IihUu,  cd.  3, 


rONIKKItX 


aiLVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


u 


ope  PintiK  Oeranliana 

'^' 

iia  not  yet  sho\M!  its 

^ 

ati'S. 

rti,  Manufactures,  and 

n,  Commercial  Botany 

:j; 

lohr,  rtuU.  No.  13  For- 

ofthe    '  •uthem  U.S.). 

•> 

1»1. 

,, 

N  llUknal,  IHt  (Itrhtrimlm,  lA,  »1,  4fi.  —  Neubnuid,  Dit  Uerb- 
tfimlrn,  <iW.  —  Watt,  '/'<•  ,lr/  of  Lmlher  Manufacture,  Rfl. 

'"  'I'liii  plaiilliig  of  I'liies  and  other  Conifers  for  th»  production 
of  timber  liiw  beiiii  pruotliwd  in  ilapaii  fur  lit  least  twelve  hundred 
years,  iind  <\w  wi/<id  used  in  the  empire  is  nearly  all  obtained  fnim 
plaiiled  fo.'i'SlK  <«liii'li  cover  sandy  coast  plaius  a:id  other  Unda  iiiiHt 
for  the  production  of  nKiieiillurul  orops. 

*"  TliH  difTnniiit  North  Amerloaii  I'iues  are  infested  by  many 
apueius  of  JiisiMits  |  of  llicse  some  are  very  destructive  or  are  li.ible 
tu  liecoinii  ail.  It  is  probable  that  only  a  ainall  part  of  the  inseota 
alTeeting  the  trees  of  this  i^cniis  in  Ainuriea  are  known.  Packard 
(A(/iA  Uep.  if-  S.  linlimiilii;/.  Ciimm.  IHIM),  (i7i)  euiiiuerates  nearly 
Olio  liuiidrud  am'  llfty  species  found  on  I'ine-trees  in  the  United 
HNitea,  and  slncn  the  piiblieation  of  his  r>|H>rt  the  number  has  been 
iniieli  liieri"-...cd.  Ilorers  in  the  trunk,  branches,  a. id  bark  make 
about  half  the  iiiimlHir  of  siMicies  which  injure  rine-trees  ;  they  are 
ehlelly  uuleojiteroiis,  those  nttneklng  the  trunk  belo.igiiig  largely  to 
the  family  ('er.imbycidie  and  Ibiprestidie,  while  mimeroua  Keolyti- 
doi  attack  the  aiip' -  1  and  bark.  Lnrviu  of  Moniihiimmun  confuaor, 
Kirby,  Mmmhnmmun  '.hUiiliir,  Vn\mAa»,  Mimukammm  ncuteliatwi,  Say, 
and  AfonuhamiNun  marmoratun,  liniidall,  are  eommou  in  the  tninlu 
of  I'inea  over  n  liirgu  catciit  of  country,  the  flrat-iiamod  species  being 
especially  abiindiiut.  'I'ticy  sometimes  do  great  damage,  but  uaually 
prefer  to  attack  dead  trees  or  thjso  which  are  already  injured  or 
diseased  raMier  than  perfectly  healthy  trunks.  Aiemum  iiuxatum, 
Halileiiiail,  (.'ritiiriiliuliu  (ir/rrWi's,  Kirby,  and  Rhagium  linealum,  Oli- 
vier, are  aoiiietlinea  destriiutive,  however,  to  living  trees.  Larvie 
of  Callidium  nnlminalum,  Newmiui,  and  numerous  other  Ceramby- 
oldui  born  Into  the  wihhI  when  dry.  Among  Duprcstida)  the  larvie 
of  C'/iulcoiiharit  liryiuientiii,  Driiry,  often  girdle  the  trunks  and 
cause  their  duatriictioii,  and  other  species  of  L'halcophoro  infest 
tbein.  Various  species  of  Dicerca,  Chrysobothris,  Melanophila, 
are  often  iibuiidntit  and  destructive  to  Pine-trees.  The  White 
Pine  weevil,  I'itindrt  .Iriilii,  Peck,  is  one  of  the  worst  pests  of 
young  treea,  The  larvie  live  In  the  leading  shoots  or  near  the 
topii  of  the  ountrnl  stems  and  cause  them  to  wither  and  die,  or 
are  found  injuring  the  sapwooil  of  older  trees.  Ilylobiua  I'alea, 
Ilerbst,  la  another  weevil  common  in  Pines  over  a  largo  part  of 
North  America,  niid  I'achylohim  picivorut,  Gerinar,  is  injurious  in 
thu  soutiiiirii  states, 

Among  Hcolylidie,  (innlhnlrichun  ma/eriurius,  Kitch,  Gnatholrichua 
anperului,  I,ecoiite,  Xyhilrrun  hivitla'uf,  Mannheim,  and  various  spe- 
cies ol  Ciirphoborus  bore  under  the  bark  or  in  the  sapwood.  Den- 
drocltinui  Irri-liranii,  Olivier,  and  other  species  of  this  genus,  several 
spouioB  of  Xylehoriis,  Tnmicxu  I'ini,  Say,  Tomicus  cacographus, 
Looonte,  Tmiicm  caltiiirapi.itt,  (lermut,  Hylurgopn  pinifex,  Fitch, 
species  of  Pilyophthonis,  Polygraphiis,  Crypturgiis,  and  other 
beetles  bore  In  or  under  the  bark. 

Among  Icpldi'pti^riiiis  borers  are  several  which  injure  the 
branches  or  'he  bark  and  sapwood  of  Pine-trees.  Bemhicia  Se- 
ipioiit,  II.  Kdwards,  which  bores  into  Sequoia,  is  said  to  seriously 
alTcct  also  l'iim»  pimilrrma  and  I'inm  lamhertiana  in  California. 
/Kgniii  I'imirum,  llchrens,  has  been  found  in  Pimu  radiala  in  Cnli- 
fiirnla  ;  and  llnrmnmn  I'ini,  Kellicott,  attacks  the  bark  and  sap- 
wood  of  Piiiea  In  the  middle  states.  The  larva  of  a  Pyralid,  Ne- 
plmplnyr  Ximmermamii,  (Irote,  bores  under  the  bark  and  in  the 
young  wood  of  I'ine-trees  usually  below  the  insertion  of  young 
biaucl.  4,  and  eailses  resinous  exudations. 

The  braiielilets,  especially  of  /'inri.»  rigida  and  its  allies,  are 
frequently  alTeeted  by  the  larvie  of  small  Tortricid  moths  chiefly 
of  the  genus  Itetlnia  ;  tlii'ir  attacks  are  often  accompanied  by 
oopioiii  exudations  of  resinous  juice  and  result  in  the  death  of  tlie 


twigs,  or  by  weakening  them  eausa  the  leavaa  to  turn  yellow  or 
brown. 

The  foliage  of  Piue-treea  la  Injured  In  the  United  8tatea  by 
many  s|ieeiea  of  iuaeota,  although  few  of  them  are  noticeably 
ilestruetive.  Saw-flies  of  various  species,  chiefly  bidoiiging  to  the 
genera  Lophyriis  and  Lyda,  are  aoiiietimea  abundant  and  are  likely 
to  oaiiae  coiiaiderablo  damage. 

Among  Lepidoptera,  the  larvm  of  Pierin  Metuipin,  Felder,  ia  oeeo- 
sioimlly  extremely  abundant  on  Pinwi  pontterota,  Pinut  coutorta, 
and  other  species  of  the  Paeifle  forests, 

Semiolhim  bitiyuala.  Walker,  and  other  Oeometrido),  besides  the 
insects  belonging  to  other  groups,  are  found  on  various  species 
and  occasionnUy  cause  considerable  damage. 

Turlrie  piilitana,  Ilawortli,  forms  little  tubes  composed  of  the 
living  foliage  ot  Pinun  Strnbux,  and  devours  the  outer  ends  of 
the  leaves  which  form  the  tube  within  which  it  lives.  Gelechia 
pinifolieUa,  Chambers,  in  its  larval  state  mines  the  leaves  of  Pintm 
rigida  and  other  species  ;  and  the  leaves  of  this  tree  and  its  allies 
are  also  infested  by  a  gall  gnat,  Diplosin  Pini-riyiUir,  Packard. 

The  leaves  of  young  twigs  are  atfected  by  many  species  of  lle- 
miptera,  among  them  aplttle-iiisects,  leaf-hoppcra,  aphids,  and  scale- 
ioseets. 

Lacknua  Strobi,  Fiteb,  is  oommon  on  the  White  Pine  and  often 
destroys  young  trees ;  and  Lachnua  australit,  Ashmeod,  is  found 
on  twigs  of  Pinuf  palmlrin  and  allied  species  in  the  southern 
Atlantic  states.  A  so-called  "mealy-bug,"  Schiioneura  pinicola, 
Thomas,  also  attacks  Pinun  Strobwi. 

Mytilanpis  pinifolice.  Fitch,  is  an  elongated  white  scale  common 
on  the  leaves  of  several  species  of  Pines,  and  Chermeg  pinifolia. 
Fitch,  and  Chionaipii  pinifolia;.  Fitch,  sometimes  injure  these  trees. 

Several  insects  still  little  known  often  infest  the  cones  of  North 
American  Pines. 

*'  The  diseases  of  the  different  species  of  Finns  caused  by  fungi 
are  very  numerous,  and  in  Kurope  have  been  carefully  studied  with 
regard  to  their  pathological  action.  In  the  United  States  some  of 
the  same  diseases  prevail,  and  there  are  also  a  largo  number  of 
native  liingi  which  are  parasitic  on  North  American  Pines,  oaiisitig 
thcni  considerable  injury.  The  rotting  of  the  wood  of  Pines  ia 
generally  due  to  certain  species  of  Polyporus  and  Trametes,  which 
attack  Spruces  and  Firs  as  well,  and  also  sometimes  deeiduoiis- 
Icavcd  trees.  One  of  the  most  widely  spread  species  is  Tramelea 
Pini,  Fries,  a  long-lived  fungus  of  dark  yellow-brown  color  which 
appears  in  the  form  of  small  brackets  on  the  branches  and  trunks 
of  Pinm  aytce-ttris  in  Europe  and  the  United  States,  on  Pinus  ron- 
torta,  vnv.  Murrayana,  Pinm  paluatris,  Pinus  Slrobun,  and  probably 
other  species.  It  produces  the  disease  known  in  Germany  as  Uing- 
sebiile,  the  mycelium  extending  up  and  down  the  trunk,  especially 
in  the  annual  rings,  and  forming  brown  streaks  and  zones.  Poly^ 
porm  annoswi,  Fries,  which  in  Europe  is  regarded  as  the  most 
destructive  fungus  to  conifers,  occurring  there  on  Pimm  sylveslris 
and  Pinus  Strohu.f,  has  been  recorded  on  the  latter  species  in  this 
country,  but  not  often,  although  it  is  probably  more  common  than 
has  usually  been  supposed.  It  generally  attacks  the  roots  and 
extends  upward  into  the  trunk.  The  mycelium  causes  the  wood 
to  become  red  and  rotten,  anil  eventually  forms  dark-colored  iongi- 
tudiimi  streaks  and  cavities.  The  fructifying  port  of  this  fungus 
is  generally  found  on  or  near  the  roots,  and  is  usually  resupinatc, 
with  small  white  pores.  Polyporwi  Schweiuitzii,  Fries,  which  is 
apparently  more  common  in  the  United  States  than  in  Europe,  is 
generally  associated  with  Pinu.i  Strobus.  In  P^irope  it  prwluces 
a  disease  of  Piuuf  nylvestris,  although  in  this  country,  in  spite  of  its 
frequency,  it  is  not  generally  supposed  to  cause  serious  trouble. 


'I 


IS 


SJLVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONtfiCRA 


Thij  funfiii  Mldom  aprjan  on  th«  trunli«,  although  it  i^rows  on 
tlieir  cut  turffttfri  ami  ia  l'<)Iiiiih>ii  on  ibe  fcruuml  uiidur  /*i»ia 
Strobui,  b«ing  pruUbU  |)«iiuith)  un  iU  nwU  It  )■  a  Urge  «p««iai 
of  A  cnrky  o.  ■'v*;  gy  •ulHiUiice,  nt  ttr»t  oorered  with  r  yolluw 
down  but  ■ooit  uvrtiuiing  ditik  br«>wn.  It  i*  nut  inipiobubln  tliHl 
it  U  »  nfttivu  of  Nurtb  Aincrivik,  aikI  baa  bttt'ii  intr-jdiiufd  intu 
EuroiK.  '|*hero  nn  aUo  r  Urgt*  number  of  llyni«»i»iiiy*'«te«  wbicb 
(i*uiok  Piiirit  ill  thia  country,  but  «t  prvHut  little  ia  known  Uefl- 
nit«ly  of  thflir  |Hitbub>gioal  cfftiota. 

A  numlwr  uf   iutereNling  ru«t-fuugi  producv  ■  and 

deforinitieN  of  tb«  \m\t'»  of  l*in«i  in  tbw  riiituil  i        ^  ,  in  lonie 

osios,  tbo  poouliar  dinttirtion  known  aa  witcbcn*  bro*>uu,  ultboUKh 
.  tbi»  deformity  is  more  common  on  Spruoc-tn-t'i*  ibun  on  Vuwn.  Tho 
dotvrmination  uf  th*t  UuHtn  wbicb  infent  nmifiTH  it  diflicult,  owing 
iu  tbe  fiMt  that  tbt*  grnitrr  purt  of  them  ure  wciiliu,  or  oluitvr-i'iipit, 
which  reitomhlv  one  another  chxtoly.  but,  uceonliii^  to  ruuent  wril/im, 
are  genetiealty  ounneutrd  with  teleutotiporio  fun^i  of  quito  different 
■)>euiei«,  Tho  rusta  of  I'inea,  with  few  uxceptiona,  Iwlung  tu  the 
gi<nus  IVritierniiu:n  which,  like  other  ipcidin,  conxiiit  of  orHUge  or 
ru8t-i'oh)rcd  Hporea  urrungtMl  in  chaiuH  contained  within  uii  en- 
Telo|>e  coiii|M>Mcd  of  c»f!orh'M  celU.  The  ohl  it|M'cieii,  PfTulrrinium 
pint,  L^veilltS  wm  Hupimurd  to  have  two  forms,  one  priMlucing 
oupa  on  the  Ichvch  tiiid  the  other  cupa  or  irregular  diHkti  tui  tho 
trunks  luid  bmiichcH.  It  has  iH'eii  shown  that  the  forms  on  bark 
arc  connected  with  Hpecies  uf  CronartMim.  but  the  leaf  I'eridermiuin 
of  Kuroj.can  i'ines  is  now  sepuratcd  into  neveral  H|HH*ies  couuected 
with  different  species  of  (_'  )lcot(poriutii  which  grow  on  different 
Cumpusitje,  as  Suneuio,  Tussilago,  Inula,  and  un  Kupliroaiu  and 
other  plants.  Few  exi>eriments  have  Ih>cu  made  with  artitlcial 
oulturca  of  tho  North  American  I'eridertiiin,  and  the  determina- 
tion of  our  sjHH-ies  must  stiU  bo  rrgurded  as  provisional.  Peruter' 
mititn  Strobif  coininun  iu  Kuro|h)  on  Pintui  Utrohna  introduced  from 
North  Amoricii,  is  not  known  to  oi<  ur  in  this  country,  nor  has 
Cronartium  riliicoiftm,  Dietrich,  with  which  it  is  asHociated,  l>een  in- 
troduced hert^  Of  \orth  American  eurticolous  forms  may  bo  men- 
tione<l  IWiiirrmiitm  linrk'u  unit,  Moore,  wbicb  forms  ntNles  covered 
with  continent  tniisses  of  weidia  lui  Pittun  powifToan,  Pittiu  miUntay 
Pimm  Sahiniana,  and  Pinus  :'outorta,  and  Perulerminm  Cerehrtimt 
Peck,  on  /*in«jf  riguia.  Of  North  American  acicolous  forms  of  I'e- 
ridermium  the  most  common  is  perhaps  identical  with  Per'nlermium 
ot>lou(/hf)orwn,  Kuekel.  This  is  not  uncuuimon  on  Pinii,i  ritjida  in 
early  summer,  but  tbe  teleutospuric  form  with  which  it  is  said  to 
bo  united  iu  Kurupe,  Colfmjxtrium  Seueriouit,  I'ersoon,  is  certainly 
very  rare  here,  although  it  has  lieen  nuticed  on  Setteno  fulynrii 
near  Pruvidence,  Kliode  Island.  Besides  tbo  Rusta  belonging  tu 
the  genus  Peridermium,  CoUo»porium  Pini^  fialloway  {Jour.  Myc. 
Tii.  44.  —  Bol.  Gazettet  uii.  433),  attacks  the  leaves  of  Pinu$  Vir- 


giniana  in  the  middle  itatea,  imiiaing  bands  of  yellow  diaoolorMtiona 
and  a  premature  shedding  of  the  ivnvea.  t'nlike  other  Uukts  uf 
Pine-tn<««,  thia  apeeiea  ii  m  teltMUoi|Hiric  and  not  an  acidml  form. 
The  Uiista  which  are  tdten  found  in  abundance  on  cones  of  vari- 
ous t'ine-treea,  especially  in  the  aoutbern  and  weatern  atafcea,  need 
further  iitudy. 

A  nnmlH'r  «if  fungi  of  the  onler  Ilysteriaov*  are  found  un  Pine- 
treoi,  miNit  of  them  btMiig  NiH'cies  occurring  on  the  bark  without 
causing  s|>ecial  diseasit  ko  far  us  is  now  known.  l.opfuHitrmium 
Piiiiislri,  (*hevullit>r,  founti  on  I'mun  nmlitrttt,  Pitiu*  ^iHilimtrui^  I*inu$ 
riijiiUiy  Pinm  Slrt)hm,  end  pi-olwhiy  tni  other  species,  which  apiieart 
to  the  nuked  eye  aa  small  narrow  black  spots  on  the  leaves,  kills 
tliem  anil  cautieH  them  to  fall  preinutiirt'y.  Ilf(fn)*tmnn  hnuhif' 
sfH>riitn,  UiMtrup,  a  species  closely  r<*lated  to  the  lust,  prtHlucea  a 
similar  ilisease  of  Pimu  Strohim  in  Kurope,  hut  is  not  known  in  tbil 
country.  There  art*  several  other  ascomycetmis  fungal  parasitui 
in  Iho  t'nited  Htates.  Cniutujium  JerruijimMtum^  Krivs,  occiira  on 
the  branchea  uf  Pimut  rartiata,  Pimu  /HmtUrutM,  Pimu  Snhimanat 
and  Pimt*  Ki/lrfttri»  in  this  country.  Tiider  the  name  of  fVufin* 
ffium  .1 />!>/«,  Persmin,  K.  Schwa rt«  {IHe  Krkrtirihouf  tier  A'lV/im 
durvh  Crtuintfium  Ahirlin)  has  given  a  full  ncc«tnnt  of  the  epidcinio 
caused  by  this  fungus  in  (tt-rmaiiy,  the  ftame  disease  having  lieon 
previously  oliHcrvcd  by  other  botanists  in  that  country  and  in 
Swetb'U.  The  species  attacked  were  Pimis  offlffHtrin,  Pimta  Lam' 
itrrtinun,  Pimtn  mimttinti,  und  Pimi*  ritjida.  In  America  no  special 
epidemic  has  lH>en  uhscrved.  and  most  botanists  have  reganled  the 
fuiiguN  us  a  NHprophyte  rather  than  a  true  parasite,  although  it  n|^ 
|>eurM  to  U)  capable  at  least  of  assuming  at  times  a  truly  panuitio 
growth.  Pharidiitm  fruMUurum,  lit!rkeley  &  Curtis,  which  should 
probably  Iw  referred  to  the  older  Phacidium  Pini,  Albertiui  & 
Scbweiniti!,  is  very  common  on  the  hrauchoa  uf  Pimm  SlrohuHf  which 
it  covers  with  Hinall  depressed  ailvery  gray  pustules.  Chitonectria 
rumrhifula,  Saccnrdo,  a  pnlysimric  form,  is  abundant  on  tho  amallor 
branches  uf  I'imm  Strnhun,  which  it  covers  with  small  clusters  uf 
deep  retl  pcritheciu.  The  exact  rclatiiui  of  this  common  fungus  to 
the  true  AVc/n'ri  nutirhilnla.  Fries,  has  not  been  fully  determined. 
The  latter  species  is  recognized  in  Kurope  us  n  cauKj  of  a  marked 
disease,  the  mycelium,  making  its  way  into  the  branches  of  /*mu« 
it)/li'fMtri:<  thnuigh  wounds,  especially  those  caused  by  certain  in- 
sects. Caliriftittin  Pineot  Peek,  which  is  found  on  the  bark  »if  Pimu 
Slroftua,  and  Poljiporun  vnlratiut.  Peck,  which  grows  on  the  bark  of 
Pifiun  riijidn,  are  peculiar  to  these  trees,  which,  however,  do  not 
appear  to  be  injured  by  them.  In  southern  Kurope  the  tumors 
sometimes  found  on  the  branches  of  Pimi$  //(i/c/>^iJtM  are  supposed 
to  l>e  due  to  the  growth  of  bacteria  which  caiue  similar  tuinore  on 
Olive-trees. 

"  Imt.  585,  t.  355,  356. 


PiNA 

alit 
He 


Re 


m 


CONIPRRA. 


CONiyKHil. 


SUVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


coNsPKcrrus  of  the  north  amkrican  specibs. 

Sthubui.  Conn  iubtarminal  i  >|)<)|iliyaiii  of  the  coni--ual«ii  thin,  utiially  uiwrmtd  i  Uavoi  In  rlustcn 
iif  Ave,  their  •hoatlu  loots  kiiil  ileciiluoun  ;  Itbru-Tucukr  bumlU  1.  Wood  lighl-oolurad,  loft. 
White  rinet. 

Kuntriilii.     Keiin  duct*  peripheral. 

Winitn  Xun^vt  than  the  nueilH  ;  leavei  iharply  Hrrutate,  denticulate  toward  the  apex. 
ny|K>derni  or  itrenKtheninK  celle  of  the  luavea  nnt  lurroundinK  the  reiin  duct*. 

Lt'uvt'i  alendcr,  Kluncoiia,  from  3  to  4  iiii'hei  in  lent(tli  i  cones  15  or  C  inchfi  long.     .     .       1.  P.  .Smomia. 
U>aveii  thick,  ri({id,  from  IJ  to  4  inclie*  in  lenuthj  cunea  from  5  to  11  inchea  long  .     .      'i.  1*.  MONTlcotA. 
Hypodorm  or  BtrengtlmninK  ci4la  of  the  Itiavea  iiumerout,  turroundinK  the  reain  diii'ta. 

lA^avea  atout,  ri)(id,  from  3^  to  4  inchea   in  length  ;    conea  from   Vi  to   18  tnchei 

|„„g 3.  P.   Lambkbtian  A. 

W'inga  nmi'li  ahorter  than  tlio  acedt ;  leuvea  nioatly  entire,  or  dentlculaU  toward  the  apex. 

Lvavea  alcndwr,  from  3 J  to  4  inchea  in  length;  conie  from  5  to  9  inoliea  long,  their 

acalea  rcMexc'<l 4.   P.  RTROBiroHMU. 

Leavca  thick,  ri^iil,  from  Ij  to  3  Inchea  in  length)  conea  from  3  to  10  inchea  long, 

their  acalea  thickened,  light  brown,  |M)intad  at  the  0|>ex 5.  P.   ki.kxilih. 

Leave*  tliii'k,  rigid,  from   1  i  to  '2\  inchea  in  length !  conea  oval  or  aubgloboae,  from 
1^  to  3  inchea  long,  their  acalea  nmch  thickened,  dark  purple,  terminating  in  itout 

incurved  nearly  triangular  tipa 0.   P.  ALBIVAULUk 

PiNARTKR.     Apopliyaia  of  the  cone-acalca  thickened,  uaually  armed  i  leave)  in  cluitera  of  1  to  5,  their 
aheutha  uaually  [Kraiatont.     Wood  reainoua.     Pitch  Pines. 
Keain  ducta  of  the  leuvea  jwripberal. 

Integrifolinj.    Conea  aubterminal;  leavea  entire,  their  aheatha  deciduoiu  ;  flbro-voacular  bundle  1. 
Cone-Bcolea    thick,   iniarmed  ;    seeds  large,  their   wings  minute.     Leavea    in    1    to  0-leuved 
clusters.     Nut  Pines. 

Leaves  atout,  glaucoua,  in  1  to  0,  usually  in  4-leaved,  clusters,  from  Ij  to  1^  inches  io 

length;  cones  from  1 J  to '.' incliea  broad 7.  P.  yi'AHKlKOLiA. 

Leaves  slender,  in  2  or  3-leavcd  clusters,  from  1(  to  2  inches  in  length  i  cones  from  1 

to  2  inches  brood »•   P-  cEMBROIDEs. 

Leaves  stout,  tipped  with  rigid  spines,  in  1  or  2-leave<l  clusters,  from  1}  to  2^  inches 

in  length;  cones  from  1 J  to  2 i  inches  long 9.   P.  MONOl'HVtLA. 

Leaves  atout,  rigid,  aharp-|>ointed,  in  2  or  .3-leaTed  clusters,  from  f  of  an  inch  to  1^ 

inches  in  length  ;  cones  from  1^  to  1^  inches  lop<- 10.  P.  EDITLU. 

Cones  dark  purple,  their  scales  somcvbat  thickened  nt  tlui      ex,  anned  with  alender  prickles ; 
seeds  shorter  than  their  wings ;  leaves  in  crowded  clusters    f  five,  rigid,  incurved. 

Leaves  from  1  to  1  ^  inches  in  length ;  cones  subcylindrical.  from  3^  to  5  inches  long, 

their  scales  armed  with  minute  incurved  prickles 11.  P.   Balkui'UIAKA. 

Leaves  from  1  to  1 J  inches  in  length  ;  cones  from  3  to  3^  inches  long,  their  scales 

armed  with  long  slender  awn-like  prickles 12.   P.  akmtata. 

Sylvestres.     Cones  subterminal ;   leaves  serndate,  their  sheaths  persistent ;  fibro-voscular  bun- 
dles 2. 

Leaves  in  2-leaved  clusters,  slender,  dark  green,  from  6  to  6  inches  in  length;  cones 
ovate-conicrJ,  from  2  to  2}  inches  long,  their  scales  slightly  thickened,  unarmed,  seeds 

much  shorter  than  their  wings 13.  P.  rEi<ino8A. 

Resin  ducts  of  the  leaves  (~arc  ichymatous. 

PonderossB.     Cones  subteri  linal,  their  scales  conspicuously  umbonate ;  leaves  in  2,  3,  or  5-leaved 
clusters,  their  sheaths  p(  rsistent,  or  deciduous  in  No.  17  ;  fibro-voscular  bundles  2. 
Leaves  in  5-leoved  clusters. 

Leaves  stout,  dork  green,  from  9  to  13  inches  in  length ;  cones  broadly  ovate,  long- 
stalked,  from  4  to  6  inches  long,  their  scales  much  thickened,  with  brood  reflexed 

umbos 14.    P.    TORBEYANA. 

Leaves  stout,  dark  green,  from  5  to  7  inches  in  length ;   cones  oval,  from  2  to  2i| 

inches  long,  their  scales  armed  with  small  recurved  spines 16.  P.  Arizoniua. 


li 


U  StlVA   OF  NOltTll  AM  KHIVA.  cowmiia 

Lmtm  In  3  nr  .'i-lMTMt  cluaUn. 
Lmvm  in  It  (ir  in  'i  muI  :>-U**mI  rluiUn,  fntni  3  Ui  lA  InahM  in  l«n||th  i  mum  from 
3  to  I'J  iocbM  long,  in  (aUinK  laiiaratinfi  from  th«  luwtr  mkIm  paniiUnt  on  iha 

pailuncU ID.   I*.   roNDIMiMA. 

LaavH*  in  :>-ImvimI  cluiUin,  •lander,  fX»  fp—n,  from  'i\  \a  \  inch**  in  Itngth,  thtir 
•liciillu  (Inciiluouai  cuiiai  broMlljr  ov*U>,  from  !(  tu  2  inshiit  Ioiik,  muturinK  kt  til* 
•ml  of  tbo  tliini  mhoii,  tliair  miiIm  iliglitly  thii-kvnxl,  furniiliwl  wilk  aniall  rmurvKl 

dacitluoua  (irivliliM 17,   P.  ChibuauuAMA. 

L«*VHi  in  '.j-l*avi<>l  cliiiUtn,  <'liM«ly  HrruUta,  from  I  to  4  inuliM  long  i  convt  oblung- 
oval,  oblii|ua,  ni<>r«  or  Im*  Mrolinout,  Ui«lr  M«l«*  oftvn  tulnirutiUt*,  and  itnnsd  with 

■Unilxr  priokl* 18.  P.  COMTORTA. 

Ta<la.     ('ono*  Utiml.  tlivir  KaliM  nmcli  thicknnad,  variouily  itrmad  i  Uktm  in  'i  or  In  3-IeaT«d 

«luit«ri,  thtir  iliMtlu   p«niiitiiiit  i    Ubro-vHouUr   bundlat  'i  i    rutin   ducta   pitrenohym*toua. 

li««TH  In  M-luiived  rliiatora. 

Lmtm  al«nil«r,  drooping,  |iali)  lilua-grmn,  from  N  to  I'J  UioIim  in  liingtli  \  conea  oval, 

acute,  from  )l  to  10  inrhaa  long,  thair  avulsa  iirudui'wl  into  prominant  umbo*  armad 

with  atout  atraight  or  alightly  inciirvi'd  apinra 10,  P.  8A>l)riAl>A< 

Laaraa  atout,  aract,  dark  bluo-grean,  from  tl  to  I'J  Incliaa  in  lungth  :  ronaa  elongatad- 
oval,  aruta,  from  10  to  14  incliea  long,  their  aralea  much  thii'kaned  into  atout  elon- 
gatad uniboa  armvd  with  thick  apur-liko  inrurvi-d  apinaa 2U.  F,  CoiJLTUI, 

Leavaa  alemlar,  bright  graan,  from  4  to  0  inrhea  in  langth :  conaa  oval,  obliijue, 
from  ,'1  to  (I  inrhaa  long,  |)araiataut,  tliair  acalea  mammillate  nn  the  outer  aide,  armed 

with  minute  incurved  pricklaa 31,  P,  KADIATA. 

I^avea  pain  yellow-green,  from  R  to  7  Inchaa  In  length  i  oonai  elougated-eonleal, 
oblii|Uo,  cluatercd,  from  H  to  Ti  incliea  long,  aerotinoua,  their  acalea  untH|uully  embuaaed, 

nrmud  with  atout  pricklca 33.  P.  ATTimVATA. 

Leave*  alcndar,  pale  green,  from  0  to  9  inchea  in  length ;  conea  oTate,«blong,  from  3 

to  0  Inchea  long,  their  acalea  arniad  with  atout  recurve<l  prickica 33.  P.  Txda. 

Ijcavea  atout,  rigid,  dark  yclluw-green,  from  3  to  ft  inchea  in  length ;  conea  ovold- 
conlcal  or  ovate,  often  cluatered,  frcmi   1    to  3^  inchea  long,  their  acalea  armed  with 

abort  Htout  recurvcil  prickle* 24.  P.  RIOtDA. 

Leave*  alender,  dark  yellow-green,  from  0  to  8  India*  in  length ;  cone*  uaually  aub- 
^loboM,  or  elongated,  from  2}  to  ,'<  inchea  long,  aerotinoua,  their  acale*  armed  with 

alender  incurved  ilcciduoua  prickle* 26.  P.  iRROTINAf 

Leave*  in  'J-lcuvod  duatera,  except  in  Nn.  .tl. 

Leave*  atout,  gray-green,  from  I  ^  to  3  iiiclina  in  length  ;  rone*  oblong-conical,  often 
more  or  leaa  curved,  from  2  to  3  inchea  long,  armed  with  alender  atraight  or  in- 
curved prickl 20.  P.  ViBOlNUMA. 

Leavea  xlcnder,  flexible,  dark  green,  from  2  to  3^  inchea  in  lengtli :  conea  ovoid- 
conical,  ai'rotiiious,  iiemiateiit  for  many  yearn,  their  acalea  armed  with  abort  atout 

atraight  or  recurved  apine* 27.  P.  OLAVSA. 

Leave*  aoft,  Hlender,  dark  green,  from  1  \  to  3  iiiclic*  in  length ;  cone*  8ubglobo*e 
to  oblong-ovate,  from  I J   to  2  inchea  long,  their  *calc*  thin,  tipjied  with  *traight 

or  recurved  short  often  deciduoua  prickle* 28.  P.  OLABRA. 

Leave*  atout,  blue-green,  from  \\  to  2(  inche*  in  length  :  cone*  oblong-conical,  oblique, 

from  2  to  .'tj  inches  long,  their  «cale«  armed  with  utout  hooked  apinea 29.  P.  PtTNOENS. 

Ivcavea  rigid,  <lark  green,  from  4  to  ti  incbcB  in  length  ;  cone*  ovate,  obli(|ue,  aerotinous, 

peraistent,  from  2  to  ',\\  inche*  long,  their   acalen  unncd  with  atout  incurved  apine*     30.  P.  MtnucATA. 
Ix'avea  alender,  dnrk  bluo-grecn,  in  2  or  in  ,'?-lpoved  iluater*,  from  3  to  ">  inche*  in 
length ;  conea  ovate  or  oblong-conical,  from  1 J  to  2^  inche*  long,  their  acale*  armed 

with  minute  slender  prickle*        31.  P.  kciiinata. 

Leave*  stout,  falcate,  <livergent.  ilark  gray-green,  from  J  to  Ij  inch  in  length;  cone* 
oblong-conical,  oldiqiie,  uauully  erect,  incurved,  from  1 J  to  2  inches  long,  their  scale* 

fnrnisbeil  with  minute  incurved  often  deciduous  prickle* 32.  P.  OIVARICATA. 

Resin  ducta  of  the  Icuvea  intemiil. 
Auatralea.    Conea  aubtermiiial  or  lateral,  their  scales  conspicuously  umbonate ;  leaves  in  3,  or 
in  2  and  ."^leavccl  cluster* ;  Kbro-vaacular  bundle*  2. 


.^■lyi 


S~' 


CONirKHA 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


u 


I'.  ruNDHrMA. 


P.    CUIHUAIIUANA. 


ConM  •ublrnnlnkl. 

Uftv<»  il^nU^r,  dark  HM«n.  In  .t-lMVid  cluttort,  fniiii  H  l.)  IK  inrlioi  In  l»n|{thi  (rklM 

u(  lli«  lir»nchl>iiil»  nilvury  whit«i  coiim  elimi{iitwl-< iu«l.  from  W  to  10  liiilwi  long, 

their  ackln  uuitil  with  aliurt  ituut  rocurvinl  ipinu 

CoDM  Utaral. 

Lmvm  itout,  duk  KTMn,  In  '.'  and  :i-l»»»«d  cluaUn,  from  N  to  I'J  inctiM  in  leniftlii 
ennM  o»»te  or  elonKtttmlK-.inlc*!.  Irinn  :)  lc>  tlj  Inphw  lung,  d»rk  brown  nud  ln«lruu«. 
tlwir  Kkltii  ariued  with  iliurt  iluudiir  |iri«klaa 


:)3.    P.    fALUMBUk 


HIETKIIoniVI,I,A. 


P.  OOMTOWTA. 


P.  Babinuma. 


P.   COULTIBI. 


P.   VlBOINIAirA. 


P.    KCUINATA. 


P.  DIVAKICATA. 


,.    <i. 


.ii.m.4. .-lui-.nii. 


C0NI7] 


from 

Pinus 
ed. 
Boi 

Me. 
Sill 
Hoi 
ii. 
i.  6 
Boi 
i.  > 
36£ 

m 

2, 

Sto 
V.  I 
An 
Hi 
Le; 
dei 
Co 
trii 
Ar 
Li 
syi 
Sp 
Bi 


and 
two  1 
dural 


1  «_ 

ble,  « 
inches 
torical 
andP 

Dw 
250  f( 
skire, 
(7'rau 

Ace 
ill  dia 
feet  t; 
This' 
are  ei 


CONIFERS. 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


17 


PINUS   STROBUS. 
White  Pine. 

Leaves  in  5-leaved  clusters,  slender,  glaucous,  3  or  4  inches  in  length, 
from  4  to  6  inches  long. 


Cones 


Pinus  Strobus,  LinnsuB,  Spec.  1001  (1753).  —  Miller,  /Me*, 
ed.  8,  No.  13.  —  Muenchhausen,  Haum.  v.  221.  —  Du 
Roi,  Harbk.  Baumx.  ii.  57.  —  Moencb,  Silutne  IVeUs.  70 ; 
Meth.  365.  — Schoepf,  Mat.  Med.  Amer.  142. —  Evelyn, 
Silva,  ed.  Hunter,  i.  274,  t.  —  Wangenheim,  Nordam. 
Uolx.  1,  t.  1,  f.  1.  — Castiglioni,  Viag.  negli  Stati  Uniti, 
il.  312.  —  WiUdenow,  Serl.  Baumx.  213  i  Spec.  iv.  pt 
i.  501;  Emm.  989.  —  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii.  205.— 
Borkhausen,  Handb.  Forstbot.  i.  440.  —  Lambert,  Finus, 
i.  31,  t.  22.  — Poiret,  Lamarck  Diet.  v.  341  j  lU.  iii. 
369,  t.  786,  f.  3.  —  Persoon,  Syn.  ii.  579.  —  Desfontaines, 

Hitt.  Arh.  ii.  612 Du  Mont  de  Courset,  Bot.  Cult.  ed. 

2,  vi.  462.  —  Michaux,  f.  HUt.  Arb.  Am.  i.  103,  t  10.  — 
Stokes,  Bot.  Mat.  Med.  iv.  435.  —  Nouveau  Duhamel, 
V.  249,  t.  76.  —  Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  234.  —  Pursh,  Fl. 
Am.  Sept.  ii.  644.  —  Nuttall,  Gen.  ii.  223;  Sylva,  iii. 
118.  — Hayne,  Denrfr.  K.  176.  —  EUiott,  Sk.  ii.  638.— 
Lejeune,  Rev.  Fl.  Spa,  200.  —  Jaume  St.  Hilaire,  Traiti 

des  Arbres  Forettiers,  t.  62,  63 Richard,  Comm.  Bot. 

Conif.  60,  t.  12,  f.  2.  — Audubon,  Birds,  t.  39.  — Die- 
trich, Forst.  Fl.  i.  t.  —  Forbes,  Pinetum  Wobum.  83.  — 
Antoine,  Conif.  43,  t.  20,  f.  3.  —  Link,  Handb.  ii.  477  ; 
Linncea,  xv.  514.  —  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii.  161  (excl. 

syn.  Pinxts  monticola) Torrey,  Fl.  N.  Y.  ii.  228. — 

Spach,  Hist.  Vig.  xi.  394.  —  De  Chambray,  Trait6  Arb. 
Bis.  Conif.  262,  t.  4, 6,  f .  8.  —  Emerson,  Trees  Mass.  60; 


ed.  2,  i.  73,  t.  —  Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  146.  —  Giboul,  Arb, 
Bis.  3P,  t.  5.  —  Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  34.  —  Lindley  * 
Grordon,  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  Land.  v.  215.  —  Lawson  &,  BoD, 
List  No.  10,  Abietinece,  26.  —  Dietrich,  Syn.  v.  396.  .-= 
Darlington,  JiV.  Cestr.  ed.  3,  290.  —  Gordon,  Pinetum, 
239.  —  Courtin,  Fam.  Conif.  71.  — Chapman,  Fl.  434.^ 
Curtis,  Bep.  Oeolog.  Surv.  N.  Car.  1860,  iii.  25.  -^ 
Schlecbtendal,  Linncea,  xxxiii.  395.  —  Henkel  &  Hocbstat' 
ter,  Syn.  Nadelh.  92.  —  (Nelson)  Senilis,  Pinacea,  130,  -j^^ 
Hoopes,  Evergreens,  136,  f.  19.  —  S^n^lauze,  Conif. 
116.  —  Parlatore,  De  CandoUe  Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  406.  m» 

K.  Koch,  Dendr.  ii.  pt.  ii.  319 Veitch,  Man.  Conif, 

183.  —  Sargent,  Forest  Trees  N.  Am.  XOth  Census  U.  S, 
ix.    187.  —  Laucbe,    Deutsche   Dendr.   ed.    2,    116.  — 

Begel,  Buss.  Dendr.  ed.  2,  pt.  i.  50 Scbubeler,  Virld, 

Norveg.  i.  392 Watson  &  Coulter,  Gray  Man.  ed>  6, 

490.  —  Mayr,  Wald.  Nordam.  199,  t.  8,  f.  —  Beisener, 
Handb.  Nadelh.  288,  f.  71,  72.  —  Masters,  Jour.  U, 
Hort.  Soc.  xiv.  240.  —  Hansen,  Jour.  R.  Hort.  Sao, 
xiv.  393  {Pinetum  Danicum).  —  Hempel  &  Wilbelm, 
Biiume  und  Straucher,  i.  182,  t  107-109,  t.  9,= 
Koehne,  Deutsche  Dendr.  30.  —  Britton  &  Brown,  JU, 
Fl.  i.  50,  f.  110. 

Pinus  tonuifoUa,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  399  (1796). 

Pinus  alba  Canadensis,  Provancher,  Flore  Canadlenne, 
ii.  564  (1862). 


A  tree,  usually  growing  under  favorable  conditions  to  a  height  of  one  hundred  or  one  hundred 
and  twenty  feet,  with  a  trunk  from  three  to  four  feet  in  diameter,  or,  exceptionally,  to  the  height  of 
two  hundred  and  fifty  feet,  with  a  trunk  six  feet  in  diameter,'  and  with  long  stout  tapering  horizontal 
durable  roots'  clothed  with  thick  gray  bark  covered  by  irregular  rectangular  plate-like  scales,  and  in  ohl 


'  "  An.  1736,  near  the  Merrimack  Rivor  a  little  above  Dunsta- 
ble, was  cut  a  white  pine  straight  and  sound,  seven  feet  eight 
inches  in  diamoter  at  the  butt-end."  (Douglas,  A  Summanj,  Hk- 
torical  and  Political,  of  the  first  Planting,  Progresuwe  Improvements, 
and  Perfect  Slate  of  the  British  Settlements  in  North  America,  ii.  53.) 

Owight  speaks  of  "white  pine  G  feet  in  diameter  and  frequently 
250  feet  in  height,"  and  reports  a  tree  in  Lincoln,  New  Hamp- 
shire, of  which  he  bad  heard,  two  hundred  and  sixty  feet  high 
{Traveh,  130). 

According  to  Williamson,  "  the  White  Pine  hiu)  been  seen  fl  feet 
in  diameter  at  the  butt  and  240  feet  in  height,  and  those  over  4 
feet  thruugh  are  frequent  "  (History  of  the  Slate  of  Afaine,  i.  110). 
This  was  in  1832.  Sucli  trees,  if  they  still  exist  in  New  England, 
are  exceedingly  rare,  and  White  Pines  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet 


high  with  trunks  four  feet  in  diameter  now  excite  astonishment 
and  admiration.  Among  a  number  of  trees  in  Pennsylvania  re- 
cently studied  by  Pinchot  and  Graves,  with  a  view  of  deterniinin|$ 
the  silvicultural  possibilities  of  the  White  Fine,  the  largest  was  one 
hundred  and  fifty-five  feet  tall,  with  a  trunk  diameter  of  furty-two 
inches  at  four  feet  six  inches  above  the  ground.  This  tree  wa6 
tlirce  hundred  and  fifty-one  years  old,  and  produced  a  mercliunt- 
ahle  log  one  hundred  and  fourteen  feet  in  length,  the  total  volume 
of  the  stem  being  five  hundred  and  seventy-four  cubic  feet  and 
scaling  three  thousand  three  hundred  and  thirty-five  feel  buard 
measure  (7'Ae  While  Pine,  a  Study,  4.  —  See,  also,  for  dinicnsiups 
of  Pinus  Slrobus  in  Minnesota,  Ayres,  Garden  and  Forest,  vii.  118), 
'  There  hu^  1  ii  a  common  saying  in  New  England  tliut  no  ous 
ever  lived  long  enough  to  see  the  stump  of  a  Wliite  Pine  rot,  and 


18 


SUVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIFEKjE. 


I 


age  often  rising  above  the  ground  near  tlie  tree  into  low  buttresses,  and  furnished  with  few  long  tough 
pliable  wand-like  rootlets.     During  its  youth  the  branches  of  the  White  Pine  are  slender  and  horizontal 
or  slightly  ascending,  and  are  arranged  in  regular  whorls,  usually  with  five  branches  in  a  whorl, 
clothing  the  stem  to  the  ground  for  many  years  or  until  destroyed  by  the  absence  of  light,  and  forming 
a  broad  open  conical  head.     When  the  tree,  uncrowded  by  others,  enjoys  an  abundance  of  light  and 
air,  the  lower  branches  often  grow  to  a  large  size,  the  trunk  remains  short  and  becomes  much  thickened 
at  the  base,  and  the  breadth  of  the  picturesque  open  head  often  equals  the  height  of  the  stem ;  but  as 
the  White  Pine  grows  naturally  in  the  forest  the  lower  branches  die  at  the  end  of  a  few  years,  and  the 
trunk  grows  tall  and  straight,  bearing  branches  only  near  the  top.     When  it  is  pressed  upon  by  trees  of 
equal  height  the  branches  remain  short  and  form  a  narrow  head ;  but  when  the  White  Pine,  which  is 
the  tallest  inhabitant  of  the  forests  of  northeastern  America,  rises  above  the  surrounding  trees,  the 
lateral  branches  lengthen,  sweep  upward  in  long  graceful  curves,  the  upj)er  ones  ascending,  and  form  a 
broad  open  irregular  head.'     The  bark  on  young  stems  and  branches  is  thin,  smooth,  green  tinged  with 
red,  and  lustrous  during  the  summer ;  on  fully  grown  trunks  it  is  from  one  to  tAvo  inches  thick,  or  at 
the  base  of  old  trees  often  nearly  four  inches  thick,  and  is  deeply  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  broad 
connected  ridges  covered  with  small  closely  appressed  scales.     The  branchlets  are  slender,  and  when 
they  first  appear  are  usually  coated  with  ferrugineous  tomentum,  which  soon  wears  away  ;  and  during 
their   first   winter  they  are   glabrous   or   occasionally  slightly  puberulous   and   dark   orange-brown ; 
gradually  growing  darker,  in  their  second  winter  they  are  conspicuously  marked  by  the  small  elevated 
darker  colored  scars  which  are  left  by  the  falling  of  the  short  lateral  branchlets  that  form  the  base  of 
the  leaf-clusters  and  which  do  not  entirely  disappear  nntil  the  end  of  four  or  five  years.     The  branch- 
buds  are  ovate-oblong  or  slightly  obovate,  acuminate  and  abruptly  contracted  at  the  apex  into  short 
points,  and  are  covered  by  ovate-lanceolate  light  chestnut-brown  scales  thiti  and  scarious  on  the  margins 
and  narrowed  into  long  slender  thread-like  more  or  less  spreading  tips ;  the  terminal  bud  is  about  half 
an  inch  long  and  an  eighth  of  an  inch  wide,  and  is  sometimes  twice  as  large  or  often  not  much  larger 
than  the  lateral  buds  which  surround  it.      The  leaves  are  borne  in  clusters  of  five,  and  during  the 
winter  are  inclosed  in  minute  broadly  ovate  bright  green  buds  furnished  at  the  apex  with  clusters  of 
short  soft  white  hairs  and  inclosed  under  the  scales  of  the  branch-biul.     The  buds  of  the  leaf-clusters 
are  covered  by  eight  scales,  which  lengthen  with  the  exjianding  leaves,  increasing  in  length  from 
without  inward,  those  of  the  outer  ranks  being  at  maturity  ovate,  rounded  at  the  narrowed  apex,  dark 
chestnut-brown,  and  much  shorter  than  those  of  the  inner  ranks,  which  are  oblong-obovate,  rounded  at 
the  apex,  thin,  lustrous,  light  chestnut-brown,  often  tliree  (juarters  of  an  inch  long  and  about  an  eighth 
of  an  inch  broad ;  these  scales  soon  fall,  marking  the  abbreviated  lateral  branchlets  with  thin  ring-like 
scars.     The  leaves  are  soft  and  slender,  bluish  greeii,  and  whitened  on  the  ventral  sides  with  from  three 
to  five  conspicuous  bands  of  stoniata  ;  they  contain  a  single  fibro-vascular  bundle  and  from  one  to  three, 
usually  two,  dorsal  resin  ducts,'-  and  are  sharply  serrate,  niucronate  at  the  apex  with  pak-colored  callous 
tips,  and  from  three  to  four  inches  in  length ;  they  mostly  turn  yellow  and  fall  in  the  Sei)tember  of 
their  second  season,  but  sometimes  ])ersist,  especially  on  shaded  branches,  through  a  second  winter,  and 
then  fall  during  the  following  ,lune.     The  staminate  flowers  are  oval,  light  brown,  and  about  one 
third  of  an  inch  long,  with  anthers  which  terminate  in  short  crests,  and  are  surrounded  by  from  six 
to  eight  involucral  bracts.     The   pistillate  flowers  are   cylindrical,  subterminal,  and  about  a  quarter 


the  roots  orrtaiiily  roiiiain  soiiiid  In  the  );r(iiiiiil  fur  lot));  [MTicHls.  Wliiti'    I'iiic-trii'    witli   limnclici   wliirli   aro    iisuiilly  iiroiliiccil   in 

I'orimrlyvprydiiralpli'  fiiiccs  were  iiiadi'  in  nortlierii  Xiw  KiiRlaiHl  wIioHh  of  three,  iiml  nre  sliiirt,  sli'uilcr,  iiiiil  iicnrly  erect,  funning 

by  Btiindinj,'  on  tlieir  cdjji's  stuinpf  of  Wv  Wlilie  I'inc  pulloil  willi  a  dense  low  ronnil-tdpiied  syinnu'trical   liead.      I'lants  have  lieeii 

their  roots  fro\n  tlio  f^vunwA  by  oxen.     (,Sic  liulknap,  Unlnni  nf  raised  in  llic^  Arnold  Arboretum  from  the  seeds  of  this  tree,  and  a 

New  lUmfishin,  Hi.  lOS.)  g,,,,,!]  |„.r,.|.ulii;;e  reprodnce  its  piu'uliiir  habil. 

'  For  nmny  yeai-s  there  has  stouil  near  the  Imnks  of  the  Mer-  «  CuultiT  &  Hose,  Hut.  (mulIIc,  x\.  '.'01,  t.  H,  f.  1. 
rimae  Hiver,  in  the  town  of  Draeut.  .Massaehusilts,  a  reni.irkable 


L» 


CONIFEHjE. 


CONIFERiE. 


SUVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


19 


of  an  inch  long,  vith  thin  scales  bright  pmkish  purple  on  the  margins;  they  are  raised  on  stout 
peduncles  nearly  as  long  as  the  flowers  and  clothed  vith  the  ovate  acute  elongated  bracts  persistent 
throughout  the  summer.  The  young  cones  enlarge  during  the  spring  and  early  summer,  while  their 
peduncles  lengthen  and  thicken  and  in  the  autumn  begin  to  turn  downward;  during  the  winter  they 
are  nearly  horizontal  or  slightly  pendulous,  about  an  inch  long,  and  light  chestnut-brown,  the  stems 
being  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length ;  they  begin  to  grow  in  very  early  spring,  and  when 
the  flowers  expand  are  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  an  inch  and  three  quarters  long,  light  green,  and 
pendulous  by  the  recurving  of  their  stems ;  they  now  rapidly  enlarge,  reaching  their  full  size  about  the 
first  of  July,  when  they  are  cylindrical,  acute,  often  more  or  less  curved,  bright  green  except  at  the 
points  of  the  scales,  which  are  dark  red-brown,  from  four  to  si^  inches  in  length,  and  about  an  inch  in 
diameter  at  the  middle ;  their  scales  are  from  an  inch  and  a  quarter  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  about 
seven  eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  and  oblong-obovate,  with  thin  margins,  the  exposed  portion  being 
smooth,  rounded,  and  only  slightly  thickened  on  the  back,  and  furnished  at  the  very  apex  with  a  dark 
resinous  flat  pointed  umbo ;  the  cones  open  and  discharge  their  seeds  during  September,  and  fall 
gradually  during  the  winter  and  in  early  spring.  The  seeds  are  narrowed  at  both  ends,  nearly  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  long,  red-brown  mottled  with  black,  and  about  a  quarter  as  long  as  the  wings,  with  a  thin 
crustaceous  coat  produced  into  a  narrow  margin  ;  the  cotyledons  vary  from  eight  to  ten  in  number. 

Pinua  Strohus  is  distributed  from  Newfoundland  and  the  northern  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence  to  the  northward  of  Lake  St.  John  and  the  head-waters  of  Moose  River,  and  westward  to 
Lake  Nipigon  and  the  vaUey  of  the  Winnipeg  River;'  southward  it  ranges  through  the  northern 
states  to  southern  Pennsylvania,  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  '^  and  the  banks  of  the  Illinois 
River,'  Illinois,  the  valley  of  the  Iowa  River  in  central  Iowa,*  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
to  eastern  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and  to  northern  Georgia.  Common  in  Newfoundland  and  the 
eastern  provinces  of  Canada,  the  White  Pine  is  rare  and  of  small  size  in  the  country  north  of  Lake 
Superior  and  on  the  Nipigon  River ;  it  is  scattered  over  the  region  between  Lake  Superior  and  the 
Winnipeg  River  and  in  the  ijcighborhood  of  Lonely  Lake,  and  grows  to  its  largest  size  and  greatest 
perfection  in  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  in  northern  New  England,  and  in  the  region  south 
of  the  Great  Lakes.  Sometimes  on  sandy  drift  it  forms  nearly  pure  forests,  but  more  often  it  is  found 
in  groves,  a  few  acres  in  extent,  scattered  through  the  forests  of  deciduous-leaved  trees,  on  fertile 
well-drained  soil,  where  its  roots  can  reach  abundant  and  constant  moisture.  Less  commonly  it  grows 
on  slight  elevations  and  ridges  surrounded  by  swamps,  or  along  their  borders  and  the  banks  of  streams, 
on  river  flats  overflowed  during  part  of  the  year,  and  occasionally  in  swamps,  where  it  does  not  reach  a 
large  size  or  produce  valuable  timber.  South  of  Pennsylvania  and  of  central  Michigan  and  Minnesota 
it  is  smaller,  and  less  abundant  and  valuable. 

The  wood  of  Plnua  Strohus  is  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close,  straight-grained,  very  resinous,^  easily 
worked,  and  susceptible  of  receiving  a  beautiful  polish.  It  is  light  brown,  often  slightly  tinged  with 
red,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contains  numerous  thin  medullary  rays  and  thin  inconspicuous 
bands  of  snudl  summer  cells.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.3854,  a  cubic 
foot  weighing  24.02  pounds.  It  is  manufactured  into  lumber,  shingles,  and  laths,  and  is  largely  used 
in  construction  and  cabinet-making,  for  the  interior  finish  of  buildings,  in  the  manufacture  of  matches 
and  woodenware,  for  the  masts  and  spars  of  vessels,  and  for  many  domestic  purposes."     The  bark  of  the 


'  Bruiict,  Cat.  Veg.  Lig.  Can,  57.  —  Bell,  Rep.  Gedog.  Surv.  Can. 
1879-«0,  49'.  —  Macouii,  Cat.  Can.  PI.  464. 

»  Hill,  Garden  and  Forest,  iv.  304. 

'  A  small  indigenous  grove  of  Pinus  Strobus  occurs  at  Starving 
Bock  near  La  Salle  in  La  Salle  County. 

*  In  Iowa  Pinus  Siroliii)  grows  near  Davtnport  on  the  Mississippi 
River,  and  is  sparingly  scattered  through  tho  central  part  of  the 
Btate,  at  least  aa  far  west  as  Steamboat  Rock  on  the  Iowa  Uivcr, 


where  it  was  noticed  in  1801  by  Mr,  S.  K.  Fitz,  whose  specimens 
from  this  locality  are  pre?  .1  in  the  herbarium  of  tho  Arnold 
Arboretum. 

"  Mnyr  found  that  the  wo;  J  of  Pinus  Strobus  stands  at  the  head 
of  all  conifers  in  the  amount  of  resin,  0.07  per  cent,  which  it 
contains  {Popular  Science  Monthly,  xxviii.  082). 

'  The  so-called  pumpkin  pine  is  the  close-grained  satiny  and 
very  valuable  wood  of  large  trees  which  have  grown  to  a  great 


20 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIFEB^. 


Stem  and  rooto  and  the  leaves  contain  tannin.'  From  the  bark  is  obtained  the  compound  syrup  of 
white  pine,  now  largely  used  in  the  United  States  as  an  expectorant.^  Coniferin,  a  glucoside,  some- 
times employed  commercially  in  the  manufacture  of  vanillin,  is  obtained  from  the  cambium  layer  of 
Pinu8  Strobm  and  from  that  of  a  few  other  conifers.' 

During  the  seventeenth  century  the  value  of  the  White  Pine  as  a  timber-tree  had  been  recognized 
by  the  settlers  on  the  north  Atlantic  coast ;  *  and  before  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  the  wood,  on 
account  of  its  reputed  medicinal  value,"  had  beeu  carried  to  Europe  by  French  navigators.     The  White 


Pine  was  first  described  by  Plukenet' 
1705  at  Badminton." 


in  169G,  and  was  cultivated  by  the  Duchess  of  Beaufort'  in 


Bge  in  rich,  well-drniued  soil  and  have  been  favored  with  abundant 
air.     Such  trees  are  usually  scattered  singly  through  forests  of 
deci('  ous-leaved  trees,  and  are  nowhere  abundant. 
'  Bastin  &  Trimble,  Am.  Jour.  I'harm.  liviii.  US. 
'  Shcrwin,  Am.  Jour.  Pharm.  Uviii.  233. 

»  Hartig,  Jahrb.  Forst.  i.  203.  —  Kubcl,  Jour.  Pratt.  Chem.  xovii. 
243.  —  Tiemann  &  Haarmann,  Berichte  Deulsch.  Chem.  Gesell.  vil. 
608  {Ueber  das  Coniferin  und  .ieu.r  Umuivultung  in  iliu  aromalische 
Princip  der  VanUle).  —  U.  S.  Di»pens.  ed.  10,  1487. 

*  "  Yellow  and  white  pine  timber,  in  all  their  varieties,  is  abun- 
dant here,  and  we  have  heard  the  Northerners  say  (who  reside 
here)  that  thu  pine  is  as  good  here  as  the  pine  of  Norway.  But 
the  pine  does  not  grow  as  well  near  the  salt  water,  except  in  some 
places.  Inland,  however,  and  high  up  the  rivers,  it  grows  i:\  large 
forests,  and  it  is  abundant,  and  heavy  enough  for  masts  and  spars 
for  ships."  (Coll.  N.  ¥.  Hisl.  Sac.  ser.  2,  i.  151  [Adrian  Van  der 
Oonck,  Description  of  the  iVew  Netherlands],) 

"  Board  Pine,  is  a  very  large  tree  two  or  three  Fadom  about." 
(Josselyn,  Ne\o  England  Kariliei,  01.) 

"  The  Pine- Tree  challengeth  the  next  place,  and  that  sort  which 
is  called  Boanlpine  is  the  principal,  it  is  a  stately  large  Tree,  very 
tall,  and  sometimes  two  or  three  fudoin  about :  of  the  body  the 
English  make  large  Cauows  of  20  foot  long,  and  two  foot  and  a 
h.ilf  over,  hollowing  uf  them  with  an  Adds,  and  .ihaiiing  of  the 
outside  like  a  Boat.  Some  conceive  that  the  wood  called  Gopher 
in  Scripture,  of  which  Noah  made  the  Ai-lc,  was  no  other  than 
Pine,  Gen.  0,  14.  The  Imrk  thereof  is  good  for  l.'Icors  iii  tender 
persons  that  refuse  sharp  medicines.  The  inner  bark  of  young 
board-pine  cut  small  and  stampt  and  Itoiled  in  a  Gallon  of  water  is 
a  very  soveraign  medicine  for  burn  or  scald,  wa.shing  the  sore  with 
some  of  the  dccoi-tion,  and  tlien  laying  on  the  bark  stani^t  very 
soft ;  or  for  frozen  limbs,  to  take  out  the  (ire  and  to  hcul  ihcni, 
take  the  bark  of  Hoard-piuc-Trcc,  cut  it  .small  and  stamp  it  and 
boil  it  in  a  gallon  of  w.itiT  to  (icily,  wash  the  sore  with  the  liipior, 
stamp  the  bark  again  till  it  l>e  very  soft  and  bind  it  on.  The 
Turpentine  is  cicellciit  to  heal  wounds  and  ™ta,  and  liath  all  the 
properties  of  Venire  Turpentine,  the  Rosen  is  as  good  as  Frank- 
incense, and  llie  powder  of  the  dryed  leaves  genoratcth  Hcsh  ;  the 
distilled  water  ,if  the  green  Cones  lakctli  nwny  wrinkles  in  llic  face 
bc'iiig  laid  on  with  Cloths."  (.losselyn,  .^mmnl  of  Two  Vo]i»grs  In 
New  England,  01.) 

Silver  shillings  and  coins  of  smaller  dcnomiriiition  struck  in  the 
Miussachusetts  Colony  during  the  liitter  half  of  the  seventeenth 
century  bori'  tlii'  deviei-  of  ii  White  Pine-  -ec.  First  known  in 
Boston  as  B.iy  sliilliugs,  they  were  calli'd  I'ine-trec  money  in  1080. 
(See  Crosby,  Earlit  Coins  of  .\merira,  .^i(>. ) 

In  the  new  charter  of  Massachusetts  Kay  of  1091,  which  was  a 
union  of  several  sepnrati'  grants  into  one  legislature  and  jurisdic- 
tion, "  all  trees  fit  for  masts  of  'J  I  ineliea  diameter  uiul  upwards 
12  inches  from  the  ground,  growing  ujHin  land  not  heretof.;re 
granted  to  any  private  persons,  arc  reserved  to  the  crown  j  |H'ualty 


for  cutting  any  such  reserved  trees  lOO;.  sterl.  per  tree  ; "  and  by 
on  act  of  the  British  Parliament,  anno  1722,  this  clause  is  extended : 
"  That  after  Sept.  21, 1722,  in  Now  England,  New  York,  and  New 
Jersey  in  America,  no  person  shall  cut  or  destroy  any  white  pine 
trees,  not  growing  in  any  township  or  its  bounds,  without  his  ma- 
jesty's licence  ;  on  pain  to  forfeit  for  every  white  pine  tree,  of  the 
growth  of  12  inches  diameter  and  under,  at  3  foot  from  the  earth, 
HI.  sterl.  for  every  such  tree  from  12  to  18  inches,  10/.,  from  18  to 
24  inches,  20/.,  from  24  aiul  upwards,  CO/.,  to  be  sued  before  the 
judge  of  admiralty  :  and  all  white  pine  trees,  masts  or  logs  made 
uf  such  trees,  which  shall  bo  found  cut  or  failed  without  the  King's 
licence,  shall  be  forfeited  and  seized  for  the  use  of  the  crown.  By 
an  act  of  parliament  1721),  tlie  jienalty  in  this  clause  of  the  charter 
is  conflrmcd  ;  and  the  act  of  1722  is  extended  to  all  the  British 
provinces  in  America  ;  and  confines  the  exception  to  the  property 
of  private  persons  only,  notwithstanding  they  grow  within  the  limits 
of  any  township."  (Douglas,  .4  Summary,  Historical  and  Political, 
of  the  First  Planting,  Progressive  Improvements,  and  Present  State  of 
the  Hrilish  Seltltmenis  in  North-America,  i.  371».) 

In  1719  the  surveyor-general  of  Maine  caused  Piue-trees  fit  for 
masts  to  be  marked  with  the  letter  U,  in  order  to  protect  them 
for  royal  use  (Williamson,  History  of  the  State  of  Maine,  ii.  98). 

When  Maine  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1820  a  White  Pine 
as  the  noblest  inhabitant  of  its  forests,  was  made  the  central  figure 
in  the  seal  and  arms  of  the  new  state. 

''  Belou  {Arh.  Conif  21)  satisfied  liiniself  of  the  worthleseness  of 
this  wood  for  medical  purposes  ;  but  in  his  investigations  he  found 
in  the  lioyal  Nurseries  at  Fontaineblcuu  a  single  young  specimen 
of  a  Hve-leaved  Pine,  very  like  Pinus  Cemhra,  which  he  called  the 
Pina.ster,  but  with  '*  folia  exiliora."  This  little  tree  with  thin  leaves 
])r.  Ilolle  iM'lieves  to  have  been  the  White  Pine  ;  and  it  is  not 
improbable  that  this  tree,  which  could  hardly  have  escaped  the 
attention  of  the  earliest  ICuropean  navigators  in  Canadian  waters, 
was  taken  to  France  with  the  Arbor  Vita-  cultivated  at  Fontaine- 
bleau  before  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century.  (.See  Bolle, 
(larlenjlorn.  1890,  431  \  Wann  irscheini  die  Wegmouthslciefer  zuerst 
in  t^'Topa  I].  —  Garden  and  Fore.tt,  iii.  ,530  ) 

*  Pinus  Virginiana  Conis  longis  nnn  (ul  in  vulijari)  erhinalis,  Aim. 
Bin.  297. 

Piivis  .imerirann  ipiinis  tr  un'>  foUirnlo  sftis,  longis,  tenuihus  tri' 
fjuetris,  ad  un'tm  nngulunt,  per  loto  i  t,>ngiludihem  minnti.^simis  erenis 
as/xmlii,  Plukenet,  .\inaUh.  Hot.  171. 

Pinus  fhliis  Inngissiinis  ei  una  Iheca  tpiinis:  The  White  Pine  Tree 
naslrnlihns,  Colden,  Art.  Ilnrl.  f'ps.  1713,  229  (/'/.  Nonlnir.). 

Pinus  Cimadtnsis  gninipiefttlia,Jlnrihus  alliis,  ronis  oUongu  &■  pcn- 
dulis,  sfiuamis  .ihietifere  similis,  Duhamel,  Tniitt' des  Arltres,  ii.  127. 

Pinus  foliis  ifuinis  cortice  glabro,  Clayton,  Fl.  Virgin,  ed.  2,  162. 

'  See  ix.  19. 

»  Plukenet,  Amalth.  Bnl.  171.  -Alton,  Ilnrl.  Ken:  iii.  .109.— 
Loudon,  Arh.  llril.  iv.  2280,  f.  21ii;(-2190. 

Pinus  Sirohus  at  once   became  popular  with    Knglish   planters 


if/ 


i 


i 


"t 


COmVERM. 

d  syrup  of 

>8ide,  aome- 

ni  layer  of 

recognized 

e  wood,  on 

The  White 

eaufort'  in 

tree  ;  "  and  by 

te  is  extended : 

i'<)rk,  and  New 

uiy  white  pine 

itlifliit  his  ma- 

ne tree,  of  the 

roni  the  earth, 

0/.,  from  18  to 

led  before  the 

}  or  logs  made 

lont  the  King's 

he  crown.     By 

!  of  the  charter 

all  the  British 

to  the  property 

ithin  the  limits 

il  and  Polilical, 

°nient  Slale  of 

ine-trees  fit  for 

a  protect  them 

line,  ii.  98). 

0  a  White  Pine 

e  central  figure 

vorthlesgness  of 

ntions  he  found 

young  specimen 

1  he  called  the 

with  tliiii  leaves 

and  it  is  not 

ve  cnea|M!d  the 

J^ 

madian  waters, 

'iHl 

mI  at  Fontaino- 

'I^K 

V.     (See  BoUe, 

'^H 

uthifl'iffer  ziierat 

fl 

1  erhinalis,  Aim. 

1 

fit,  tenuihm  tri- 

M 

tiiilissimis  crenis 

M 

hile  Vine  Tree 

i 

lot'i'lmr.). 

if 

ubhntfis  iV  peii' 

fS 

Arhres,  ii.  l'J7. 

'-^ 

II.  ed.  •-',  IC'J. 

*. 

eii:    iii.    309.— 
ngliflh   planters 

"1 

COMIFERi£. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


21 


The  most  valuable  timber-tree  of  northeastern  America,  Pinm  Strobus  has  played  a  conspicuous 
part  in  the  material  development  of  the  United  Stotes  and  Canada.  Great  fleets  of  vessels  and  long 
raih-oads  have  been  built  to  transport  the  lumber  sawed  from  its  mighty  trunks ;  and  men  have  grown 
rich  by  destroying  it,  building  cities  to  supply  the  needs  of  their  traffic,  and  seeing  them  languish 
as  the  forests  disappear.  Fifty  years  ago  the  pineries  of  Maine  and  lower  Canada,  of  northern  New 
York,  of  Pennsylvania,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesoto,  contained  stores  of  white  pine  wiiich 
were  believed  to  be  inexhaustible ;  but  the  best  has  already  been  cut,  and  the  great  trees  which  were 
once  the  pride  of  the  northern  forest  no  longer  exist.  The  White  Pine,  however,  is  a  tree  of  strong 
vitality  and  under  favorable  conditions  reproduces  itself  freely,  especially  on  New  England  hills  which 
agriculture,  weary  of  a  hopel  3S8  struggle  against  difficult  conditions,  has  given  back  to  the  forest.' 

The  White  Pino  has  been  larp.ely  used  in  the  United  States  and  Europe  in  the  decoration  of  parks 
and  gardens,  and  in  the  north  Atlantic  states  no  other  cone-bearing  tree  surpasses  it  in  beauty,  rapidity 
of  growth,  and  durability.''  A  munber  of  forms  of  abnormal  habit  or  with  variously  colored  leaves  have 
appeared  in  European  nurseries  and  are  occasionally  found  in  gardens.^ 

The  most  beautifid  Pine-tree  of  eastern  America,  our  sylvan  scenery  owes  the  peculiar  charm 
which  distinguishes  it  from  that  of  aU  other  parts  of  the  world  to  the  wide-spreading  dark  gieen 
crowns  of  the  White  Pine,  raised  on  stately  shafts  high  above  the  level  of  the  forest  roof  and  breaking 
the  monotony  of  its  sky-line. 

The  specific  name  given  to  the  White  Pine  by  Linnteus  is  that  of  an  incense-bearing  tree  of 
ancient  Persia,  the  identity  of  which  is  now  unknown.* 


through  the  example  of  Thomas,  Viscount  Weymouth,  second 
Marquis  of  Bath,  who  planted  it  on  his  estate  at  Lougleat ;  and 
it  is  now  almost  universally  called  in  Kurope  the  Weymouth  Pine. 
The  seeds  produced  in  these  early  plantations  were  distributed 
over  England,  where,  at  one  time,  it  was  largely  planted,  but,  al- 
though the  White  Pine  HouriahcH  in  some  favorite  localities  in 
Great  Britain  (see  Goldring,  Tlie  Garden,  xxxi.  4ftt.  —  Webster, 
The  Garden,  xxxiii.  o22),  it  is  less  sucressful  there  than  in  northern 
aud  central  (icrmany  and  northern  Italy,  and  in  southern  Scandina- 
via, where  large  specimens  of  this  tree  exist.  (See  Hansen,  Garden 
and  Forest,  v.  230.) 

The  White  Pine  grows  with  the  greatest  vigor  in  northern  Italy 
and  in  many  parts  of  tiorthern  and  central  Germany,  whore  large 
plantations  have  been  made  of  this  tree.  In  central  Kurope  it  has 
been  found  to  grow  more  rapidly  than  any  of  the  indigenous  Coni- 
fers, with  the  exception,  perhaps,  of  the  Larch,  and  to  bear  while 
young  better  than  most  Pines  the  partial  shade  of  other  trees  ;  it 
supports  without  injury  the  severest  cold  of  winter,  ami  is  not  hurt 
by  the  frosts  uf  spring  or  early  autuniu  ;  its  abundant  and  soft 
leaves,  which  (juiokly  decay  after  falling,  make  it  valuable  for  the 
improvement  of  worn-out  soils,  and  it  has  been  successfully  used  to 
clothe  the  ground  under  tliiu  Oak-trees  in  young  plantations.  Rut 
the  wood  produced  in  Europe,  although  it  has  been  shown  to  pos- 
sess nearly  the  same  qualities  which  distiiiguish  it  in  its  native 
forests,  has  never  boon  highly  cfteemed,  and  the  White  Pine  has 
not  yet  received  from  European  silvicidturists  the  attention  its 
success  after  long  trial  and  unilor  various  conditions  seems  to  jus- 
tify (Hartig,  I'orst.  rnlliirii/l.  Driilsrlil.  81,  t.  8.  —  Viscali,  Deulsrh. 
I'nrslnill.-Pjl.  -.9,  t.  2,  f.  7-13.  —  Niirdliiiger,  ForxUml.  401,  f.  — 
Matliieu,  FI.  Fnreslirre,  ed.  3,  540.  —  I.orentz,  Cidl.irr  ilc.i  liiiii,  ed. 
0,  l,"iO. — Willkomm,  Fore(.  Fl.  1.5,3.  —  Mayr,  (J(ir(/«i  and  Forest, 
i.  10.  —  Wesmael,  Garden  and  Forest,  iii.  494.  —  R.  Hartig,  Forst.- 
Nal.  Zeit.  i.  442). 


'  Although  the  White  Pine  does  not  quickly  or  abundantly  re- 
produce itself  when  fires  have  been  allow"^  '  >  ■:'}usumo  the  surface 
soil  of  the  forest,  it  succeeds  itself  on  la  '  fhich  has  not  suffered 
from  fire  if  suSicicnt  shade  is  left  to  protect  l  .3  young  and  tender 
seedlings.  In  New  England  it  is  now  occupying  great  tracts  of 
abandoned  farm-lands,  and  these  vigorous  young  forests,  which 
have  s])rung  up  on  land  worthless  for  the  production  of  other 
crops,  p.-omisc  prosperity  to  these  rural  regions.  During  the  year 
ending  June  30,  1880,  at  least  one  hundred  million  ^sai  of  second- 
growth  white  pine  were  nir.nufactured  in  New  Hampshire  and 
Vermont,  while  Maine  produced  nearly  as  much  more.  The  manu- 
facture of  pails,  boxes,  and  other  small  articles  of  second-growth 
wliite  pine  has  become  an  important  industry,  and  the  young  White 
Pine  forests  of  central  Massachusetts  have  made  Winchendon, 
Worcester  County,  the  great  centre  of  this  industry  in  the  United 
.States.     (See  Sargent,  Hep.  Sec.  Board  Agrir.  Mass.  xxx.  27G.) 

A  few  successful  nitempts  have  been  made  to  cultivate  the 
White  Pine  in  New  England  on  a  comparatively  lai,;e  scale,  and 
it  will  probably  pl.iy  an  important  |iart  in  any  silvicultur.al  opera- 
tions which  may  bo  undertaken  in  the  northeastern  United  States 
(Lyman,  Garden  and  Forest,  v.  'JOG;  ix.  142.  —  Fernow,  Garden 
anil  Forest,  v.  009 ;  ix.  202.  —  R.  Douglas,  Garden  and  Forest,  vi. 
lOe.  —  Garden  and  Forest,  vii.  487). 

-  Beissner,  Ifaiidb.  Nadelh.  l9l.  —  Sudworth,  Bull.  No.  14  Dili. 
Forestry  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  13. 

8  Piniis  Strofiiis  nana  (Knight,  Si/n.  Coiiif.  31  [1850]),  which  is 
the  most  distinct  of  these  abnormal  forms  of  the  White  Pine,  is  a 
low  compact  round-top])ed  bush  selUom  growing  more  than  five  or 
six  feet  high,  with  short  crowded  branches  and  abbreviated  leaves. 

Piiius  Sliohiis  nirea  (Carri6re,  Trail,'  Conif.  ed.  2,  400  [1807]) 
is  characterized  by  denser  foliage,  shorter  silvery  white  leaves, 
and  lighter  colored  bark  than  those  of  the  normal  form, 

*  Pliny,  xli',  17. 


EXPLANATION  OF    THE  PLATES. 

Plate  DXXXVIIL    Pincs  Stbobub. 

1.  A  branch  with  staminate  flowers,  natural  size. 

2.  A  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

3.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  staminate  flower. 

4.  An  anther,  side  view,  enlarged. 

5.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 

6.  A  branch  with  young  cone  and  pistillate  flowers,  natural  size. 

7.  A  pistillate  flower,  enUtrged. 

8  and  9.  Scales  of  a  pistillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  their  bracts,  enlarged. 

10.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  side,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 

11 .  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

12.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  magnified  fifteen  diameters. 

13.  A  cluster  of  young  leaves  with  its  sheath. 


Plate  DXXXIX.    Pdjus  STBOBtm. 

1.  An  autumn  branch  with  young  cones,  natural  size. 

2.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

3.  A  cone-scale,  lower  side,  natural  size. 

4.  A  cone-scale,  upper  side,  with  its  seeds,  natural  size. 
6.  A  seed,  enlarged. 

6.  A  seed  with  its  wing,  natural  size. 

■ .  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

8.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

9.  A  cluster  of  leaves,  natural  size. 

10.  A  cluster  of  winter  branch-buds,  natural  size. 

11.  A  seedling  plant,  natural  size. 


Tab   DXXXV!!!. 


...*., 


»•*«, 


f 


* 

:|'. 
€- 


\fr/- 

1 

•^ 

*5'" 


■Mapwwaiyii  mmmmmvmmm'^ 


wffiiJWPinmMwww 


JCXflANATION  OF    THK   l'UArK>i 

'    \  Hnnoh  Wi'  ■  iluwen,  natont  iUs. ' 

•i.   A  •••■■ 

*    1',  .;ovr'r. 


M.  A 


»      Fl,ATK 

I.    A.,  ■;>.;;     .. 


i.  A  .     . 

T>.  A  i»wi. 

7.  v'MiU«al  wet)  " 

**.  Ac  fm  • 

'^-  A  r!u»l 

IK.  K  «Ib»i- 


.    .i»titi«u<  llowris.  niilufl  lite. 


Silva,  of   Nonh  America 


Tab   DXXXV!!!, 


('  F„yu,tii>i  i/r/. 


£m ,  H'tniehf  . 


PINUS   STROBUS  ,L. 


A.B, 


■ocrmuT  cUrp.v'^ 


Imp.  J.  Tanetir,  Petrij. 


1 


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■,^^ 


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1 


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Imp  ./  TiifU'ur  Purt.f. 


I 


II 


Silvft  of  North  Amtnck 


T4b  DXXXIX 


0  l^'Q) 


<llFfUo't  (ie^ 


..*>  /iime/tf  . 


PINUS    STROBUS.L 


A  }iwrr4*t,.r  Jirtt,rf 


/r*i/>  J  Tnfifitir  Pftr\f, 


t 


','1       i 


.,        t 


■'0 


COl 


COMIFERiE. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


S8 


'fe, 


PINUS   MONTIOOLA. 
White  Pine. 

Leaves  in  5-leaved  clusters,  thick,  rigid,  from  U  to  4  inches  in  length.    Cones 
from  5  to  11  inches  long. 


Pinus  montioola,  D.  Don,  Lambert  Piniia,  iii.  t.  (1837). — 
Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  iv.  2291,  i.  2208,  2209.  —  Forbes, 
Pinetum  Wobum.  81,  t.  31.  —  Antoine,  Conif.  40,  t. 
18,  f.  3.  —  Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Voy.  Beechey,  394.  — 

Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif,  148 Lawson  &  Sou,  List  No. 

10,  Abietinew,  26.  —  Dietrich,  Syn.  v.  396.  —  Carri^re, 

Traits   Conif.  305.  —  Gordon,  Pinetum,  233 Cour- 

tin,  Fam.  Conif.  71. — Cooper,  Pacific  B.  B.  i^ep.  zU. 
pt.  ii.  27  ;  Am.  Nat.  iii.  410.  —  Lyall,  Jour.  Linn.  Soe. 
vii.  141.  —  Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Syn.  Nadelh.  94.  — 

(Nelson)  Senilis,  Pinacem,  120 Hoopes,  Evergreens, 

135.  —  Bolander,  Proc.  Cat.  Acad.  iii.  318.  —  S^nMauze, 
Conif.  114.  —  Parlatore,  De  Candolle  Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii. 
405.  —  K.  Koch,  J>en</r.  ii.  pt.  ii.  322.  —  Hall,  Bot.  Go- 
Kette,  ii.  94.  —  Engelmann,  Brewer  &  Watson  Bot.  Cat. 
ii.  123.  —  Veitch,  Man.  Conif.  181,  f.  41.  —  Lawson, 
Pinetum  Brit.  i.  69,  f.  1-10.  —  Kellogg,  Forest  Trees  of 
California,  45.  —  Sargent,  Forest  Trees  N.  Am.  10th 
Census  U.  S.  vs..  187.  —  Lauche,  Deutsche  Dendr.  ed.  2, 
116.  —  Schuboler,  Virid.  Norveg.  i.  393.  —  Lemmon,  Rep. 
California  State  Board  Forestry,  ii.  70,  79,  t.  {Pines  of 


the  Pacific  Slope) ;  West-American  Cone-Bearers,  22,  -^ 
Steele,  Proa.  Am.  Pharm.  Assoc.  1889,  232  (The  Pinet 
of  California).  —  Mayr,  Wald.  Nordam.  331,  t.  7,  t,  •= 
Beissner,  Handb.  Nadelh.  293.  —  Masters,  Jour,  fi, 
Sort.  Soc.  xiv.  235.  —  Hansen,  Jour.  B,  Hort,  3oo,  »fv, 
376  {Pinetum  Danicum),  —  Merriam,  North  Amerlnan 
Fauna,  No.  7,  339  {Death  Valley  Expul.  ii.).  —  CoviU«, 
Contrib,  V.  S.  Nat.  Herb,  iv.  222  {Bot.  Death  Valley 
Exped.).  —  Koehne,  Deutsche  Dendr.  31. 

FinuB  BtrobuB,  j3  monticola,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii),  lUS 
(1849). 

Pinus  porphjrrooarpa,  A.  Murray,  Lawson  Pinetum  Brit, 
i.  83,  f.  1-8  (1866). 

Pinus  Orozelieri,  Carri^re,  Bev.  Hort.  1869, 126,  f,  31, 

Pinus  monticola,  var.  minima,  Lemmon,  Rep.  California 
State  Board  Forestry,  ii.  70,  80  {Pines  of  the  Paaiflo 
Slope)  (1888). 

Pinus  montioola,  var.  porphyrooarpa.  Masters,  Jour,  fi, 
Hort.  Soc.  jtiv.  235  (1892). 

Pinus  montioola,  var.  digfitata,  Lemmon,  West-Amertoan 
Cone-Bearers,  22  (1895). 


A  tree,  frequently  one  hundred  feet  in  height,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  four  or  five  feet  in 
diameter,  or  occasionally  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  seven  or  eight  feet  in  diameter, 
and  compiiratively  slender  spreading  somewhat  pendulous  branches  which  in  youth  clothe  the  stem  U) 
the  ground  and  form  a  narrow  open  pyramid,  the  symmetry  of  which  is  often  broken  in  old  age  by  the 
greater  development  of  one  or  two  of  the  upper  branches.  The  bark  of  young  stems  and  branches  is 
thin,  smooth,  and  light  gray,  and  on  fully  grown  trunks  is  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch 
and  a  half  in  thickness,  and  divided  into  small  nearly  square  plates  by  deep  regular  longitudinal  mi 
cross  fissures,  covered  on  the  sui-face  by  small  closely  appressed  purple  scales,  which  are  often  worn 
away  by  mountain  storms,  leaving  exposed  the  bright  cinnamon-red  inner  bark.  The  branches  are 
stout  and  tough,  and  when  they  first  appear  are  clothed  with  rusty  pubescence;  during  their  first  winter 
they  are  dark  orange-brown  and  puberulous,  becoming  dark  red-pm-ple  and  glabrous  in  their  second 
season,  and  for  five  or  six  years  bearing  the  conspicuous  scars  of  the  fallen  bud-scales.  The  winter 
branch-buds  are  broadly  ovate,  acute,  from  one  third  to  one  half  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  covered  by 
ovate-lanceolate  light  chestnut-brown  scales  scarious  on  the  margins  and  long-pointed  and  spreading 
at  the  apex.  The  leaves  are  bor^ie  in  clusters  of  five,  and  during  the  winter  are  inclosed  in  minutti 
ovate  compressed  pale  green  buds  coated  at  the  apex  with  hoary  pubescence ;  their  scales  lengtlien  with 
the  young  leaves,  and  when  fully  grown  are  thin,  lustrous  and  light  chestnut-brown,  ov  white,  forming 
a  sheath  about  half  an  inch  in  length,  and  soon  deciduous.  The  leaves  are  thick,  rigid,  blue-green  and 
glaucous,  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  four  inches  in  length,  with  from  two  to  six  rows  of  ventral  stonmtft 
and  sometimes  with  also  one  or  two  dorsal  rows,  a  single  fibro-vascular  bundle,  and  strengthening 


1-, 


SUVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA, 


CONIFERS, 


cells  under  nearly  the  whole  epidermis ;  they  contain  usually  two  but  sometimes  only  a  single  dorsal 
resin  duct,'  and  are  serrate  with  small  minute  teeth ;  the  leaves  fall  partly  during  their  third  and  partly 
during  their  fourth  season.  The  stamiuate  flowers  are  oval,  about  a  third  of  an  inch  long,  with  anthers 
which  terminate  in  short  crests  or  knobs,  and  are  surrounded  by  eight  involucral  bracts.  The  pistillate 
flowers  are  clustered,  oblong-cylindric,  and  about  half  an  inch  in  length,  wth  thin  scales,  and  are  raised 
on  stout  peduncles  nearly  as  long  as  the  flowers  and  clothed  with  ovate-lanceolat«  long-pointed 
chestnut-brown  bracts  conspicuously  keeled  on  the  back,  one  third  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  persistent 
during  the  season.  In  the  autumn  the  young  cones  are  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  nearly  an 
inch  long,  brown  tinged  with  red,  erect  on  stout  peduncles  usually  an  inch  in  length ;  they  become 
reflexed  when  they  begin  to  grow  in  early  spring,  and  ripen  and  shed  their  seeds  late  in  the  summer  or 
in  the  early  autumn,  when  they  are  light  green,-  cylindrical,  pointed,  often  curved,  from  five  to  eleven 
inches  long  and  about  two  inches  thick,  and  are  borne  on  stout  incurved  peduncles  from  an  inch  to 
an  inch  and  a  half  in  length ;  their  scales  are  thin,  oblong-obovate,  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a 
half  long,  about  three  quarters  of  an  inch  -wide,  and  slightly  thickened  and  smooth  toward  the  apex, 
which  is  gradually  narrc.v'^d,  rounded,  and  tipped  with  a  small  slightly  thickened  pointed  dark  lunbo ; 
the  cones  fall  during  the  winter  and  spring,  the  exposed  portions  of  the  scales  having  become  light 
reddish  brown  and  their  bases  dark  dull  red  in  the  autumn.  The  seeds  are  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
one  third  of  an  inch  long  and  about  one  third  the  length  of  the  pointed  wings,  and  are  covered  by  a 
pale  red-brown  coat  mottled  with  black,  and  produced  into  a  narrow  obscure  wing-like  margin ;  the 
cotyledons  vary  from  six  to  nine  in  number. 

The  western  W'>'te  Pine  is  distributed  through  mountain  forests  from  the  basin  of  the  Colnnbia 
River  in  southern  British  Columbia  to  Vancouver  Island,'  southward  along  the  western  slopes  oi  .he 
Rocky  Mountains-  tor  northern  Montana,  and  to  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains  of  Idaho,  westward  along 
the  mountain  ranges  of  northern  Idaho  and  Washington,  reaching  the  sea-level  near  the  shores  of 
the  Straits  of  Fuca,  and  southward  along  the  Cascade  Mountains  and  the  Washington  and  Oregon 
coast  ranges,  extending  eastward  in  Oregon  to  the  high  mountains  eait  of  Goose  Lake,*  and  southward 
along  both  slopes  of  the  California  Sierras  to  the  ridge  between  Little  Kern  and  Kern  Rivers  in 
latitude  36°  25'."  In  northern  Idaho  the  western  White  P'se  grows  to  its  largest  size,  and  is  most 
abundant,  often  forming  an  important  part  of  the  forest  at  elevations  of  from  two  thousand  to  two  thou- 
sand five  hundred  feet  above  the  sea  on  the  bottom-lands  of  streams  tributary  to  Lake  Fend  Oreille ; 
farther  east,  in  Montana,  it  is  less  abundant  and  smaller ;  in  the  interior  of  British  Columbia  it  is  not 
abundant,  although  it  sometimes  is  large ;  it  is  scattered  in  considerable  numbers  through  the  coniferous 
forests  of  the  coast  ranges  of  British  Columbia  and  through  the  interior  of  Vancouver  Island ;  and  it 
is  not  rare  on  the  Cascade  Range,  where  it  ascends  to  elevations  of  five  or  six  thousand  feet,  nor  on  the 
California  Sierras,  first  appearing  singly  or  in  small  groups  along  the  upper  margin  of  the  Fir  forest, 
and  attaining  its  noblest  dimensions  in  California  at  elevations  of  about  ten  thousand  feet  above  the 
sea,  where  trees  ninety  feet  high,  with  trunks  five  or  six  feet  in  diameter,  sometimes  occur,  and  resist 
for  centuries,  with  tlifiir  mns^i.e  trunks  and  short  contorted  branches,  the  fiercest  Sierra  gales." 

The  wood  of  Pimis  monticola  is  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  and  close  and  stniight-giiiined ;  it  is 
light  brown  or  red,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contains  numerous  obscure  medullary  rays. 
The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.3908,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  24.35  pounds.  It  is 
sometimes  manufactured  into  lumber,  especially  in  northern  Idaho  and  Montana,  and  is  used  for  the 
same  purposes  as  white  pine  in  the  eastern  states. 


'  Coulter  &  Rose,  Bot.  Gazette,  xi.  201. 

'^  A  form  with  purple  conea  and  ratlier  broader  leaves,  known 
only  from  a  tree  cultivated  in  Scotland,  is  the  Pimr  porphyrocnrpti 
of  A.  Murra". 

'  G.  M.  Dawson,  Can.  Nat.  n.  ser.  ix.  328.  —  Macoun,  Cat.  Can. 

pi.'m. 


*  During  the  summer  of  18(Xj  Dr.  K.  Ilart  Merriiim  found  Pinu» 
innuticola  growing  on  the  high  peuks  of  the  Warner  Uaugo  coat  '^^ 
Goose  Lake,  Oregon. 

»  Teste  Lieutenant  M.  F.  Davis,  II.  S.  Army. 

'  See  portrait  of  Pinus  montirnla  on  the  mountains  above  the 
Yosemite  Valley,  California,  in  Garden  anil  I'orent,  v.  f.  1. 


CON 

Riv 

Em 
pro 
8lo\ 
spe 


•: 


:i       -1 


CONIFERjB. 

f  a  single  dorsal 
third  and  partly 
)ng,  with  anthers 
3.  The  pistillate 
is,  and  are  raised 
ate  long-pointed 
li,  and  persistent 
nch  to  nearly  an 
th ;  they  become 
1  the  summer  or 
m  five  to  eleven 
Prom  an  inch  to 
'  an  inch  and  a 
oward  the  apex, 
ted  dark  imibo ; 
ig  become  light 
d  at  both  ends, 
ire  covered  by  a 
ke  margin;  the 

)f  the  Colirabia 
n  slopes  01  ^he 
westward  along 
:  the  shores  of 
)n  and  Oregon 
and  southward 
Cern  Rivers  in 
se,  and  is  most 
nd  to  two  thou- 
Pend  Oreille ; 
imbia  it  is  not 
1  the  coniferous 
Island ;  and  it 
eet,  nor  on  the 
the  Fir  forest, 
feet  above  the 
;cur,  and  resist 
•ales." 

■giained;  it  is 
iieduUary  rays, 
pounds.  It  is 
3  used  for  the 


CONIFERiB. 


SILVA   OF  NOBTH  AMERICA. 


25 


Pinus  monticola  was  discovered  by  David  Douglas'  in  1831  on  the  mountains  near  the  Columbia 
River,  and  was  introduced  by  him  into  English  gardens.  It  is  perfectly  hardy  in  central  and  northern 
Europe,  where  large  specimens  may  now  be  seen;^  and  in  the  eastern  United  States  it  is  hardy,  and 
produces  its  cones  as  far  north,  at  least,  as  eastern  Massachusetts.  In  eastern  plantations  it  grows  more 
slowly,  and  is  less  beautiful  than  Pi?ma  Strobus,  and  is  hardly  distinct  enough  in  habit  from  this 
species  to  make  its  cultivation  as  an  ornamental  tree  desirable. 


■  See  u,  94. 


>  Fowler,  Oard.  Chron.  1872, 1071. 


irriiim  found  Pinui 
mei  Rauge  eaut  n! 


untaina  above  the 
I/,  V.  f.  1. 


Il 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

Plate  DXL.    Pinus  monticola. 

1.  A  branch  with  staminate  flowers,  natural  size. 

2.  A  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

3.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  staminate  flower. 

4.  An  anther,  side  view,  enlarged. 
6.  An  anther,  fror.t  view,  enlarged. 

6.  A  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  size. 

7.  A  pistillate  flower  with  its  peduncle,  enlarged. 

8.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  side,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 
0.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  its  bract,  enlarged. 

10.  A  cluster  of  winter  branch-buds,  natural  size. 

11.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

12.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  magnified  fifteen  diameters. 


Plate  DXLL    Pinus  monticola. 

1.  A  portion  of  a  branch  with  cones,  natural  size. 

2.  A  cone-scale,  upper  side,  with  its  seeds,  natural  size. 

3.  A  seed,  natural  size. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

5.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 


iWi^1W*.tf.  .^«....*  - 


%, 


Tab,  DXL, 


<*■'*•  1*^* 


J^ 


r.Mi 


ii^nea. 


AMu>creuz:  dire^ . 


I'np  J  Tan^ur  Paris. 


ii^ 


EXPL.\NA'n(>:*  or  thk  iv:jvtp> 

A  ittMuiii. 

A  I-,(';»m;1i  ,  i.'.  natnrnl  siw 

A  )>i»t)llat«  l!u»  (Inncle,  .jnlurgi'i: 

',  ■  -  r.,ir  tide,  witli  ii 


-Ae.  with  lit  ..rati,  rfnl»ri!t"t 


1- 


s^a 


•I  5 


1'!^ 


;l  i 


'Tfl?».' 


Silva  of  Morth   Am(>rica, 


Tab,  DXL. 


I 


C EFaavn  {lei 


^  MlarLe^iuj:  sc 


PINUS  MONTICOI  A.DDon, 


A.Tiwcretu:  dire^v  * 


Ifip  J.  Tanfur,  /'arir 


; 


« 


III 

i 


1' 


iu 


I 


il     !j 


1 


•  1  r    ki..*u     A^... 


*f    ■•«"' 


('V'' 


'^1 


.^^  ^. 


,y^  '-'-^S 


T»b.  DXLI. 


> 


^' 


.■:T 


■%* 


K         > 


^  fiivcreiut:  direo'^ ' 


/'n/^  ./  Tan&cr,  /'.iruf. 


I 


4 


I  iKrwiimiiiiniHi  imiiwrnminiwi  m 


I 


.% 


SiWa  of  North  America 


T*b  mu- 


C  /■J  Foj^vn  iiel 


J,  NiffieatuT.    sc. 


PINUS  MONTICOLA.  D  Don 

A  Rlocri^ur  ,itre.r  >  J"V  •'  Taneur.  Jaruf. 


I 


CO! 


fr( 
Pii 


ei(i 
bri 
foi 

IIU 

loi 
on 

or 

an 
in 

P' 
bi 
d< 


Wl 

2( 
in 
as 
fe 
ai 


CUNUKHiK. 


srH'A   OF  NORTH  AMERWA. 


ST 


PINU8    LAMBERTIANA. 

Sugar  Pine. 

Lkaves  in  5-loavcd  oluHterH,  stout,  rigid,  IVom  3^  to  4  inches  in  liiigth. 
from  12  to  IN  inchoH  long. 


Cones 


Plnua  Larobertiana,  DdukIhii,  Trunt.  Linn.  Sue.  xv.  COO 
(IHL'7).— 1).  Don,  Lamhei-t  t'inii;  Hi.  t.  16,  17.— 
Forlicii,  Pinetum  lyohiim.  77,  t.  30,  —  Hiioker,  t'!.  Bur.' 
Am.  ii.  KU. —  Aiitoine,  Coiiif.  11,  t.  19.  —  lluuker  & 
Arnott,  Hut.  Vnij.  lieechey,  It'.M. — .Spiidi,  UUl.  IVy.  xi. 
3i>7.  — I)i'  Clmnitiray,  Tmili  .lrl>.  Kh.  Coiilf.  ;U<1. — 
Eiiilliclicr,  Syn.  Conif.  lOO,  —  Nuttall,  Hylua.  iii.  VJ'i,  t. 
114. —  Liiiclluy   &   Oordon,  Jour.  Ilort.  Soc.   Land.  v. 

aiT) Luwncin  &  Son,  L!»t  A'a.   10,  .ililetlneii;  25. — 

Diotriel.,  Si/n.  v.  .'tiltl.  —  Cuiiiiro,  Ti'kI/i'  Conif.  ;«>7.— 
,1.  M.  Ilijji'low,  I'lirijif  /{.  It.  Ill/),  iv.  pt.  V.  '.'1.  —  Torroy, 
J'arijtr  H.  It.  ICi-p.  iv.  pt.  v.  141 ;  IM.  Mix.  Ihiiml.  Suri). 
210 1  lies'  Jiep.  pt.  iv.  28.  —  Newberry,  Pacijie  R.  R.  Rep. 
vi.  pt.  iii.  42,  90,  f.  14.  —  Gordon,  J'lnetiim,  228.  —  Coiir- 
tin,  Film.  Cmiif.  "0.  —  A.  Murray,  Tninii.  lint,  .'im:  Eilin- 
biirijli,  vi.  .'Ill'  —  LawBon,  PInitiiin  Jlrit.  i.  47.  t.  7,  (.  1- 
7.  —  Holan.li.i,  Proc.  Cal.  yliW.  iii.  2'.'(),  .'iK.  —  Henl<i-1 
&  IIocliHtettfr,  Syn.  Nailelh. 95.  —  (Nelson)  Senilis,  Pino- 
eeiv,  1 10.  —  lloopes,  Eoeryremn,  134.  —  S(!n(icUu?e,  Conif. 
114.  —  Porlatoro,  De  Cunilulle  l'i\Hlt:  xvi.  pt.  ii.  40(1.  —  K. 
Koch,  Dendr.  ii.  pt.  ii.  323 —  Engelnmnn,  lirewer  it-  JCuN 


ton  liiil.  Oil.  il.  12:1.  — Vaitch,  Man.  Cnnif  179. —  Kel. 
'"Kg-  Tiren  of  Cnlifornia,  47.  —  .SarKent,  Fori'Hl  Tnet 
N.  Am.  lOM  Crnnu  V.  S.  \x.  188.  —  I.«uilie,  DeHtmht 
Denilr.  oil.  2,  117.  —  Hooker,  (.  Oiird.  Chtim.  n.  »cr.  xxlil. 
II,  f.  \.  —  (liiril.  Chron.  »er.  3,  i.  772,  f.  144.  —  Si'lilllie- 
ler,  f'irid.  .S'orvey.  i.  39<l. —  Lenimon,  Hi"/),  Vulifnrnia 
liliile  Hoiird  t'orettry,  ii.  70,  80,  t.  (I'iiirn  of  the  Piir'ijie 
Slope)  \  Wett- American  Cone- Heiirers.'lX,  t,  2.  —  SteeU, 
Proe,  Am.  Pharm.  A»»or.  1889,  232  (The  Pine*  of  Call- 
forniii).  —  Mil)  r,  tt'uld.  Sordiim.  324,  t.  7,  I.  —  B«is». 
niT,  lliimlh.  Xiidflh.  294.  —  MiistiTs,  Join:  Ii.  Ilort. 
Sue.  xiv.  231.  —  Iliinsi'ii,  Jour.  R.  Ilort.  Soo.  xiv.  3(!6 
{Pinetum  Danicnm).  —  Mi.rriuni,  North  Ameriean 
/ViKi/d,  No.  7,  340  (Dentil  Willry  Expcd.xi.). — Coville, 
Cnntrih.  V.  S.  Xnt.  Ilerh.  iv.  222  (Hot.  Death  Vnlleij 
Kx/ieil.). —  Koi'lini',  Deiiturlir  Deiolr.  31. 

Pinua  Lambertlana,  var.  minor.  l..t.inmon.  Rep.  Califor- 
nia Stale  Hoard  Forestry,  ii.  70,  83  (Pines  of  the  Pacific 
Slope)  (1888). 

Finus  Lambortiana,  var.  purpurea,  Leniinon,  West. 
American  Cone-bearers,  22  (1895). 


A  tree,  usually  from  two  liuiulred  to  two  huiulred  and  twenty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  six  or 
eight  or  occasionally  ten  or  twelve  feet  in  diameter.'  During  the  first  fifty  years  of  its  life  the  slender 
branches,  arranged  in  remote  regular  whorls,  frecjuently  clothe  the  tapering  stem  to  the  ground  and 
form  an  open  narrow  pyramid ;  later  some  of  the  specialized  branches  near  the  top  of  the  tree  grow 
more  rapidly  than  the  others,  and,  becoming  fruitful,  bend  with  the  weight  of  the  great  cones ;  and 
long  before  the  tree  has  reached  matiu'ity  many  of  the  upper  branches  lengthen  faster  than  the  lower 
ones,  which  eventually  die  from  absence  of  light,  and  the  tall  massive  trunk  is  surmounted  with  an 
open  flat-topped  crown,  frequently  sixty  or  seventy  feet  across,  of  comparatively  slender  branches 
sweeping  outward  and  downward  in  graceful  curves.  On  young  stems  and  branches  the  bark  is  smooth 
and  dark  gray,  while  on  old  trunks  it  is  from  two  to  three  inches  in  thickness,  and  is  deeply  and 
irregularly  divided  into  long  thick  plate-like  ridges  covered  by  large  loose  scales  which  are  rich 
puqilish  brown  or  often,  on  wind-swept  slopes  of  the  California  Sierras,  bright  cinnamon-red.  The 
branchlets  are  stout,  and  when  they  first  appear  are  coated  with  short  pale  or  rufous  pubescence; 
during  their  first  winter  they  are  dark  orange-brown  and  puberulous,  becoming  in  their  second  year 


>  David  Douglas,  who  discovered  Pimis  Lambertiana  on  the  head- 
waters of  the  Umpqua  River  in  southwestern  Oregon  on  October 
20,  1826,  having  previously  seen  the  seeds  on  the  Columbia  River 
in  the  pouch  of  an  Indian,  describes  a  fallen  tree  measured  by  him 
as  two  hundred  and  forty-five  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  Htty-seven 
feet  nine  inches  in  circumference  at  tliree  feet  above  the  ground, 
and  seventeen  feet  live  inches  in  circumference  at  one  hundred 


and  thirty-four  feet  above  the  ground.  (See  Companion  Bot.  Mag. 
ii.  92,  100,  107,  130,  152.)  It  is  hardly  probable  that  a  careful 
and  conscientious  man  like  Douglas  would  have  exaggerated  these 
measurements,  altliough  he  attributed  to  some  other  trees  also 
what  now  nppop.rs  an  excessive  size.  Sugar  Fines  of  the  size  he 
describes  are  now  unknown,  and  trunks  twelve  feet  in  diameter 
are  uncommon. 


28 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIFERS. 


%    '' 


dark  brown  tinged  with  purple,  and  for  many  years  they  are  marked  with  the  scars  of  the  fallen  leaf- 
bearing  lateral  branclilets.  The  winter  branch-buds  are  oblong-obovate,  gradually  narrowed  to  the 
rounded  apiculate  apex,  one  third  of  an  inch  long,  about  one  eighth  of  an  inch  thick,  and  covered  by 
ovate  acute  light  chestnut-brown  scales  sciirious  and  erose  on  the  margins  and  tenninating  in  long 
loose  points.  The  leaves  are  produced  in  clusters  of  five,  and  during  the  winter  are  inclosed  in  ovate 
compressed  pale  green  buds.  The  bud-scales  are  ovate-lanceolate,  thin,  white,  or  light  chestnut-brown 
on  the  outer  ranks,  and  when  fully  grown  form  a  close  deciduous  sheath  about  half  an  inch  in  length. 
The  leaves  are  stout,  rigiii,  sharply  serrate,  especiiiUy  toward  the  apex,  which  is  tipped  with  a  sharp 
callous  point,  and  from  three  to  four  inches  long ;  they  are  dark  green,  and  marked  on  each  face  with 
from  two  to  six  rows  of  stomata,  and  contain  a  single  iibro-vascular  bundle,  two  or  sometimes  three 
dorsal  resin  diicts,  and  occasionally  one  or  more  parenchymatous  ventral  ducts; '  they  fall  during  their 
second  and  third  years.  The  staminate  flowers  are  oval,  pale  yellow,  and  half  an  uicli  long,  with  denticu- 
late crested  anthers,  and  are  surrounded  by  from  ten  to  fifteen  involucral  bracts.  The  pistillate  flowers 
are  usmilly  clustered,  and  are  cylindrical,  an  inch  in  length,  with  thin  light  green  scales,  and  are  raised 
on  stout  peduncles  an  inch  and  a  half  long  and  covered  by  lanceolate  long-pointed  chestnut-brown  bracts 
conspicuously  keeled  Oi  the  back  and  persistent  during  the  winter.  In  the  autumn  the  young  cones  are 
light  red-brown,  about  two  inches  long  and  three  quarters  of  an  inch  thick,  and  stand  erect  on  peduncles 
from  two  inches  lo  tiiree  inches  and  a  half  in  length  and  half  aii  inch  in  thickness  bearing  elon- 
gated bracts  now  jften'  three  quarters  of  an  inch  long ;  in  early  spring  the  peduncles  become  reflexed, 
and  the  cones,  which  are  now  pendulous,  grow  rapidly,  attaining  their  full  size  in  August,  when  they 
are  cylindrical,  often  slightly  curved,  from  eleven  to  eighteen  or  occasionally  twenty-one  inches  in 
length,  about  three  inches  in  breadth,  and  light  green  more  or  less  shaded  with  puqile  on  the  side 
exposed  to  the  sun,'-  with  obovate-oblong  scales  from  two  inches  to  two  inches  and  a  (juarter  long  and 
about  an  inch  and  a  half  broad  across  the  base  of  the  exposed  portion,  which  is  slightly  thickened, 
smooth  and  rounded  on  t!ie  back,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  rounded  point  and  tipped  with  a  small 
thin  diirk  umbo,  anJ  becomi-s  after  the  falling  of  the  seeds  light  red-brown  and  very  lustrous,  while  the 
unexposed  portions  •  (■'  th:<  scales  turn  a  dull  dark  purple  ;  the  cones  open  and  shed  their  seeds  during 
September  or  Octobf  r  and  rema." .  on  the  branches  during  the  winter,  falling  the  following  spring  or 
diu-ing  the  succeeding  sur  .iier  ami  autumn.  The  seeds  are  from  one  half  to  five  eighths  of  an  inch  in 
length,  with  a  smooth  thin  'ud  brittle  da;.',  chestnut-brown  or  nearly  black  coat,  and  about  half  as  long 
as  the  firm  dark  brown  wings,  hhich  are  obtuse,  and  broadest  below  the  middle,  where  they  are  about 
half  an  inch  across  ;  the  cotyledons  vary  from  thirteen  to  fifteen  in  number. 

Piniix  Lamb<  rli'iiia  inhabits  mountain  slopes  and  the  sides  of  ravines  and  caiions ;  in  Oregon  it 
is  distributed  from  the  valley  of  the  Santiam  River  in  Marion  County,^  southward  along  the  Cascade 
Mountains  and  coast  ranges  at  elevations  of  from  two  thousand  five  hundred  to  three  thousand  feet, 
sometimes  descending  to  a  thous;uid  feet  near  the  coast ;  it  extends  ea.stward  across  the  Cascade  Range 
to  the  head-waters  of  the  Des  Chutes  River  and  the  western  shores  of  upper  Klamath  Lake,  where  it  is 
found  at  an  elevation  of  two  thousand  two  hundred  feet,  reappearing  on  the  bluffs  east  of  Klamath 
Lake*  and  in  Drew  Valley  to  the  westward  of  Goose  Liike  ;"*  in  California  it  inhabits  the  northern  cross 


t  1 


'  Coulter  m  Kosf,  fiot.  Gazette,  xi.  '262. 

"  LeinmuD  (WtM-Ainirkau  Cone- fienrem, '1*1)  describe!)  i\\v  cones 
of  Ilia  variety  purpurea  oa  purplish,  shorter,  uiul  ]e<<s  iitteniiiitcd 
toward  tbo  ends  tliaii  those  of  the  typieni  form.  When  fully  ex- 
posed to  the  sun,  however,  the  eones  of  Pinittt  iMmhert'utuit  ■avc 
jilwjiys  more  or  Iofs  tinifed  witli  purine. 

*  During  the  autumn  of  1890  }*ivHx  Lamhertiamt  was  found  to 
the  northward  of  the  Santiatn  Uiver  in  Marion  County  liy  Mr. 
S.  W.  (rornian  in  aufticient  quantities  to  be  valued  coiuiuereially. 


*  In  181VI  Mr.  John  11.  KeilnTf;  found  Pinus  Lnmhertiaufi  on  the 
head-waters  of  the  Des  Chutes  Uiver  east  of  Crest'ent  Lalve  and 
southward  alont;  the  eastern  foothills  of  the  Caseade  Mountains  to 
up])er  Klamath  Lake  aiul  on  the  blufTs  to  the  eastward  uf  Fort  Kla> 
math. 

''  During  the  summer  of  1H0<»  Dr.  F.  V.  Coville  ami  Mr.  dohn 
H.  Ij'ibfrj;,  journcyinpr  westward  from  Steen  Mountain  in  eastern 
Oregon,  saw  l*iuus  /Mmfirrtitina  i^rowin}:^  with  /'nnw  pntulerosa  in 
Drew  Valley,  fourteen  miles  west  of  Goose  Lake. 


V  V. 


ER^. 


CONIFERjE. 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


29 


leaf- 
the 
>dby 

long 
ovate 
)rown 
ingth. 
sharp 

with 
three 

their 
nticu- 


ranges,  and  extends  southward  along  the  high  coast  mountains  to  Sonoma  County ;  ^  it  occurs  on  the 
highest  peaks  of  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains  in  Monterey  County,  where  it  is  found  at  elevations  of 
about  six  thousand  feet  and  is  not  common,  and  on  those  of  the  San  Rafael^  and  San  Emigdio 
Mountains;^  it  ninges  along  the  whole  length  of  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevau..  Mountains  at 
elevations  of  from  three  to  seven  thousand  feet,  in  the  middle  of  the  range  occasionally  crossing  to  its 
eastern  slopes ;  it  is  common  on  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  Mountains  at  elevations  of  from 
four  to  seven  thousand  feet  ^  and  on  the  Cuyamaca  Mountains  in  southern  California,  and  finds  its  most 
southerly  home  on  the  high  isolated  Mt.  San  Pedro  Martir  near  the  middle  of  the  peninsula  of  Lower 
California."  Frequently  attaining  a  large  size  in  southwestern  Oregon,  the  Sugar  Fine  is  small  and 
comparatively  rare  east  of  the  summits  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  and  on  the  California  coast  ranges,  its 
true  home  being  the  western  slopes  of  the  California  Sierras,  where  it  rises  over  every  ridge  and  from 
the  sides  of  every  canon,  and,  mingled  in  small  isolated  groves  with  the  Yellow  Pine,  the  Douglas  Fir, 
the  Incense  Cedar,  and  the  Sequoia,  and  occasionally  forming  a  considerable  part  of  the  forest,  it  attains 
its  greatest  size  and  beauty  at  an  elevation  of  about  seven  thousand  feet  above  the  sea. 

The  wood  of  Phms  Lamhertiana  is  light,  soft,  straight-grained,  satiny,  very  fragrant,  and  easy  to 
work ;  it  is  light  reddish  brown,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contains  thin  resinous  conspicuous 
bands  of  small  summer  cells,  numerous  large  prominent  resin  passages,  and  many  obscure  medullary 
rays.*^  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.3684,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  22.96  pounds 
It  is  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  and  used  for  the  interior  finish  of  buildings,  for  shingles,^  doo/a, 
sashes,  and  wooden  ware,  and  in  cooperage.  A  sweet  sugai'-like  matter,  to  which  this  tree  owes  its 
popular  name,  exudes  from  the  heartwood  wounded  by  fire  or  the  axe  in  the  shape  of  irregular  crisp 
kernels  crowded  together  into  masses  of  considerable  size ;  possessing  powerful  diui-etic  properties, 
it  can  be  safely  eaten  only  in  small  quantities.^ 

Pinus  Lamhertiana  was  introduced   into  English  gardens   in   1831   by  its  discoverer,^  David 


^  In  1S05  Mr.  J.  R.  Watson  found  at  an  elevation  of  nbont  two 
thousand  feet  a  small  grovu  of  Pinus  Lanibertiann  netir  tliu  head  of 
the  cailon  of  Austin  Creek  on  Table  Mountain,  a  piirt  of  the  Slioue 
Ranch  and  about  ten  miles  northwest  of  Cazadero  in  Sonoma 
County,  California.     (Sec  Erythea^  iv.  152.) 

-  Piims  Lamhertiana  was  collected  in  1804  on  the  San  Rafael 
Mountainn,  east  of  Santa  Barbara,  by  Dr.  F.  Fraiiceschi,  at  an  ele- 
vation of  Hve  thousand  feet  above  the  sea. 

•  Teste  Miss  Alice  Kastwood. 

*  S.  B.  Parish,  ;for,  iv.  350. 

*  Pinus  Lamhertiana  was  discovered  May  13,  1893,  by  Mr.  T.  S. 
Brandegee,  un  Mt.  San  Pedro  Martir.     (See  %oi\  iv.  201,  210"). 

•  Tlie  Sugar  Pine  under  the  most  favorable  conditions  increases 
tlowly  in  trunk  diameter.  The  specimen  from  the  northern  Sierras 
in  the  ilesup  CuUectioii  of  North  Anu'i'luan  Woods  in  the  Anu'ricnn 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  Xew  York,  \y  sixty-four  indies  in 
diameter  inside  the  bark,  and  three  hundred  and  fifty-eight  yours 
old,  with  three  iind  tivc  eighths  inehe>^  iind  ninety  nnuuiil  layers  of 
sapwoml.  A  tree  seven  feet  in  diameter  grown  on  the  Ciilifoi-nia 
Siernis  was  found  by  iJohn  Mnir  to  be  three  hundred  and  thirty 
years  old  ;  one  hundred  ami  fifty  feet  above  the  groinid  the  trunk 
of  this  tree  had  :\  diameter  of  throe  foot  three  inehes,  Other  trees 
examined  by  Muir  were  Hve  feet  throe  iiu-hes  in  diameter,  and  four 
hundred  and  forty  years  old  ;  three  feet  nine  and  mio  hiilf  inohos  in 
diameter,  and  tour  hundred  and  twenty-four  years  old  ;  four  feet 
eight  inches  in  diameter,  and  three  hundred  and  fifty  years  old  ; 
three  feet  six  inches  in  diameter,  and  two  hundred  and  twenty-tivo 
years  old  ;  and  three  feet  four  inehes  in  diameter,  and  two  hundred 
ami  fourteen  years  old  ;  the  trunk  of  this  tree  was  two  feet  three 
inches  in  diameter  when  it  was  one  hundred  years  of  age. 


A  log  of  Sugar  Pine  measured  by  Gen.  Henry  L,  Abbot  in  the 
summer  of  1890,  on  the  head-waters  of  Uogue  River,  Oregon, 
showed  the  following  nite  of  growth  :  — 

When  C  inches  in  diameter  it  was  40  years  old. 

12  inches  in  diameter,  07  years  old. 

18  inches  in  diameter,  H7  years  old. 

24  inches  in  diameter,  111  years  old. 

30  inehes  in  diameter,  191  years  old. 

30  inches  in  diameter,  270  years  old. 

42  inches  in  diameter,  340  years  old. 

48  inches  in  <liauieter,  423  yours  old. 

62  j^  inches  in  diameter,  473  years  old. 

57 f^,  inches  in  diameter,  593  years  old. 
The  sapwood  of  this  tree  was  four  inches  thick,  with  one  hundred 
and  twenty  layers  of  annual  growth. 

'  Many  of  tlio  best  Sugar  Pines  of  the  Sierra  forests  have  been 
killed  by  wandering  shingle-nnikers,  who  fell  trees  on  the  public 
domain,  and,  after  using  only  the  butt  cuts,  which  often  split  more 
easily  than  the  others,  abandon  the  rest  of  the  stem  to  rut  on  the 
ground. 

**  For  the  chemical  composition  of  the  sugar  of  Pinus  Lamherti- 
ana, see  Borthelot,  Ann.  fir  Chim.  et  de  Pfii/i.  sdr.  2,  xlvi.  70  {Snr 
'luehjues  Moti'tres  Sum'eHf  ii.  Pinite).  —  Johnson,  Am.  Jour.  Sri.  s^r. 
2,  xxii.  li  (Examination  of  tiro  Sugars  ^Panorhe  and  Pine  Suf/ur] 
from  Calijhrnin). —  Mminenno,  Compf.  Rend.  oix.  812  (Stir  tin  JS'ini- 
veau  Sucre  a  Xot/au  Aromatiqur);  Ann.  de  Chim.  et  de  Phifs.  si'r.  0, 
xxii.  204  {liechfrchfK  sur  la  Pinite  et  Vlnosite  Dextrof/i/n'). — 
Combos,  Cotn/tt.  Htnd.  ex.  'tC  (Sur  la  MaU'zitc  et  le  Afati'zodamlmst). 
*  Lewis  and  Clark,  in  the  journal  of  their  journey  across  the  con- 
tinent during  the  years  1804-1800  (ed.  Cones,  iii.  832),  mention  a 


1       lifl 


iH 


30 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIFEILS. 


Douglas ;  and  although  it  has  proved  perfectly  hardy  in  western  and  central  Europe,  and  in  eastern 
America  as  far  north  as  southern  New  Engknd,  it  grows  very  slowly  in  cultivation,  and  gives  little 
indication  of  assuming  its  true  habit  or  attaining  a  large  size. 

The  Sugar  Pine,  the  noblest  of  its  race,  surpassing  all  other  Pine-trees  in  girth  and  length  of  stem, 
tosses  its  mighty  branches,  bending  under  the  weight  of  its  long  graceful  pointed  cones,  far  above  the 
silvan  roof,  and  with  its  companion,  the  great  Sequoia,  glorifies  those  Sierra  forests  that  surpass  in 
majesty  all  forests  of  coniferous  trees.' 

The  specific  name  commemorates  that  of  Aylmer  Bourke  Lambert,''  a  munificent  English  patron  of 
botany. 


Fino-tree  with  a  cone  sixteen  or  eighteen  inchi-a  in  length  and  about 
four  inches  in  circumference  on  the  north  side  of  the  Columbia  Kiver 
near  the  ocean.  Judging  by  the  size  of  the  cone  this  tree  must  have 
been  tho  Sugar  Pine.  No  one,  liowover,  since  the  time  of  Lewis  and 
Clark  has  seen  I'inua  Lambertiana  growing  north  of  the  Columbia 
River,  and  their  description  was  probably  made  from  a  cone  in  the 
possession  of  some  of  the  Columbia  Kiver  Indians,  who  were  no 
doubt  in  the  habit  of  obtainiug  tho  seeds  of  this  tree  from  the  tribes 
living  •<n  tho  Umpqua  or  Kogue  Rivers,  by  whom  they  were  gath- 
ered for  food.     (See  Garden  and  Forest,  x.  39.) 

*  *'  In  most  Pine  trees  there  is  a  sameness  of  expression  which  to 
most  people  is  apt  to  become  monotonous  ;  for  the  typical  splry 
fonn,  however  beautiful,  affords  but  little  scope  fi)r  appreciable 
individual  character.  Tho  Sugar  Pine  is  as  free  from  convention- 
alities of  form  aiul  motion  as  any  oak.  No  two  are  alike,  even  to 
the  most  inattentive  observer ;  and,  notwithstanding  they  are  ever 
to9.<)ing  out  their  immense  arms  in  what  might  seem  most  extrava- 
gant gestures,  there  is  n  majesty  and  repose  about  them  that  pre- 
cludes all  pot^sibility  of  the  grotesque,  or  even  picturesque,  in  their 
general  expression."     (Muir,  The  Motmtaitm  of  California,  158.) 

'  Aylmer  Bourke  I..ambert  (1701-1842),  the  only  son  of  Ei  ward 
Lambert  of  Boyuton  House,  near  Haytesbury  in  Wiltshire,  was 


bom  at  Batb,  and  educated  at  St.  Mary's  Hall  at  Oxford.  A  col- 
lector from  boyhood,  he  formed  a  museum  before  he  went  to 
school ;  and  after  leaving  college  be  devoted  himself  to  the  study 
of  botany,  using  his  abundant  means  in  forming  a  largo  herbarium 
and  botanical  library,  which  for  many  years  were  under  the  care  of 
Mr.  David  Don,  and  in  encouraging  science.  In  1707  Lambert 
published  an  illustrated  description  of  tho  genus  Cinchona,  and  in 
1803  the  ilrst  volume  of  his  sumptuous  description  of  the  genus 
Pinus,  a  large  folio  with  beautifully  executed  colored  plates  by 
which  his  name  is  best  remembered  ;  the  second  volume,  prepared 
by  David  Don,  appeared  in  1824.  A  second  edition  of  this  work 
was  published  in  1828  ;  and  iu  1837  the  first  edition  of  a  third  vol- 
ume appeared,  several  of  the  plates  representing  the  conifers  dis- 
covered by  Douglas  in  western  America  ;  this  was  also  written  by 
Don.  An  octavo  edition  of  the  first  two  volumes  was  published 
in  1832.  Lambert  was  one  of  the  founders  in  1788  of  the  Lin- 
najan  Society,  which  ho  served  as  vice-president  from  1700  until 
his  death,  and  contributed  many  papers  on  botany  and  zoology  to 
its  Proceedings. 

A  genus  of  Australian  shnibs  bears  the  name  of  Lambert,  and  it 
has  also  been  commemorated  by  Martins  in  Ai/lmeria,  a  genus  of 
the  Portulaca  family,  now  referred  to  Polycarpiea. 


r 


"'  ■  I 


CONIFERS. 

eastern 
;ives  little 

Ih  of  stem, 
[above  the 
I  surpass  iii 

patron  of 


xford.    A  ool- 

'e  lie  went  to 
to  the  study 
rgo  herbarium 
ler  the  care  of 
1707  Lambert 
nchona,  and  in 
of  the  genus 
ored  plates  by 
hinic,  prepared 
n  of  this  work 
of  a  third  vol- 
0  conifers  dis- 
also  written  by 
was  published 
'88  of  the  Lin- 
rom  1700  until 
and  zoology  to 

Lambert,  and  it 
eria,  a  genus  of 


I 


41 


i  i; 


i  f 


'' 


1 


rr 


EXT'T  ANATION  OF  THE  FLAXES. 

Plate  DXLII.    Pinus  Lambbbtiana. 

1.  A  branch  t'-ith  staminate  flowers,  natural  size. 

2.  A  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

3.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  staminate  flower. 

4.  Bract  of  a  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 
6.  An  anther,  side  view,  enlarged. 

6.  An  anther,  front  view,  enUirgcd. 

7.  Tip  of  a  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  size. 

8.  A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

9.  A  scale  o'  a  pistillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  its  bract,  enlarged. 

10.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  side,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 

11.  A  cluster  of  leaves,  natural  size. 

12.  A  cluster  of  young  leaves  with  its  sheath,  natural  size. 

13.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

14.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  magnified  fifteen  diameters. 

15.  Winter  branch-buds,  natural  size. 


Platk  DXLin.    Pnrus  Lambertiana. 

1.  A  cpne,  natural  size. 

2.  A  cone-scale,  upper  side,  with  its  seeds,  natural  size. 

3.  A  seed  with  its  wing,  natural  size. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

5.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 


I 


fm 


.<i*'. 


■4 


\ 


Tab.  DXl.il. 


ti    \ 


]>> 


II 


i' 


A  Rijcreiuc  ./'/•rti! ' 


1  t: 


s 


i 


1 1 1 


V... 


Sil 


^1»,  truvirj^  Wii- 


rjf,''.. 


I 


I 


Silva  of  North   America 


Tab,  DXLll. 


Cf-F-hvon  ,/J'V 


C^  ^17 


Jiuf^ine  .^. 


!  3  < 


:  i 


■a  ■ 


PIN  US   LAMBERTIANA,  !, , 


/J  Ri,pcffu^-  c/t^-cw  ' 


i^ry^  I  ^  rj/irur  r<irij- 


^li 


41^ 


mmm 


'I 


^ 


fS»- 


•v.." 


■#♦.. 


w  \ 


i? 


'^■^■ 


H-' 


11  ^  * 


ailliriiii' 


Ji^      -.  r.sutik 


\ 


Il» 


;  f 


Pi 

03 


CO 


CONIFEO^. 


Leav 
5  to  9  in( 

Pinua  strol 
Tour  to  1 
102.  — C 
201;  Tr 
Henkel  & 
den  and 
496. 

PinuB  Aya 

A  tre 

diameter, 

The  bark 

deep  conr 

branchleti 

during  tl 

are  purpl 

and  abou 

brown  sci 

the  wintc 

the  your 

at  the  a 

three  qui 

half  to 

often  ne 

stomata, 

during  ' 

flowers  I 

inch  in 

pistillate 

scales,  f 

with  OA 

on  the 

pedunc 

inch  ai 

spring, 

from  f 

smooth 

portioi 

slight! 


CONIFEBJB. 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


38 


PINUS   STROBIFORMIS. 


White  Pine. 


Leaves  in  d-leavcd  clusters,  slender,  from  3^  to  4  inches  in  length. 
5  to  9  inches  long,  their  scales  thin,  reflexed. 


Cones  from 


Pinua  Btrobiformis,  Engelmann,  WUlUenm  Memoir  of  a 
Tmtr  to  Northern  Mexico  (Senate  Doc.  1848),  Bot.  Appx. 
102.  — Carrike,  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  228  i  Fl.des  Serres,ix. 
201;  Traits  Conif.  309.  —  Gordon,  Pinetitm,  238.— 
Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Syn.  Nadelh.  116.  —  Pringle,  Gar- 
den and  Forest,  i.  430.  —  Sargent,  Garden  and  Forest,  ii. 
496. 

Pinua  Ayaoahuite,  Parlatore,  De  Candolle  Prodr.  xvi.  pt. 


ii.  406  (in  part)  (not  Scblechtendal)  (1868).  —  Hemsley, 
Bot.  Biol.  Am.  Cent.  iii.  186  (in  part). 

Pinus  flexilis,  y  refleza,  Engelmann,  Rothroek  Wheeler's 
Rep.  vi.  258  (1878). 

Pinua  refleza,   Engelmann,  Bot.   Gazette,  vii.  4   (1882) ; 

Gard.  Chron.  n.  ser.  xvii.  260 Sargent,  Forest  Trees 

N.  Am.  10th  Census  U.  S.  ix.  189  (excl.  hab.  New  Mex- 
ico)—  Beissner,  Handb.  Nadelh.  275. 


A  tree,  from  eighty  to  one  hundred  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  more  than  two  feet  in 
diameter,  and  short  slender  often  somewhat  pendulous  branches  forming  a  narrow  pyramidal  head. 
The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  thickness,  and  is  irregularly  divided  by 
deep  connected  fissures  into  narrow  rounded  ridges  covered  by  small  loose  reddish  brown  scales.  The 
branchlets  are  slender,  and  when  they  first  appear  are  coated  with  short  close  rufous  pubescence; 
during  their  first  winter  they  are  light  orange-brown  and  slightly  puberulous,  and  in  their  third  year 
are  purplish  and  sometimes  coated  with  a  glaucous  bloom.  The  winter  branch-buds  are  ovate,  acute, 
and  about  a  third  of  an  inch  long,  and  are  covered  by  ovate-lanceolate  long-pointed  thin  pale  chestnut- 
brown  scales  scarious  and  erose  on  the  margins.  The  leaves  are  borne  in  clusters  of  five,  and  during 
the  winter  are  inclosed  in  minute  ovate  compressed  light  green  buds.  The  bud-scales  lengthen  with 
the  young  leaves,  and,  increasing  in  length  from  without  inward,  are  when  fully  grown  oblong,  acute 
at  the  apex,  thin,  lustrous,  and  pale  chestnut-brown,  forming  a  rather  close  deciduous  sheath  from 
three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  nearly  an  inch  in  length.  The  leaves  are  slender,  rigid,  from  three  and  a 
half  to  four  inches  long,  sharply  serrulate  with  minute  remote  teeth,  especially  toward  the  apex,  or 
often  nearly  entire,  and  pale  ^reen ;  they  are  marked  on  the  ventral  faces  with  three  or  four  rows  of 
stomata,  and  contain  a  large  fibro-vascular  bundle  and  two  dorsal  resin  ducts;'  they  begin  to  fall 
during  their  third  season,  and  have  usually  disappeared  before  the  end  of  their  fourth  year.  The 
flowers  open  in  Arizona  at  the  very  end  of  May.  The  staminate  flowers  are  oval  and  a  third  of  an 
inch  in  length,  with  anthers  terminating  in  erect  erose  crests,  and  are  surrounded  by  eight  bracts.  The 
pistillate  flowers  are  subterminal  and  half  an  inch  in  length,  with  dark  reddish  purple  shghtly  reflexed 
scales,  and  are  raised  on  slender  peduncles  from  one  half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  long,  and  clothed 
with  ovate-lanceolate  light  chestnut-brown  bracts  conspicuously  keeled  on  the  back  and  thin  and  erose 
on  the  margins.  At  the  end  of  their  first  season  the  young  cones  are  erect  on  stout  mostly  naked 
peduncles  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length,  and  are  from  an  inch  to  an 
inch  and  a  quarter  long,  half  an  inch  broad,  and  light  red-brown ;  they  grow  rapidly  the  following 
spring,  usually  remaining  erect  until  after  the  appearance  of  the  flowers,  and  at  maturity  are  pendulous, 
from  five  to  I'ine  inches  in  length,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  in  breadth,  and  light  green,  with  thin 
smooth  scales  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  often  nearly  an  inch  wide  at  the  base  of  the  exposed 
portion,  and  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  much  reflexed  apex,  which  is  tipped  with  a  small  rounded 
slightly  thickened  umbo ;  after  the  scales  open  their  upper  parts  turn  light  brown  slightly  tinged  with 

'  Coulter  &  Rose,  Bol.  Gazette,  xi.  261. 


U'i 


■1  14 


/    '. 


lit- 
11 


m 


34 


SILVA   OF  NOBTH  AMERICA. 


COKIFEItS. 


red  and  their  bases  dark  dull  red.  The  seeds  are  broadly  ovate,  slightly  compressed,  half  an  inch  long 
and  about  a  third  of  an  inch  wide,  with  a  thin  dark  red-brown  coat  produced  into  a  narrow  margin, 
and  are  furnished  with  thin  dark  rounded  wings  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  width. 

Pinua  strobiformia  is  scattered  over  the  rooky  ridges  and  the  sides  of  the  caiions  of  the  Santa 
Catalina,  Santa  Rita,  and  Ghirioabua  Mountains  of  southern  Arizona,  and  of  the  Sirira  Madre  of 
Chihuahua,  at  elevations  of  from  six  to  eight  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  never  forming 
gloves  and  usually  growing  singly  along  the  lower  margin  of  the  forests  of  Pinus  Arizonica. 

The  wood  of  Pinus  strobiform  is  is  hard,  although  light,  not  strong,  and  close-grained ;  it  is  pale 
red,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contains  thin  inconspicuous  bands  of  small  summer  cells,  large 
resin  passages,  and  numerous  obscure  medullary  rays.*  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood 
is  0.4877,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  30.39  pounds.  The  rarity  of  this  tree  and  the  inaccessibiUty  of  the 
places  where  it  grows  in  the  United  States  prevent  the  use  of  its  wood,  which  is  as  valuable  as  that  of 
the  other  western  White  Pines. 

Pinus  strobiformis  was  discovered  by  Dr.  F.  A.  Wislizenus "  in  Chihuahua  in  October,  1846, 
and  was  first  found  in  the  territory  of  the  United  States  by  Dr.  J.  T.  Rothrock°  in  1874  on  the  Santa 
Rita  Mountains  of  Arizona. 


*  Pi'niu  alnbifarmu,  considering  the  dryness  of  the  region  it  in- 
habits, appears  to  grow  with  comparative  rapidity.  The  specimen 
from  the  Santa  Rita  Mountains  in  the  Jesup  Collection  of  North 
American  Woods  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
New  York,  is  thirty-one  inches  in  diameter  inside  the  bark,  and  is 


only  one  hundred  and  seventy-nine  years  old,  with  an  inch  and  five 
eighths  of  snpwood  showing  forty-seven  layers  of  annual  growth. 

«  See  vi.  94. 

'  See  viii.  92. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

Plate  DXLIV.    Pinvs  strobiformu. 

1.  A  branch  with  staminate  flowers,  natural  size. 

2.  A  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

3.  Bract  of  a  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 
Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  staminate  flower. 
An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 
An  anther,  side  view,  enlarged. 
A  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  size. 

8.  A  pistillate  flower  with  its  peduncle,  enlarged. 

9.  A  scalo  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  side,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 

10.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  its  bract,  enlarged. 

11.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

12.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  magniiied  fifteen  diameters. 


Plate  DXLV.     Pinus  strobiformis. 

1.  A  portion  of  a  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

2.  A  cone-scale,  upper  side,  with  its  seeds,  natural  size. 

3.  A  cone-scale,  lower  side,  natural  size. 


V 


%  ^ 


:^ 


'■  r 


A 


A  /ffr,-rf/tj-  (///-.'.r  ^ 


/rrtf . ./  r.i^i  ur  ParLr 


'•  r'  1 , 


Ij' 


'I! 


I 


'J 


SOliTJl   AAfKHlCA. 


CONfFEK/K 


'¥«<l.r  »r«  broadly  ovate.  aligiiUr  (lompnMml,  half  au  iiich  lung 

.   H  thin  dark   rod-lirown  lOftt  prodtiuni  iiiio  a  narrow  mai^n, 

f    i  wings  uluiut  ;iu  yijfhtb  ■•■   .m  i(i/>b  in  «  sltU. 

.'.t(!fed  nver  the  rocky  ridgi>(«  nod  t^  wdM  t.«f  tfa«  coikonii  of  tiie  Saitia 

,.'»h-Jii  Mniintaiits  of  soutln-.-ii    '       ■  .    ■  o'J  of  tl;';  Siprrn   MuHro  of 

.t  ,  f  .'ill.  Mui,  iifjvcr  foniiinjf 


( n.:0Hit«. 

':i>d  ;  it  k  ptUe 

.  ilrv  wuod 


.    •;ii  «ux  ti'  friglu  thousand  fiHil  aht 
:  'iingly  ahn^  tlie  lowtii-  uiar^^in  of  tli<   i 
''■ir'ifU  is  hwrd,  .•iltlioui'^ti  light,  not  si.; 
•  ,   I  i/,i..  />,ij.«i)od,  !»nd  con^'iins  thin  ino-onspicuous  liiii  : 
■I  bumf.rouB  obscnr*?  luttdisliary  rays.'     Tli«j  i<p<H.'ifiu  gravii. 
ibu-  toot  weighing  30.iS!)  poiui'JfH.     The  ra.ity  ui'  thib  tree  aud  the  iaMtotAifodity  of  ^he 
••  itr-nvsi  III  lhf»  I'ni'od  States  prevent  t''e  uhc  of  its  woo<l,  whicli  is  aa  vahiahic  .at  that  of 
A     ...  -teru  White  Pineu. 

PinuH  strobiformia  was  dwcoverod  by  Dr.  F.  A.  Wi-iliatijiny  in  (!hihnaljii:i  ii  Octolier,  184tj. 
-iud  was  first  found  ia  the  territory  of  the  Fniiod  Stat.'s  by  Dr.  J.  T.  Rothroi  k  "  ui  1  <7 1  on  tlie  Santa 
Uita  ISJoiintiiins  of  Ari/.ona. 

'  /'miw  ittr<'i'i/onmSf  e';nai<lonng  tic  liryntos  vt  tfc©  n'g-:t-(i*ii  iw-  ooly  f.n;-  litinUretl  nriii  se>cji).y-.iiiiKt  ypai»  ulti,  vitti'an  iacb  und  fi^p 

babitK,  ui.'fwam  tj  gr***  mih  colli, .tf.n:.'     i.-i.lUr      Th.    "K'tlni.'U  i;:hlhs  of  sapwixni  iih«wii>^  t'.irt.y-MVi^ii  !»yara  of  annuui  ^rowtli. 

fmm  the  S«iit»  Rilii  MougU.                                                           *'  Aw  «•■  W. 

AnwitMD  W«id»  U»  (V ■■*»■  ^  '^^  ***' 

New  York,  ie  Uuitv^oi! 


t    A  b;-a.n«b  ^n^.  »tiuu',."r.Ui 

'.;.  A  itjBiniaaMi  Hower,  onUrj,  .. 

3.  Bnwl  of  a  itimtiiuW  Hower,  eaUrgu-i. 

i.   Diagram  of  tKfi  itiToluore  of  the  «taminaU>  flowiT. 

r>.  All  antluT,  {ro:rt  vie**.  rnUrgffl. 

6.  An  anther,  nide  vwtr,  i-iilarjjwi 

7.  A  brsBch  with  pietillale  flower*    I  .."..,•.    i.-- 

8.  A  piiullat"  f!'>r/»r  with  it«  poinncic,  eulnrgod. 

S>,  A  stale  of  a  [.i»tillftt<?  Howpr,  ujiper  iMe,  iTilt.  \ii  m.df*,  I'tiargu'd. 
to.  A  icjJe  of  a  ))i  tillaw  (lowi-r,  '.t  .v.  r-  -Idp.  nith  'ti;  'irart.  e!i!iui,'rd. 

11.  Tip  i/f  a  Umf.  s-olari^il. 

12.  OrosR  «f.i'   •■  :l   ■.'-.'    r  ^. 


1,  .^  portion  of  n  ii'i;tin(;T*i»ne!>.  iialnr:U  srr- 

2,  A  Ki'nt>«uUo,  cpper  «i<(c,  with  it*  ««<■ 


'";■? 
fill, 

lit. 
-)■ 
iiig 


Silvi  of  North   America, 


Tab    nXL'.V. 


.f 


ia,i 


i 


(■     1 


f  £Fa.Tnn  .iW. 


Snt  //u^ift'tj  re 


PINUS   STROBIFORMIS,  l-r.oelm. 


A  /iii'rr^ur   ciir^.r  ■ 


Inip.S.  Tiifieur  P^zrU 


a  ■ 


'4) 


'ti^ 


.1. 


Vi- 


,i0t>' 


:mij^. 


i    ■  I 


'i  -  -I'l 


,  :•?«(«»' 


r*^ 


.^/ffi^i"     •-•-•«*^' 


wga^" 


y 


'^^j^'***^^^ 


,^' 


/     1 


W  /iti.\-^-iruuT  i£irar^ 


Imp  ./  Tan/^ur  Paru 


r 


r 


I'll 


■ 


11' 
i  1 


oilva  of  Nnr'h  Am(inf.« 


Tab    DXLV 


;  (|: 


A'  f:  Ki.n-n  ./^Z 


£'m  f/i^n^it 


PINUS   STROBIFORMIS,  i'nge'.m 


A  liw.fi-ua-  cur£ir- 


/•nf   J  Ttirtrur  .^..trij^ 


CUNUrEKiK. 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


PINUS   PLEXILIS. 


White  Pine. 


Leaves  in  5-Iouved  clusters,  thick,  rigid,  from  IJ  to  3  inches  in  length, 
from  3  to  10  inches  long,  their  scales  rounded  or  pointed  at  the  upcx. 


Cones 


Plnus  flexllU,  Jumei,  Lutuj'a  Kjrjieil.  ii.  34  (1823).  —Tof 
rey,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  -4!);  Pacific,  Ji.  H.  Hep.  iv.  pt. 
V.  141.  —  Engulmniiii,  lyinlixennn  Memoir  of  a  Tour  to 
Northern  Meuico  {Semite  Doc.  1H4H),  Hot.  Appx.  102  i 
Am.  Jour,  Sci.  ter.  2,  xxxir.  331 ;  Ltnnita,  xxxiii.  388) 
Trans,  St.  Lunl»  Aeml.  ii.  208  ;  Rothrock  Wheeler's  Hep. 
vi.  257)  Jlrewer  &  U'litnon  /lot.  Val.  ii.  124.  —  NultiiU, 
Sijloa,  iii.  107,  t.  112.  —  LiniUey  &  (iorddii,  Jour.  Jlort. 
Soe.  Land,  t.  220.  —  Curribro,  Hev.  Ilort.  1804,  228;  Fl. 
del  Serrct,  ix.  201 ;  Traits  Contf.  310.  —  J.  M.  Bigelow, 
Pacijio  Ji.  R.  Hep.  iv.  pt.  v.  0,  20.  —  Gordon,  Pinetum, 
224.  —  Courtin,  F'nii.  Conif.  72.  —  Parry,  Tmiia.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  ii.  121.  —  Ilenkul  iV  HocliKtettor,  Syn.  Nadelh. 
120.  —  (Nelson)  Senilis,  Pinacea;  112.  —  Bolander, /"roe. 
Cul.  Acad,  iii.  318.  —  Hoopes,  Eoergreena,  131,  f.  18.  — 
S^n^lauze,  Conif.  112.  —  Parlatorc  lie  CandoUe  Prodr. 
xvi.  pt.  ii.  403  (in  part).  — Watson,  King's  Rep,  v.  p.  xxviii. 
332.  —  Bothrock,  PI.  Wheeler,  27,  60 )  Wheeler's  Rep.  yi 
9.  —  Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado ;  Hayden  Surv.  Mise, 
P%ih.  No.  4,  130.  —  A.  Murray,  Qard.  Chron.  n.  ger.  iii. 
106)  iv.  3f)6  (in  part),  f.  75.  —  Ili'msley,  IM.  liiol.  Am. 
C«H<.  iii.  187.  —  Lawson,  Pinetum  lirit.  i.  33,  f,  1. — 
Sargent,  Forest  Trees  N.  Am.  10/A  Census  U.  S.  ix. 
188.  —  Lanehe,  Deutsche  Dendr.  ed.  2,  113.  —  Coulter, 
Man.  Rocky  Mt.  hot.  431.  — Tweedy,  Garden  and  For- 


est, i.  130  (Forest!  of  the  Yellowstone  National  Park).— 
Lemmon,  Rej).  California  State  Rmrd  Forestry,  ii.  70,  84 
(Pines  of  the  Pacijic  Slope) ;  West-American  Cnne-Rear- 
ers,  23. —  Steele,  Proc.  Am.  Pharm.  Assoc.  1880,  233 
(The  Pines  of  CalfJ'omia).  —  Mayr,  Wald.  Nordam, 
."MS,  t.  7,  f.  —  Beissner,  Ilandb.  Nadelh.  273.  —  Maxteri, 
Jour.  R.  Ilort.  Sue.  xiv.  229.  —  Hansen,  Jour.  R.  Ilort, 
Soe.  xiv.  300  (Pinetum  Danicuin).  —  Coville,  Contrib, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  iv.  221  (Hot.  Death  Valley  Exped.).— 
Kueline,  Deutsche  Dendr.  31. 

PinuB  Lambertiana,  ji'i,  Hooker,  Fl.  liur.-Am.  ii.  161 
(1839). 

Pinus  Lambertiana,  ?  H  brevifolia,  Kndliclier,  Syn.  Co- 
nif. 150  (1847).  — Lindley  &  Gordon,  Jour.  Jhrt.  Soo, 
Lond.  v.  215.  — Carribre,  Traiti  Conif.  ed.  2,  404. 

Pinus  flexilis,  var.  a  serrulata,  Engelinann,  Rothrock 
Wheeler's  Rep.  vi.  258  (1878). 

Pinus  flexilis,  /i  macrocarpa,  Engelnmnn.  Rothrock 
Wheeler's  Rep.  vi.  258  (1878).  —  Coville,  Contrib.  U.  S, 
Nat.  Herb.  iv.  221  (Bot.  Death  Valley  Exped.).  —  Lem- 
nioii,  West-American  Cone-Bearers,  23. 

?  Pinus  reflexa,  Kusby,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix.  80 
(1882). 

Pinus  flexilis  megalocarpa,  Sudwortli,  Bull.  No.  14,  D'to. 
Forestry  U.  S.  Dept.  Ayric.  16  (1897). 


A  tree,  usually  forty  or  fifty  feet  in  height,  with  a  short  massive  trunk  from  two  to  four  or  rarely 
five  feet  in  diameter,  but  occasionally  seventy  or  eighty  feet  high,  and  stout  long-per.si.stiiig  branches ; 
or  at  high  elevations  on  the  mountain  ranges  of  central  Nevada  reduced  to  a  spreading  shrub  with 
stems  only  two  or  three  feet  tall.  During  its  early  years  the  short  stout  flexible  branches  stand  out 
from  the  stem  at  right  angles  in  regular  whorls,  forming  a  narrow  open  pyramid ;  but  at  tlie  end  of 
from  fifty  to  one  hundred  years  some  of  the  lower  branches  begin  to  grow  more  rapidly  than  the  others, 
pushing  out  in  graceful  upward  curves,  while  several  of  the  stoutest  of  the  upper  branches  ascend, 
and  thus  a  low  round-topped  broad-based  head  is  formed.'  On  young  stems  and  branches  the  bark  is 
thin,  smooth,  and  light  gray  or  silvery  white;  on  older  trunks  it  breaks  into  small  thin  dark  brown 
plates  tinged  with  red  and  covered  by  small  thin  scales ;  and  on  large  trunks  it  becomes  from  one  to 
two  inches  in  thickness  and  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  and  divides  by  deep  fissures  into  broad  ridges 
broken  into  nearly  square  plates,  which  are  covered  by  small  closely  appressed  scales.  The  brancblets 
are  stout  and  very  tough,  and  when  they  first  appear  are  light  orange-green  and  clothed  with  soft  fine 
pubescence ;  usually  they  soon  become  glabrous,  and  during  their  first  winter  they  are  light  orange- 
browu  or  pale  gray,  gradually  growing  a  darker  orange-color  or  sometimes  brown  tinged  with  purple. 
The  winter  branch-buds  are  broadly  ovate,  and  narrowed  into  slender  points,  and  are  covered  by 

»  Oanlrn  and  Forest,  x.  102,  f .  19. 


I 


I   1 


11 


?1 


96 


aiLVA    UF  N OUT II   AMKHICA. 


coNircuA. 


uvute-laiiceolate  luoiiely  inibrivated  li|;lit  clieitiiut-bruwii  Hculeit  M-urioun  on  the  marginK,  the  torniinol 

bud  \mng  ul)out  liulf  uii  incli  loiiff  iiiid  u  ijiuirtvr  of  nn  inch  broad  and  n)>iirly  twicu  iih  liirgK  um  the 

lati'rul  budM.     The  luavcs  aru  borne  in  Hve-luavvd  cluHti>rs,  and  during  tliu  wint«>r  aro  inclowd  in  ininnte 

conipri'HHod  dark  green   budn  uovured  witii   |mh>  M-urfy  pubeHcence.     The  Itud-HcaleH  when  fully  grown 

are  thin,  white   and  luittrouH,  or  pale  cheHtnut-broKii,  and   form  a  I'loite  narrow   Hheath  about   three 

quartern  of  an  inch  long,  and  early  deciduouN.     The  leaven  are  Htout,  rigid,  Nliarp-pointed  with  callouii 

tipN,  entire,  or  rarely  H]iaringly  Herrate  toward  the  apex,  dark  green,  and  UHually  about  two  ineheN  long, 

but  vary  from  an  incii  and  a  half  to  three  incheM  in  length  ;  they  aru  marked  with  from  one  to  four 

rowH  of  ventral  Htomata,  and  contain  a  ningiu  tibro-vascular  bundle  and  two  dorwil  and  occaHionally  aUo 

one  ventral  ri'Min  duct  Hurrounded   l)y  thin-walled  Htrengthening  ccIIh  ; '  they  form   dciiHC  tuftH  at   the 

endit  of  the  brancheH,  and  moHtly  fall  during  their  fifth  and  Hixth  yearH.     The  Htaminate  llowerH,  which 

are  borne  in  nhort  npikcH,  are  oval  aiid  about  half  an  inch  long,  with   retldiHli  antherH  tipped  witli  Hhort 

Bpur-like  creHtH,  and  are  Hurrounded  by  eight  or  nine  involucral   liractN.     The  piHtiilate  tlowerii  are 

■ubterminal,  duHtered,  about  half  an  inch  long,  bright  red-purple,  and  nearly  MCHHile  or  Hhort-Htalke<l,  their 

thick  peduncieH  being  covered  with  ovate  acute  perHinttuit  cheNtnut-brown  bractn  HcariouH  on  the  margins 

and  from  one  third  to  nearly  one  half  an  inch  in  length.     In  the  autumn  the  young  coneK  are  erect, 

from  three  (piartera  of  an   inch  to  an   inch  long,  about  half  an  inch  broad,  and  light  reddixli   brown  ; 

they  become  horizontal,  and  grow  rapidly  <luring  the  following  npring,  and  when  the  HowerN  open, 

which  ie  late  in  <Fnne,  or  at  the  north  early  in  July,  they  have  attained  about  two  thirdn  of  their  full 

size ;  and  when  fully  grown  in  8e[>tcmber  they  are  oval  or  Hubcylindrical,  horizontid  and  HubiiettHile, 

or  Hiightly  declining  on  Htout  ]M>duncleH  HometimeH  half  an  inch  in  length,  light  green,  from  three  to 

ten  inches  long'  and  about  an  inch  and  a  half  wide,  with  thick  scalcH  rounded  at  the  broad  or  Homewhat 

narrowed  apex,  which  itt  occaHionally  ttlightly  retlexed,  and  ii*  tipped  with  a  thickened  dark  umbo, 

the  lower  nterile  scales  being  narrow  and  Htrongly  reHexed ;  the  cones  ripen  and  ulied  their  seeds  in 

September ;  the  ex])OHed  portions  of  the  scales  then  turn  light  brown,  and  the  others  dull  light  red, 

most  of  the  cones  falling  from  the  branches  late  in  the  sjime  autumn.     The  seeds  are  oval,  compressed, 

and  from  one  third  to  one  half  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  are  covered  by  a  dark  red-brown  coat  mottled 

with  bbick,  and  produced  into  a  narrow  margin ;  their  wings  are  thin,  dark  reddish  brown,  and  about 

one  twelfth  of  an  inch  wide,  and  generally  remain  atttuihed  to  the  scales  when  the  seeds  fall ;    the 

cotyledons  vary  from  six  to  nine  in  nuntber. 

The  Rocky  Mountain  White  Pine  is  distributed  along  the  eastern  base  of  the  continental  divide 
from  Bow  River  in  Alberta,  where  it  grows  on  the  liver  cliffs  from  near  Calgary  to  Morleyvillc,' 
southward  to  western  Texas,  where  it  occurs  on  the  Guadalu|)e  and  Limpio  Mountiius;*  it  ranges 
westward,  usually  at  elevations  of  from  five  to  ten  thousand  feet  above  the  sea-level,  over  the  mountains 
of  Wyoming,  Montana,  Colorado,  Utah,  Nevada,  and  southwestern  California,  where  it  has  been  found 
on  the  Inyo  and  Panamint  Mounttiins  growing  with  PinuK  (iri.statd,'^  to  the  eastern  slopes  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  where  it  is  rare  from  Mono  Pass  east  of  the  Yosemite  V^ alley  at  elevations  of 
from  eight  to  nine  thousand  feet  above  the  sea  southwarti  to  Kearsarge  Pass,  crossing  the  Sierras  to 
the  south  side  of  the  canon  of  the  south  fork  of  King's  Uiver,  where  it  occurs  at  heights  of  from  ten 
thoustind  five  hundred  to  nearly  twelve  thousand  feet  above  the  sea  ;  °  it  spreads  over  the  mountain 


'  Coulter  &  Rose,  Hot.  Gmrltt,  xi.  'ifll. 

*  The  lotij(c'8t  coneH  are  |inMlnce«l  liy  trees  f^rowing  on  ihe  Sun 
FraiK'isro  I'eakif  of  nurtlu'rii  Arizona  at  olevationii  of  alHxit  cifrlit 
thoti.saiiil  ft't't  abovi>  the  Rfa-lrvcl  ninl  on  th<*  incmntaiitK  of  suutliern 
Arizona  (tlie  var.  iiuirriirnrfxt  of  Kn^olinann  and  tin*  var.  tiieffalit- 
carim  of  Sudworth).  The  name  treen,  liowevor,  l)ear  cones  ^. trying 
from  four  to  tt-n  ini-lies  in  lenj^tli  (Het-  plate  dxlvii.),  and  although 
the  leaves  nn  this  form  are  slijjhtlr  more  slender  and  oecaaioually 
somewhat  serrulate  towanl  the  apex,  it  can  liarilly  be  considered  a 
botanical  variety,  m  Pinui  Jtexili;  in  the  noithem  Rocky  Moun- 


taitu,  varies  greatly  in  the  size  of  its  cones  and  in  the  thickness  of 
its  leaves.  It  is  probahiy  the  larfye-concd  southern  form  which  is 
most  cominun  on  the  mountains  of  eastern  Arizona  and  of  New 
Mexiuo,  and  wUiob  has  sometimes  been  referred  to  I'iniu  tirobi- 
fnrmix. 

'•■  Macoun,  Cnl.  Can.  J'l.  iOn. 

•  lla-vanl,  /'rw.  U.  S.  ffni.  Mus.  viii.  fiO,'). 

"  Mcrriam,   Nnrlh  Aiofriean  Fauna,  No.  7,  340  (Death   Valley 
Exped.  ii.). 

•  Teste  John  Muir. 


\w 


rEu^,. 


CONirKHA. 


tiJL^'A    OF  NOHTU  AML'UIVA. 


m 


nngv»  of  New  Muxico  aiid  iiortliurii  Arizunu,  ({onurully  at  elovutionit  of  from  Mvon  to  ei^bt  thouMincl 
fe«t,  mid  IH  icuttered  throu){h  tlit-  forvittH  uf  the  tluiichucii  and  Chiricahua  MountaitiH  of  southern 
Arizona,  /'inim  Jhriliii  nioHt  frc<|iii>titly  ^rowH  Hiii){ly  or  in  itniitll  proven  amonff  other  conifum,  hut  it 
thtt  principal  true  on  tlit>  iippur  fonthillH  of  tho  uiiNtorn  iihipu  of  tliu  KiM'Icy  MountairiM  in  Montana, 
wht>ri!  it  ruuiainit  low  and  rounil-tii|)|>cd,  forniiii);  an  o|M)n  ituntvd  fortmt ;  and  on  many  of  tliu  ran^ei 
of  I'vntral  Nuvada  on  Hh)|>f)t  and  l)tinuliuH  from  Hovvn  to  tun  thouwind  f<>ut  ahovu  thu  Moaditvul  it  makes 
extenrnve  opnn  foroHtH,  and  in  tliu  nioHt  valiiahlo  tinilior-trmi,  K'^i'iK  ^'"'  <>'""*'  of  White  I'inti  to  several 
mountain  ran){«N  and  distrietH,'  and  attuininj^  its  larijest  size  on  the  mountains  of  northern  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona.' 

Tho  wood  of  PiiiiiH  flfj-iHa  in  li;jht,  (toft,  and  clomj-jfrainnd ;  it  is  paU'  clear  yellow,  turning  rod  on 
exposure  to  the  itir,  with  thin  nearly  white  wipwooti,  and  containM  ineonspiciiouH  narrow  liandH  of  Hinall 
■ummer  celU,  nuinerouH  lar^e  rcHiii  paHwifreH,  and  many  prominent  medullary  rays.  The  Hpecitie  (gravity 
of  the  ahHohitely  dry  wood  is  U.lli^H,  a  cubic  foot  wei){liin)f  27.10  poundH.  In  northern  Montana,  in 
central  Nevada,  Utah,  and  New  Mexico,  it  is  KOinetimes  manufactured  into  lumhor  which  is  full  of 
knots  hut  is  used  in  construction  and  for  various  domestic  purposes. 

J'IniiH  Jlexil'm  was  discovered  in  1820  in  Colorado  near  the  base  of  Pike's  Peak  by  Dr.  Edwin 
James,'''  the  naturalist  and  surj^eon  of  Long's  Expedition  to  the  Rocky  MountaiiiH.  It  was  probably 
introduced  into  cultivation  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Parry,*  who  Hrst  visited  Colorado  in  iWil,  and  (rathered  the 
leeds  of  several  coniferous  trees.  In  the  eastern  United  States  it  has  grown  very  slowly,  and  gives  no 
promise  of  becoming  a  valuable  garden  ornament ;  but  in  flurope  it  is  more  vigorous,  and  one  specimen, 
at  least,  has  produced  cones  in  England." 


'  Nargent,  Am.  Jour.  Sri.  wr. ;),  ivii.  420  {The  Foretli  o/  Cmlral 
Nivalin). 
''  8oe  Merriam,  North  American  Fauna,  No.  3,  12t. 
•  See  ii.  06. 
«  See  vii.  130. 


'  Piin  ig  the  autumn  of  1800  a  upecimen  of  Piniu  JttxitU  in  the 
Roynl  (lurtlunH  at  Krw  produced  eoiica  (The  (iarileu,  li.  73). 
This  trev  in  twenty-Hvo  fcit  liiKh,  with  a  trunk  two  fret  nine  inchct 
in  rir'  unifi'rencp  nt  the  \mno,  and  two  feet  in  ciroutufereneo  at  sii 
feet  ubuvu  the  surface  of  the  ground. 


W' 


I    11 


mi 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

Plate  DXLVI.     Pixus  flexilw. 

1.  A  branch  with  stamiimte  flowers,  natural  size. 

2.  A  staminale  flower,  enlarged. 

3.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  staminatc  flower. 

4.  An  anther,  side  view,  enlarged. 

o.  An  end  of  a  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  siie. 

6.  A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  side,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 

8.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

9.  A  cone-scale,  upper  side,  with  its  seeds,  natural  size. 

10.  A  cone-scale,  lower  side,  enlarged. 

11.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

12.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

13.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

14.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  magnified  fifteen  diameters. 

15.  AVinter  branch-buds,  natural  size. 


♦  lii 


Plate  DXLVII.     Pin"u«  "'lkxilis.     (From  northern  Arizona.) 

1.  A  branch  with  young  cones,  natural  size. 

2.  A  cone,  natural  size. 

3.  A  cone,  natural  size. 

4.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 


1^     /  \ 


7at   DXLV: 


llfrP-, 


^ 


,■*«,.. 


"^^U., 


•4^^^^i. 


^ 


I 


'  ii 


A  Hu^.Ttnt.7'  t/irnr 


Imp  <.  ^  7'afi4U4t\  J'iiru- 


I  ^  ! 


Mil 


Sllv 


m 


\ 


"«'*t. 


Silva  of  North  America  . 


Tab.  DXLVI. 


/"if'/iwc'i  lityi 


TtAirim^  j-r . 


PINUS  FLEXILIS     \imes 


A  /iii'^-TfUt^r  (ii/;\ 


Imf  J 'J'ancur  J'ar:.' 


\ 


5'1 

;■ . 

I, 


I!  • 


M:'  ''\ 


\    :   .. 


i| 


li 


i-  I     III 


w 


ki 


3!''  J 


M 


■   T 


,  1^ 


-S 


"^i. 


I'al.    l)XL\;l 


^•^"^ 


7 


s 


:^ 


I    .,   .    /Xh 


iV 


t.r- 


f 


A  :tun7U'n.r  tiiff 


^1 


!  ■; 
l*ii  t. 


<  ''ft  ' 


'I 


^ 


3 


Silva  of  North   America. 


Tab.DXl.VII. 


I'l: 


r.  K.yiiufi'i '//'/. 


hm.  liirtt'i'u  jr. 


PIMUS    FTEXl  LIS,  James 


.<  :fioiTt*fi.r  r//>'' 


Imp. .  I  Jihnmu:  J^ufi 


U  : 


I 


1 


COMIVKUA. 


81LVA   OF  NORTH  AMEHWA. 


a9 


PINUS   ALBIOAULIS. 

White  Pine. 

Leavkh  in  /i-lcaved  clusters,  thick,  rigid,  from  \\  to  2A  inches  in  length.  Cones 
oval  or  HubgloboHo,  from  1^  to  3i  inches  long,  their  scales  much  thickened,  dark 
purple,  terminating  in  btout  incurved  nearly  triangular  tips. 


Pinus  albioaulU,  Kti)(nltnunn,  Tram.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii. 
2<K>  (l«(i;i)  i  LIniiiiii,  xxxiii.  .')lM)i  Jlot.  Gaxette,s\\.  4. — 

Hull,  lliit.  (Inxflli;  ii.  1(4 Lnw»on,  Pinetiim  lirit.  i. 

1,  f.  1-4.  —  Hnrgont,  Fomt  Tmeii  JV.  Am.  lOth  Census 
U,  S,  \x.  ISO.  —  Honker  f.  Oaril.  Citron,  n.  ner.  xxiv.  9. 
f.  1,  2.  —  I/Oiiiiiiiiii,  Ui^/i.  Cdllfnnild  State  /hard  Forestry. 
ii.  70,  S4,  t,  (  /'///(•«  iif  till'  I'lin^/li!  Sln/ie) ;  West-American 
Ciiiw-tleiirrrs,  'i\,  —  Htcele,  I'ror,  Am.  I'harvi.  Assnr. 
1889,  2'M  (TliH  I'lnes  of  Catl/ornia).  —  Mayr,  Walil. 
Norilam.  ;i.'4,  t,  7,  f,  —  HciwinBr,  llamlli.  Nadelh.  274.  — 
Miidturii,  ./(///;•.  H,  llort,  Soil,  xlv.  225.  —  Hanson,  Jour. 


R.  Hort.  Soc.  xiv.  345  (Finetum  Danicum).  —  Koehne, 

Deiitsehe  Dentlr.  31. 
PinUB  flexUis,  A.  Murray.  Krp.  Oreijon  Exped.  1,  t.  2,  f.  1 

(not  .lames)  (1853) Lyull,  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  vii.  142.  — 

Pai'latoie,  Dc  Cundolh  I'rodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  403  (in  part). 
Pinus  cembroldes,  Newberry,  Faciji,:  H.  Ii.  Fep.  vi.  pt. 

iii.  44,  90,  f.  15  (not  Zuccarini)  (1857). 
Pinus  Sliaata,  Carri^ro,  Traite  Conlf.  ed.  2,  390  (1867). 
Pinus    flezilis.   var.    albioauljs,  £n)relmann.   Brewer  & 

fl'atson    hot.    Cat.    ii.    124    (1880).  —  Coulter,    Man. 

Focky  Mt.  Hot.  432. 


A  tree,  twenty  or  thirty  or  rarely  sixty  feet  in  lieight,  with  a  short  or  rarely  elongated  trunk  from  two 
to  four  feet  in  diamotor,  or  often  at  high  altitudes  a  low  slirub  with  wide-spreading  stems.  During  its 
early  years  the  stout  branches,  wliich  are  so  flexible  that  tliey  may  be  tied  into  knots,  are  arranged  in 
regular  whorls  and  stand  out  from  the  stem  at  right  angles,  forming  a  narrow  compact  pyramid ; '  later, 
several  of  llie  specialixed  upper  branches  grow  much  more  rapidly  tha.i  the  others  or  than  those  below 
them,  and,  turning  upward,  stand  at  acute  angles  with  the  stem,  forming  an  open  very  irregular  compar- 
atively broad  head.  The  bark  at  the  base  of  old  trunks  is  sometimes  half  an  inch  in  thickness,  although 
on  the  body  of  the  stem,  on  young  trees,  and  on  the  large  branches  it  is  usually  not  more  than  from  one 
eiglitli  to  one  quarter  of  an  inch  thick,  and  is  broken  by  narrow  fissures  into  thin  light  brown  or 
creamy  wliito  plate-like  whales  which  when  they  fall  disclose  the  light  reddish  brown  inner  bark.  The 
branchiets  are  stout,  pttborulous  sometimes  during  two  years,  or  glabrous  before  their  first  winter,  dark 
red<lish  hrown  or  rather  brigiit  orange-color,  and  after  they  shed  their  leaves  much  roughened  by  the 
prominent  scars  left  by  the  falling  of  the  bud-scales.  The  winter  branch-buds  are  broadly  ovate, 
acute,  and  (jovi-red  liy  Inoscly  iinb>'icated  pale  chestnut-brown  scales,  the  terminal  bud  being  often  halt 
an  inch  long  and  from  one  tiii.d  to  nearly  one  half  of  an  inch  wide,  and  much  larger  than  the  lateral 
buds.  Thi'  IcaveH  are  arranged  in  clusters  of  five,  with  deciduous  pale  chestnut-brown  sheaths  about 
half  an  'uw\i  in  length,  the  inner  bud-scales  being  oblong-obovate  and  rather  prominently  ribbed,  and 
are  liornt?  in  dcnsc!  tufts  at  the  ends  of  naked  branches  ;  they  are  slightly  incurved,  stout  and  rigid, 
with  a  thick-walled  epidermis,  and  are  marked  with  from  one  to  three  rows  of  dorsal  stoniata ;  they  are 
dark  green,  acute,  and  «.ntire  on  the  margins,  and  usually  about  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length,  although 
on  trees  in  slieltcrcd  positiotis  sometimes  nearly  three  inches  long,  and  contain  a  single  fibro-vascular 
bundle  and  two  dorsal  and  soiiietimes  also  a  ventral  resin  passage  surrounded  by  strengthening  cells;'* 
the  leaves  on  some  triu's  liegiii  to  fall  in  their  fifth  seu.son  and  drop  irregularly,  many  of  them  remainmg 
on  the  branches  for  three  years  longer,  while  on  other  trees  most  of  the  leaves  appear  to  persist  until 

'  In   opiMi'il  iicwitliiiiii  lire  lirniidhcs  snmotiinos  lengthen  i>nly      nia,  Miiir  has  found  branches  thirty-six  years  old  and  only  an 
from  out!  iM^Jitb  to  oiM-  i|UArifr  of  an  indi  during  iho  few  woolcs      cightli  of  an  inch  in  <liamcter. 
ol  tliu  yuui'  nuon  |;rowtlr  !•  iiomililr  ;  and  on  Mt.  Sliasta,  Califor-  ''  Coulter  &  Uose,  Hot.  Gazelle,  xi.  260. 


■  :i 


I 


Ii 


y^ 

( 111 
I 


f 


40 


SILVA    OF  NOliTII  AMKUK'A. 


CONIFKRA. 


? 


!l 


the  seventh  or  eipfhth  year.     The  Howers  opoii  from  the  timt  to  the  middlu  of  July,  or  as  soon  an  the 
mow  under  wliieh  this  tree  Ih  uHUiiUy  buried  for  ninny  month)*  of  the  year  has  melted  sufliviently  to 
expoHe  itH  branches  to  the  sun.     The  sbiminate  Howers  are  borne  in  short  spikes  and  are  oval,  witli 
scarlet  anthers  tipped  by  spni-like  crests,  and  surrounded  by  involucres  of  eif^lit  or  nine  bracts.     The 
pistillate  Howers  are  obloiifr,  sessile,   clustered,  about  one  third  of  an  inch  thick,  with  bright  scarlet 
scales,  and  are  surrounded  by  oblong-lanceolate  chestnut-brown  bracts.     The  young  cones  grow  but 
little  during  their  first  season,  and  in  the  winter  are  erect  and  hardly  more  than  half  an  inch  long ; 
the  following  summer  they  become  horizontal,  and,  increasing  rapidly  in  size  during  a  few  weeks,  are 
fully  jfrown  by  the  end  of  August,  when  they  are  oval  or  subglol)osc,  horizontal,  sessile,  and  from  an 
inch  and  a  half  to  three  inches  and  a  quarter  long,  with  nuich  thickened  gradually  pointed  purple 
scales,  the  exposed  portion  being  contracted  on  both  sides  to  a  sharp  edge  bearing  a  stout  nearly 
tri.ingular  more  or  less  incurved  dark  tip  ;  they  discharge  their  seeds  curly  in  the  atitumn  and  mostly 
full  before  winter.     The  seeds  are  ovate,  acute,  bubcylindrical  or  somewhat  flattened  on  one  side  by 
pressure  against  the  bracts  of  the  scales  above,  from  one  third  to  nearly  one  half  of  an  inch  in  length 
and  about  one  third  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  are  covered  with  a  dark  chestnut-brown  hard  thick  coat 
produced  into  a  narrow  margiiuil  border ;  their  wings  are  thin,  chestnut-brown,  and  about  one  thirty- 
second  of  an  inch  wide,  and  remain  attached  to  the  scales  when  the  seeds  fall ;  the  cotyledons  vary 
fnrni  seven  to  nine  in  number. 

I'lnux  ulhicmdls  inhabits  alpine  slopes,  growing  on  the  most  ex]iosed  ridges  at  elevations  of 
between  five  thousand  and  nearly  twelve  thousiuul  feet  above  the  sea-level,  and  mingling  in  the 
northern  Rocky  Mountains  below  with  i'(«(M  ^/t'a;t7(«,  and  above  with  Abiva  Insiocarpa,  aad  farther 
A-est  with  the  Mountain  Hendock  and  Ab!<M  Inxlorrtrpa.  Tt  forms  the  timber  line  on  many  of  the 
high  mountains  of  northwestern  Anierica,  where  it  is  distributed  from  about  latitude  .'53°  north  in  the 
Kooky  Mountains '  and  from  the  valley  of  the  Iltasyouco  River,'  southward  over  all  the  high  ranges 
of  southern  British  Columbia,  scmietimcs  descending  near  the  sea  to  altitudes  of  five  thousand  feet ;  in 
the  United  States  it  extends  southward  along  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Yellowstone  plateau  in 
northwestern  Wyoming,  where  it  is  common  about  the  head-waters  of  the  Gallatin,  Madison,  and  Snake 
Rivers,  often  descending  as  low  as  seven  thousand  five  hundred  feet  above  the  sea-level ;  ^  it  occurs 
on  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Washington  and  Oregon,  and  on  the  Powder  Uiver  and  Warner  Ranges  in 
eastern  Oregon,*  and  spreads  along  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Washington  and  Oregon,  where  it  is 
usually  found  at  elevations  of  about  six  thousand  feet ;  in  California  it  forms  extensive  groves  along 
the  timber  line  on  Mt.  Shasta  at  eight  thousand  feet  above  the  sea-level,  ranges  along  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  where  it  is  not  common,  to  the  slopes  of  Mt.  Whitney,'''  and  rea|)pear8  on  the  San  Bernardino 
Mountains,  finding  here  its  most  southerly  home,  and  forming  on  Grayback  the  upper  border  of  the 
forest  at  altitudes  of  between  ten  thoiLsand  five  hundred  and  eleven  thousand  six  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  feet." 

The  wood  of  Pinus  albicmclia  is  light,  soft,  brittle,  and  close-grained.  It  is  light  brown,  with 
thin  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contains  thin  bands  of  small  sununer  cells,  numerous  inconspicuous 
resin  passages,  and  obscure  medullary  rays.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.4165, 
a  cubic  foot  weighing  2.').%  pounds.  The  sweet  seeds  were  gathered  and  eaten  by  the  Indians, 
although  Clark's  Crow,  which  tears  the  cones  to  pieces  before  they  are  ripe  in  order  to  devour  the 
seeds,  left  them  only  scanty  harvests.' 


ing  (in 
WItll,  oil  I 
18,51,  «|, 
HouBe  < 


I 


'  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  PI.  466. 

'  G.  M.  Dawson,  Can.  Nnl.  n.  ncr.  ii.  328. 

■*  Twpedy,  (inrden  (iti'l  Forent,  i,  1,'JO  (Forests  of  the  Vfilltiwstttttf' 
ffmiimal  Purl). 

'  III  the  suraincrot  1890  Pinu:-  itl!,i,-aul'.i  wan  fonnil  on  tlio  hiKliest 
peaks  of  the  Warner  Ilango  cast  of  (ioose  Lake  by  Ur.  C.  Hart 
.Merriam. 


•  Coville,  Contrih.  U.  S.  A'n/.  I/erh.  iv.  2*21  (linl.  Death  Valley 
EipeiL). 

"  .S.  n.  Parish,  Zoi\  iv.  350. 

'  Newberry,  Populnr  Science  Monthly,  xzzii.  30  (Fixxl  and  Fibre 
Plants  of  the  North  American  Iiidiam). 


L 


CUMli'EllA. 


SUVA   OF  NOKTII  AMERICA. 


41 


PinuH  alhimullH  wiw  diMovenHl  on  the  2Ikl  of  September,  IHHl,  on  the  inountainH  nHing  from 
the  valley  of  the  lower  FruHer  Kiver,'  hy  .lolin  .leiVrey,"  wlio  Kent  the  Heedn  to  Scotland,  where  a  few 
pliintH  were  raiHed.  It  growu  very  ulowly  in  cultivation  and  Iuih  little  to  recommend  it  an  an  ornament 
of  the  park  or  garden.  On  bleak  mountain  ulopcH,  however,  Htruggling  bravely  on  the  advance  line 
of  tiiu  forcHt  agaiuHt  the  liardHhipH  which  cannot  Hubdue  it,  Pinus  ulbivaalitf  in  one  of  the  moHt 
picturesque  and  intercHting  coniferouM  trees  of  North  America. 


^  "  Pinus  ip.  DO.  !)0H.  Found  uti  tlio  Hunmiit  uf  ti  mountain  near 
Fort  Hopi!,  FrnMor'H  Rivor.  I  i-uuld  unly  tln<l  ii  few  M{>uuiniunii  of 
tliiii  trm)  on  whieli  then)  weru  ftuv  i-ouvr).  Thu  few  thut  were,  C'or- 
viiH  ColiinibiiiuuH  hud  deprived  them  of  neitrly  all  tlieir  Heedit. 
Lunvetf  in  llveH,  short  uiid  rl^id  ;  eouert  tinmll,  netuly  round  ;  biirk 
■iut>otli  ;  tree  30  ft.  hy  t  fi«»t  diuau'ter  ;  ^rowinjf  on  ^^runite  do- 
fftyed.  Kilt.  r»<»°  ;  eloviitiou  7,(MM)  feet.  Sept.  SM,  1H51.'*  (Fiom 
iin  nnpuliliiiht'd  luid  unduted  U'tter  of  Jeffrey  to  Prufenaor  .1.  H. 
Balfour  pruitervud  in  the  herbarium  uf  the  linytU  Giirdeus  ut  Edin- 
burgh.) 

^  The  birthpbieo  of  John  Jeffrey  and  the  datoH  of  \i\n  birth  and 
death  are  unknown.  On  the  *J'Jd  of  NoveinI)er,  IBM),  a  nu'iting  of 
gentlemen  intereHted  in  the  promotion  of  arboriculture  und  hor- 
tietdtnre  in  Seotland  was  held  ut  tlie  Dutunie  Ciarden  in  Kdin- 
burgh.  At  thiri  meeting  it  wum  deeided  to  -^eiid  to  wcHtern  North 
America  a  botuni.st  to  coUei-t  the  Heeds  of  tvvaSf  nhrnbs,  and  other 
plantH  Huitiible  for  the  deeonilioit  of  giinbuiH,  in  the  reginns  trav- 
ersed by  David  Douglas,  and  "  to  complete  his  researeheH  and  to 
extend  them  into  those  parts  of  the  country  not  fully  explored  by 
him."  A  fund  waH  raised  to  pay  the  expenses  of  this  expedition, 
the  .uioseribers  organizing  under  the  eiiairmanship  of  Professor 
J.  II,  Balfour,  and  designating  themselves  the  Oregon  llotanical 
Assoeiation,  John  Jeffrey,  a  young  gardener,  was  selected  by  the 
association  to  carry  out  its  work  ;  and  early  in  June,  18fiO,  be 
sailed  for  Hudson  Bay,  On  April  7,  1851,  Jeffrey  wrote  to  Pro- 
fessor Balfour,  from  .faspar  House  on  the  head-waters  of  the 
Atlmbasea  Hiver  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  that  ho  had  left  York 
Factory  on  the  liOth  of  August  of  the  previtius  year,  and,  travel- 
ing on  foot,  had  reached  Cumberland  House,  on  the  Saskatche- 
wan, on  the  tith  of  October  and  bad  remained  there  until  January, 
1851,  when  ho  proceeded  up  the  Saskatchewan,  reaching  Jaspar 
House  on  the  21st  of  March.     From  Jaspar  House  Jeffrey  crossed 


the  Roeky  Mountains  by  the  Athabasca  Pass,  reaohed  the  Colum- 
bia River,  and  descended  it  to  Fort  Cidville,  a  few  miles  abuve 
the  muntli  of  Culville  River,  where  he  arrived  about  llie  IMUh  of 
May,  IHol.  Thence  be  traveled  to  the  northwest  to  the  Fraser 
River,  which  he  descended  to  Vancouver  Island,  contiiniing  to 
collect  (luring  the  remainder  of  the  seastui  in  southern  British  ('o« 
lumbia  and  about  Mt.  Baker  in  northern  Washington,  and  prot>- 
ably  oxpturing  higher  attituden  than  any  of  his  predecessors,  as  he 
discovered  at  tiiis  tinu>  such  alpine  trees  as  i'inus  alhiraiUin  and 
Patton's  Sprnoe.  The  following  year  he  went  southward  to  Wash- 
ington and  Oregon  as  fur  as  Mt.  Shasta,  and  on  Scott  Mountain 
in  nortliern  California  discovered  Pinm  lial/oimnrui  and  iUnun  Jff- 
J'nyi.  In  IH."):!  Jeffrey  euntiuue<l  to  collect  in  southern  Oregon  and 
northern  Califoiiiia,  and  in  the  autumn  of  that  year  rcaclu-d  Sati 
Francisco.  Tlic  plants  collected  by  him  in  IHoM  were  the  last  that 
Jeffrey  sent  to  Kdinburgh,  and  his  connection  with  tho  association 
ceasetl  at  this  time.  Afterward  he  appears  to  have  gone  to  Sun 
Diego,  California,  with  tho  intention  of  crossing  the  Colorado  Desert 
to  Fort  Ynnui ;  and  in  attempting  to  penetrate  the  desert  alone  he 
probably  perished  of  thirst,  as  nothing  more  was  heard  uf  him. 
(See  CoviUe,  /Voe.  liiol.  Soc.  Wa.ihini/toH,  x'l.  57  [The  Itiuerartf  of 
JuhnJfffrnj,  an  mrhf  fiotamcal  Krplorer  of  western  North  America'}.) 
In  one  of  the  printed  lists  of  plants  collected  by  Jeffrey  sent 
out  by  Mr.  Andrew  Murray,  tho  secretary  of  the  Oregon  Botani- 
cal Association,  to  the  subscribers,  and,  although  without  date,  ap- 
piii'iitly  issued  in  185.1,  are  first  described  Ahien  amcolnr,  here  called 
I*tirii  Imiwnrpfi  (not  I^imia  UmiH'urpUt  Hooker),  IHnuK  Ihiljhitriana, 
lUtim  Jfjf'rei/i,  I'inm  ^furru^/a)Hl,nn^\  Phuts  o/ft/cfiufw,  here  referred 
to  PirtH.t  jhnlis.  This  now  rare  paper  contains  figures  of  Piuus 
Jeffreifi,  Pinus  alhicaulin,  Ptnm  atlenuata,  here  called  Pinus  tuhercn- 
lata,  Pinii.s  HnlfoHriana,  Piuus  Murraifana,  Ahips  conrohr,  Tauga 
Pattoniit  and  Ltbocedrus  decurrens,  here  called  Thuja  Craigana. 


with 


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23  WeST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  S72-4S03 


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EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 

Plate  DXLVIIL    Pinus  albicaulis. 

1.  An  end  of  a  branch  with  staniinate  flowers,  natural  size. 

2.  A  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

3.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  staminate  flower. 

4.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 

5.  An  anther,  side  view,  enlarged. 

6.  An  end  of  a  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  siae. 

7.  A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  under  side,  with  its  bract,  enlarge<l. 

9.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  side,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 

10.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

11.  A  cone-scale,  upper  side,  natural  size. 

12.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

13.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

14.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

15.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  magnified  fifteen  diameters. 


tl     i 


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PINUS    ALBICAULIS, 

EniSelm. 

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rnr   F.tt^.f 

'is 


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u^'4en.  iiLoturiLL  ait!. 
'iirjHtfl  tit. WIT. 


'•.  r 


Silva  of  North   America 


Tab.  DXLVni. 


I'  K Fiij-.-n  .M. 


PINUS    ALBICAULIS,    ■  .lo-In-. 


.-/  liw,  r-'u^r  .itrcr  ' 


/"y    . '  r,t/}t-nr    Ptti 


Hh 


I,  k\ 


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COmVBBJC. 


BILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


48 


PINUS   QUADRIPOLIA. 
Nut  Fine.    Plflon. 

Leaves  in  3  to  S-leaved  clusters,  stout,  glaucous,  \\  to  1|  incheN  in  length.    Cones 
subglobose,  li  to  2  inches  broad. 


PinuB  quadrifolia,  Sudworth,  BiM.  No.  14,  Div,  Forettry, 

U.  8.  Dept.  Agrie.  17  (1897). 
Plnus  Llaveana,  Torrey,  Bot.  Hex.  Bound.  Surv.  208,  t 

53  (not  Schlechtendid)  (1869).  —  Bolwider,  Proa.  Col. 

Aead.  iii.  318. 
Pinua  Parrynna,  Engelmann,  Am,  Jour.  Sei.  ser.  2,  zxdv. 

332  (not  Gordon)  (1862) ;  Brewer  &  Watton  Bot.  Col. 

ii.   124.  —  Parlatore,   De   Candotle   Prodr.   xvi.   pt.    ii. 

402.  —  Kellogg,  Fortst  Trees  of  California,  49.  —  Sar- 


gont,  Forest  Trees  If.  Am.  lOth  Oeimt  If,  H,  In.  189.  — 
Lammon,  Rep.  Califomlu  State  Jiimi'il  Fiifiuti'y,  )l,  72, 
89,  t  (Pines  of  the  Paeljlo  Slo/ie)  i  Wtlt-AmtftMn  Cone- 
Bearers,  28,  t,  3.  —  HueU,  l>m,  Am,  J'harm.  Auon. 
1889,  234  (The  Pines  of  Cat{flm{<i).~^U»yt,  WaU. 
Nordam.  ^7, 1 7,  f.  —  lieiMwi',  J/mullh  NuaIsUu  266.  — 
Masters,  Jour.  R.  llort.  Hoe,  »iv,  ilW,  —  llHHMti,  Juxir. 
R.  Hort.  Soo.  xiv.  380  (Plnetiim  /*«///*»««(),=- Koehne, 
Deittsche  Dendr.  33,  —  H.  B,  V»Mt.  %ii»,  Iv,  300, 


A  tree,  from  thirty  to  forty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  eig;Ut<wii  Uwhe»  \n  dintneter. 
During  ita  first  years  the  yoiug  plant,  like  all  the  Nut  Pines,  bears  only  priiiiiu'y  Uumm )  tlione  are 
linear-lanceolate,  entire,  strongly  keeled,  about  an  inch  long,  very  glaucous,  and  iimikiid  with  (U)tiii|)icuou8 
bands  of  stomata;  at  the  end  of  five  or  six  years  they  are  shorter  and  begin  to  hmt  ill  tiii*ir  tix'iU  the 
buds  of  leaf-clusters ;  as  these  develop,  the  primary  leaves,  which  gradually  beooiiie  ftiimlliti'  ntul  bract- 
like,  wither  and  fall,  and  the  plant  assumes  its  adult  appearance.'  The  H':out  f*preiuliii|yf  britiiuheit  form  a 
compact  regular  pyramid,  the  broad  base  often  resting  on  the  ground,  and  in  old  a^«  it  Umite  ruund- 
topped  irregular  head  surmounting  the  short  stem.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  in  ditrk  bi'uwii  tiiif^ed  with 
red,  from  one  half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  divided  by  hIiuIIuw  (iMlii'(«H  iuto  broad 
flat  connected  ridges  covered  by  thick  closely  appressed  plate-like  scales.  Tlix  Iti'iiliiililuto  tire  stout, 
and  when  they  first  appear  are  coated  with  short  soft  pubescence,  and  are  mttdi*  C(iiiN]iii*iiM'.it  by  the 
large  broadly  oval  light  brown  scales  of  the  branch-buds,  which  cover  them  before  the  leuM)iid»  begin 
to  lengthen  and  do  not  disappear  until  the  end  of  their  second  season,  when  the  bi'midliliitM  immtm  light 
orange-brown,  growing  darker  and  more  or  less  tinged  with  red  in  their  thiid  y^iii',  In  liuiw,  after  the 
appearance  of  the  flowers,  the  scales  of  the  leaf-buds  lengfthen  with  the  yunn^  loiivi^N,  fot'iiiiiig  close 
narrow  pule  chestnut-brown  sheaths  about  half  an  inch  in  length,  the  scales  soon  biiOiilliill|^  rtiflcked  and 
usually  persisting  at  the  base  of  the  leaf-cluster  until  the  following  spring,  Thd  fulift^i'  leaves  are 
borne  in  from  three  to  five  or  usually  in  four-leaved  clusters  and  are  inourvfid,  Khni'ji^ioiiitcd  with 
callous  tips,  entire,  pale  glaucous  green,  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  an  inch  uimI  tliruu  ijiinrters  in 
length  and  often  one  eighth  of  an  inch  in  width,  the  dorsal  side  being  wider  tliim  nithttr  of  the  others ; 
they  contain  a  single  fibro-vascular  bundle  and  two  large  dorsal  resin  ducts  siii'muDihiil  bv  Htieiigthen- 
ing  cells,  and  are  marked  on  the  ventral  sides  with  from  eight  to  ten  rows  of  C'«ii((|)i('(imi«  Ktotnnta } ' 
they  fall  irregularly  and  mostly  during  their  third  season,  although  many  of  tllliMi  piifNifit  until  their 
fourth  year.  The  staminate  flowers,  which  are  produced  in  elongated  spikeB,  uve  ovtil  ntid  nearly  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  long,  their  anthers  terminating  in  laciniated  crests,  and  nvf>  NurfiMinded  by  an 
involucre  of  four  conspicuous  bracts  rather  longer  than  the  bud-scales,  The  piMtillitts  flowers  are 
subterminal,  solitary  or  clustered,  nearly  sessile,  subglobose,  and  from  one  eighth  to  one  quarter  of 
an  inch  in  length,  ^vith  broadly  obovate  scales  graduaUy  narrowed  at  t))e  I'lHllidtid  ftji(«x  into  short 
broad  points.     The  cones  are  subglobose  and  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  iiielim  broad,  with 


>  Card.  Chron.  ser.  3,  xxi.  f.  P2. 


»  Coulter  &  Bom,  fiol,  QaultK,  (i,  809, 


■J  Ii; 


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44 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


COMIFERJK 


\\ 


concave  scales  rounded  at  the  apex;  their  exposed  portion  is  thickened,  conspicuously  keeled  trans- 
versely, narrowed  into  a  central  elevated  knob  terminating  in  a  truncate  or  concave  umbo  arme.l  with 
a  minute  recurved  tip,  and  bright  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  while  the  rest  of  *he  scale  is  dull  red  ; 
a  few  only  of  the  central  scales  are  fertile ;  the  others  gradually  decrease  in  size  toward  both  ends  of 
the  cone,  and  those  at  its  base,  being  much  reflexed  and  Tbmainbg  closed,  form  a  broad  flat  K^se.  The 
seeds  are  somewhat  narrowed  and  compressed  at  the  apex,  full  and  rounded  at  the  base,  about  Ave  eighths 
of  an  inch  long  and  one  third  of  an  mch  wide,  dark  red-brown  and  more  or  less  mottled,  with  a  thin 
brittle  shell  and  a  sweet  slightly  resinous  albumen ;  their  wings  are  thin,  pale  chestnut-brown,  about  an 
eighth  of  an  inch  wide,  and  remain  attached  to  the  scales  after  the  seeds  fall ;  the  cotyledons  are  usually 
eight  in  number. 

Pinua  quadrlfolia  forms  open  forests  on  the  arid  mesas  and  l^w  mountain  slopes  of  Lower 
California,'  extending  southward  to  the  foothills  of  Mt.  San  Pedro  Mortir,'  on  which  it  is  almost  the 
only  tree,  and  northward  into  California,  where  only  a  few  specimens  have  been  found.' 

The  wood  of  Pinu»  quadrifolia  is  light,  soft,  and  close-grained  ;  it  is  pale  brown  or  yellow,  with 
much  lighter  colored  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contains  thin  bands  of  small  summer  cells,  many  large 
conspicuous  resin  passages,  and  numerous  obscure  medullary  rays.  The  specific  gravity  of  the 
absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.5675,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  35.37  pounds.*  The  seeds  are  eaten  i-aw  or  are 
roasted,  and  form  an  important  article  of  food  for  the  Indians  of  Lower  California. 

Pinus  quadrifolia  was  discovered  in  June,  1850,  by  Dr.  G.  C.  Parry ,°  one  of  the  botanists  of  the 
commission  appointed  to  establish  the  boundary  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico,  sixty  miles 
southeast  of  San  Oiego,  California,  at  an  elevation  of  about  two  thousand  feet  above  the  sea-level.  It 
is  occasionally  cultivated  in  the  gai-dens  of  California. 


>  From  near  the  boandarjr  line  of  the  United  .Statea  an  open 
foreit  of  Pimu  quadrifolia  about  thirty  milea  wide  extends  south- 
ward for  nearly  fifty  miles,  coTering,  at  elevations  varying  from 
three  thousand  ^"'6  hundred  to  seven  thousand  feet  above  the 
■ea-level,  the  wi'''  .  •  Me-lands  which  here  form  the  baekbrne  of 
the  peninsula      i'l-  '    -outt.  Garden  and  Forat,  v.  183.) 

•  T.  8.  Bra    1  Zoe,n.2n. 

'  Pinm  (luuat.j  Aia  nras  found  by  Mr.  George  R.  Vasiy  in  .Tune, 
1880,  near  Larkin  Station,  San  Diego  County,  twenty  miles  south- 
eait  of  Campo,  aot  far  from  the  Mexican  boundary  line  ;   and 


Mr.  Carl  Purdy  reports  it  from  the  neighborhood  of  JnliaD  at 
the  head  cf  the  San  Diego  Rivjr. 

*  Piniu  Tuadri/olia  probably  grows  very  slowly.  The  log  ipeci- 
men  in  the  Jesnp  Collection  of  North  Amrrioan  Woods  in  the 
Amerieaji  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  is  twelve  and 
one  half  inches  in  diameter  inside  the  bark  and  one  hundred  and 
sixty  years  old,  the  sapwood  being  an  inch  and  a  half  in  thioknen 
and  containing  forty-eight  layers. 

•  See  vu.  130. 


i     i! 


tr 


)'■      ! 


1. 

2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
(i. 
7. 
8. 
9. 
10. 

11. 

V2. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 

Plate  DXLIX.    Pi-sus  uuaorifolia. 
A  branch  witli  Htaiuinate  Uuwera,  natural  aize. 
A  staminato  flower,  enlarged. 
Oiagram  uf  the  involucre  uf  the  staminate  flower. 
Uracv  of  a  ataminate  flower,  enlarged. 
An  ahtlicr,  aide  view,  enlarged. 
An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 
A  branch  with  iiiatillate  flowura,  natural  size. 
A  piitillate  flower,  enlarged. 

A  icale  of  a  piHtillate  flower,  lower  aide,  with  ita  bract,  enlarged. 
A  acale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  side,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 
A  fruiting  branch,  natural  aize. 
A  cone-scAle,  upper  aide,  natural  aize. 
A  a«ed,  natural  size. 
Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 
An  embryo,  enlarged. 
Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlar),'ed. 

Cross  aection  of  n  leaf,  magnified  fifteen  diameters. 
A  seedling  plant,  natural  size. 


Silva  of  North  Am«ric*. 


Tab   DXLIX. 


\ 


I 


■5,.w 


f 


K/ 


A.%,. 


^ 


■  I-    I  I'l    I'l  ■■    I 


"l*r«   QtAJJKIirOLIA. 


I    A 


14    V. 


'i||  pWnt.  niituMi'  tiiP. 


..^ 


Silv*  of  Norih  Amine* 


T4b  DXLIX. 


CESeuson  del.. 


Rapine  jc. 


PINUS    QUADRIFOLIA.Sudw 

A  IfiocrPAi.r  (&re.r  *  Imp.  J.  Tairmjr  Parur 


U 


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): 


M 


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M*' 


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CONIF£KiK. 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


in 


PINUS  OEMBROIDES. 
Pinon.     Nut  Pine. 

Leaves  in  2  or  3-leaved  clusters,  slender,  from  1  to  2  inches  in  length.    CunoN  ilrum 
1  to  2  inches  broad. 


Pinua  oembroides,  Zuccarini,  Abhatul.  Ahad.  MUnch.  i. 
392  (1832)  ;  Flora,  1832,  ii.  Beibl.  93.  —  Bentham,  Fl. 
Uartweg.  58.  —  Link,  LinncBa,  xv.  511.  —  Endlicher, 
Sijn.  Conif.  182.  —  Lawson  &  Son,  Li»t  No.  10,  AbietU 
netB,  45. — Dietrich,  Syn.  v.401. —  (Jordon,  Jour.  Hort.Soc. 
Land.  i.  236,  f. ;  Fl.  dm  Serres,  iv.  324S  f.  97.  —  Finctitm, 
ed.  2,  265.  —  Lindley  &  Gordon,  Jmir.  Hart.  Soc.  Land. 
V.  216.  —  Carriire,  Traiti  Conif.  404.  —  Coiirtin,  Fam. 

Conif.  ^ (Nelson)  Seniliij,  Pj'»O(;ea!,107. —  Si^n^clauze, 

Conif.  140.  —  Parlatore,  De  Candolle  Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii. 
397.  —  Wataon,  Froc.  Am.  Acad,  xviii.  158.  —  Hemeley, 
Bot.  Biol.  Am.  Cent.  iii.  186.  —  Sargent,  Forest  Trees  N. 
Am.  10th  Census  U.  S.'vs..  190.  —  Masters,  Jour.  R.  Hort. 

Soc.  xiv.  227 Hansen,  Jour.  R.  Hort.  Soc.  xiv.  356 

(Pinetum  Danicum).  —  Leuunon,  West-American  Cone- 
Bearers,  28. 


Pinus  LUveana,  Schlechtendal,  Linnata,  %\l.  4HH  (1f)il8),— . 
Forbes,  Pinetum  Wobum.  49,  t.  17.  —  AnluilWi  (Jimlf, 
36, 1. 16,  f.  1.  —  Spach,  Hist.  Vfg.  xi.  401,  —  Um\Uy  4 
Grordon,  i/bi(r.  Hort.  Soc.  Lond.  v.  216.  —  Carriers,  Tmliti 
Conif.  405 — Gordon,  Pinetum,  199.  —  Konksl  ^k  lhm\f 
stetter,  Syn.  Nadelk.  64  (excl.  ayn.  Plnun  edulln  , — 
Hoopes,  Evergreens,  143. 

Pinus  osteoapenna,  Engelmann,  WisliMmit  ffuvmlr  iif  a 
Tour  to  Northern  Mexico  (Senate  Don.  1848),  ^^^^l,  AltpKi 
89.  —  Lindley  &  Gordon,  Jour.  Hort,  San,  /jiiiul,  v. 
216.  —  Carri^re,  Fl.  des  Serres,  ix.  201  (  Rev,  Jhii,  1804, 
227.  —  Mayr,  Wald.  liordam.  2^\. —  Me'.mwv,  lliniilh, 
Nadelh.  253.  —  Hansen,  Jour.  U,  Hort,  Son,  «iv>  «J80 
(Pinetum  Danicum). 


A  bushy  h'ee,  with  a  short  stem  rarely  more  than  a  foot  in  diameter  and  a  broad  rounif-toppefl 
head,  usually  from  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high,  but  in  sheltered  canons  on  the  mountainn  of  Ariw)llii' 
and  in  Lower  California  occasionally  fifty  or  sixty  feet  in  height.  The  bark  of  the  tritiik,  wliii'h  in 
about  half  an  inch  in  thickness,  is  irregularly  divided  by  remote  shiiUow  fissures  and  sepamtuH  i\tm\y 
on  the  surface  into  numerous  large  thin  light  red-brown  scales.''  The  branch-buds  are  ovate,  gi'mliliilly 
narrowed  and  acute  at  tlie  apex,  and  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  'ong,  with  bright  chostmit-hi'owii 
lustrous  scales  thin  and  scarious  on  the  margins  and  contracted  into  long  tips  ;  these  hlniIum  dovKr  tll(« 
lengthening  closely  imhricated  leaf-buds  in  May  or  June,  when  the  fiowers  expand,  making  tlio  y(Mlll|f 
branches  at  this  time  extremely  conspicuous,  and  do  not  entirely  disappear  until  the  huvodi!  «»'  third 
season.  The  brauclilets  are  slender,  dark  orange-colored,  and  covered  with  matted  pale  dfciduoiw  hiiirM 
when  they  first  appear ;  during  their  first  \vinter  they  are  dark  brown  or  orange-ccilorod,  (iiid  tll«ll, 
gradually  growing  darker,  are  at  the  end  of  five  or  six  years  sometimes  nearly  black  and  wtill  iiiiiull 
roughened  by  the  scars  left  by  the  fallen  bud-scales.  The  leaves  are  borne  in  clusterH  of  two  or 
of  three,  with  thin  close  sheaths  scarious  on  the  margins,  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long  and  tnoNtly 
persistent  for  one  or  for  two  years ;  they  are  slender,  usually  much  incurved,  entire,  aci»t«t  with 
elongated  callous  tips,  dark  green,  and  from  one  to  two  inches  in  length  ;  they  are  matkut}  on  mv\\ 
ventral  surface  with  from  four  to  six  rows  of  stomata,  and  contain  two  dorsal  resin  ducttt  ttiirroiiiiili^d 
by  strengthening  cells,  and  a  single  fibro-vascular  bundle;'  they  fall  irregularly  during  tliH  tllird 
and  fourth  year.  The  staminate  flowers  are  produced  in  short  compact  clusters,  and  are  oval,  iihoiit 
a  qinvrter  of  an  inch  long,  with  yellow  crested  anthers,  and  are  surrounded  by  an  involiicrtt  o)'  four 
bracts.     The  pistillate  flowers  are  lateral  and  erect  on  short  stout  peduncles  covered  by  ovatfl  iwuito 

'  Teste  Dr.  T.  E.  Wilcox,  U.  S.  Army.  in  more  or  less  deeply  divided  into  coniicotud  ridgB*  Wdl  »v\mnt\A'% 

'  Tlio  conspicuously  scaly  bnrk  of  Pinm  cemhroiilea  rcidily  (Ijstiii-      slowly  into  snmll  (.loauly  nppresscd  sunles. 
guishes  it  from  the  >thcr  Americnn  Nut  Piues,  ou  which  the  bnrk         "  Coulter  &  Rose,  Hni.  Gazette,  xi.  303. 


F 


iM 


\ 


H 


i 


'  I 


\ 


48 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIVKIMe. 


light  chestnut-W^n  bracts,  and  are  oblong,  acute,  and  about  one  eighth  of  an  inch  in  length,  with 
thick  dark  red  scales.  In  the  autumn  the  young  cones  are  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter  and 
horizontal ;  the  following  spring  they  grow  rapidly,  and  by  the  time  the  flowers  open  they  are  sometimes 
nearly  an  inch  long  and  three  quarters  of  an  inch  broad ;  when  fully  grown  they  are  subgloboiie, 
from  an  inch  to  almost  two  inches  in  breadth,  and  short-stalked  or  subsessile ;  the  exposed  portions  of 
their  light  red-brown  concave  scales  are  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  and  much  thickened  and 
quadrangular  on  the  back,  with  prominent  horizontal  and  less  prominent  longitudinal  keels,  the  central 
knob  terminating  in  a  dark-colored  concave  umbo  bearing  on  its  margin  a  small  dark  brown  nearly 
triangular  much  reflexed  tip ;  only  a  few  of  the  central  scales,  which  are  about  three  quarters  of  an 
inch  broad,  are  fertile ;  the  others  decrease  in  size  toward  both  ends  of  the  cone,  and  those  at  its  base 
are  much  reflexed  and  remain  closed.  The  seeds  are  subcylindrical  or  slightly  triangular,  more  or  less 
compressed  ac  the  pointed  apex,  full  and  rounded  at  the  base,  from  one  half  to  three  quarters  of  an 
inch  long,  about  three  eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  nearly  black  on  the  lower  side,  and  dark  chestnut-brown 
on  the  upper,  where  they  are  pressed  upon  by  the  bracts  and  scales  above  them ;  the  wings  are  light 
chestnut-brown,  membranaceous,  and  about  one  thirty-second  of  an  inch  wide,  and  remain  attached  to 
the  scales  when  the  seeds  fall ;  the  cotyledons  vary  from  nine  to  fifteen  in  number. 

Pinus  cenibroldes  inhabits  in  southern  Arizona  the  Santa  Catalina,  Rincon,  Santa  Rita,  Huachuca, 
and  Cliiricahua '  Mountains  generally  above  elevations  of  six  thousand  five  hundred  feet,  and  oovers 
their  highest  slopes  and  ridges,  usually  unmixed  wi.,h  other  trees,  and  grows  also  on  the  Pinnl. 
Superstition,  Caliuro,  and  Gila  Mountains  near  the  centre  of  the  territory.^  It  occurs  in  Lower 
California,^  and  spreads  southward  over  the  mountain  ranges  of  northern  Mo.ico,  growing  in  the  thin 
soil  of  the  hottest  and  most  arid  slopes  and  ledges,*  or  in  Nuevo  Leon  on  the  cooler  slopes  and  summito 
of  the  foothills,  often  descending  to  within  a  few  hundred  feet  of  the  level  of  the  plain.'' 

The  wood  of  Pinua  cenibroldes  is  light,  soft,  and  close-grained ;  it  is  pale  clear  yellow,  with  thin 
nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contains  thin  inconspicuous  bands  of  small  summer  cells,  occasional  sniall 
conspicuous  resin  passages,  and  numerous  obscure  medullary  rays.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  abso- 
lutely dry  wood  is  0.6512,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  40.58  pounds." 

The  large  oily  seeds  supply  the  inhabitants  of  northern  Mexico  with  an  important  article  of  food, 
and  are  sold  in  large  quantities  in  the  markets  of  most  Mexican  towns. 

Pinus  cembroides  was  discovered  on  the  high  mountains  near  Sultepec  in  Mexico  about  18110  by 
the  Belgian  naturalist  Karwinsky ;  ^  it  was  first  found  in  the  United  States  by  Mr.  C.  G.  Pringle '  an 
the  Santa  Catalina  Mountains,  Arizona,  in  June,  1882.  It  was  introduced  into  European  gardens  by 
Karl  Theodor  Hartwcg°  in  1846,  and  is  now  occasionally  cultivated  in  those  of  southern  Europe  and 
of  northern  Mexico. 


*  Pinxa  cembroidfs  was  collected  on  the  Cliirioahua  MoiintainA 
in  18M  by  Professor  .1.  W.  Tourney.  (See  Garden  and  Forest, 
viii.  22.) 

'  Tourney,  Garden  and  Foretl,  x.  152. 

•  Piwu  cemhroiilef  was  found  in  1890  by  Mr.  T.  S.  Brandegee  on 
the  flat  top  of  the  Sierra  de  I^agiina  in  Lower  California,  where  i  t 
sometimes  grows  to  a  height  of  fifty  feet.  (See  Garden  ami  Forest, 
iv.  352,  f.  59.) 

'  Pringle,  Garden  and  Foral,  i.  430. 
'  Pringle,  /.  c.  iii.  338. 


'  Pinui  cembroides  probably  always  grows  slowly.  Tlis  trunk  ill 
the  iTesiip  Collection  of  North  American  Woods  in  the  Amerieitii 
Museum  cf  Natural  History,  New  York,  is  eight  and  three  i|iiiir> 
tent  inches  in  diameter  inside  the  bark  and  one  hundred  and  furty. 
six  years  old,  with  sapwjod  flvc  cightlm  of  an  inob  ill  (billklHUM 
containing  twenty-two  layers  of  annual  growth. 

'  See  i.  94. 

«  See  ix.  129. 

'  See  u.  34. 


'\  ItL' 


•iil 


•  II 


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1 


Sil 


W  f 


I!    1 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 

Plate  DL.    Pintis  cemhkoides. 

1.  A  branch  with  statninute  flowers,  natural  size. 

2.  A  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

3.  A  bract  of  a  staminato  flowei',  enlarged. 

4.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  staminate  flower. 

5.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 

6.  An  anther,  side  view,  enlarged. 

7.  A  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  size. 

8.  A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

9.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  side,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 

10.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  its  bract,  enlarged. 

11.  A  fruiting  branch,  naturol  aiie. 

12.  A  cone-scale,  upper  side,  with  its  seeds,  natural  size. 

13.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enkrged. 

14.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

15.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

16.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  magnified  fifteen  diameters. 


Silva  uf  North   America 


•ere- 


S^ 


Tab,  Dl. 


'H 


I  ■■> 


ft 


V    ' 

\k 

K   4 


\ 


i  fr^i 


I  tcstiUB  of  a  isai,  m»!,i!:fli<<l  tifbnu  diimieteis. 


hi 


Sil\fa  of  Ni-Tth   Arneiica 


Tab,  UL. 


7.  K.  t'.hXon  det. 


Hapine  .rt>. 


PINUS   CEMBROIDES    Zii.e 


A  Hiocretuf  Mrf-^r  ' 


Imf>  ./  Panahf  f'-iH' 


.  1  ,( 


M    ,: 


i  g   I 


-r 
1 

> 

i 

I 

'1 

f 

!                j 

i 

■ 

4 

CONIFI 


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incbe 

Plnva 
(18< 
U>re 
turn 
330 
Wli 
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Wa 
zz. 
^or 
Lau 
Cal 
Pa, 
Stei 


trunk 
r,prea( 
mid,  ( 


irregi 
light 
quart 
befor 
of  th 

gray> 

The 

the  I 

an  in 

their 

semit 

usual 

inchc 

sciilei 

they 

and  i 

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'  Tl 
ally  th 
nis  ap 


CONiraiLK, 


51 


PINUS   MONOPHYLLA. 

Nut  Pine.    Plfion. 

IiEAVES  solitary  or  rarely  in  2-leavcd  clusters,  stout,  rigid,  spinescent,  from  1^  to  2i 
inches  in  lei^j^h.     Cones  from  H  to  2^  inches  long. 


Pinva  monophylla,  Toirey,  Primont't  Jiep.  319,  t.  4 
(1K46).-  Boknder,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  iii.  318. -- Pari*, 
tore,  ?>)  tundoUe  Prmlr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  378.  —  Lawson,  Pint- 
turn  arif  i.  65,  t.  9, 1. 1-12.  —  Watson,  King't  Rep.  t. 
330  -  K  Koch,  Dendr.  ii.  pt.  ii.  271.  —  Rothrock,  PI. 
Wheeler,  28,  00.  —  Engelroann,  Rothrock  Wheeler's  Rep. 
vi.  259,  375 ;  Tratu.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv.  178  ;  Brewer  & 

Wataott  Bot.  Cal.  ii.  124 Masten,  Oard.  Chron.  n.  aer. 

XX.  48,  f.  8 ;  Jour.  R.  HoH.  Sac.  %iv.  234.  —  Sargent, 
Forest    Trees  N.   Am.  10th   Census  V.  S.   ix.   190.— 

Lauche,  Deutsche   Dendr.  ed.  2,  104 Lemmon,  Rep. 

California  State  Board  Forestry,  ii.  72,  88  {Pines  of  the 
Paeifle  Slope) ;  West-Ameruxm  Cane-Bearers,  27.  — 
Steele,  Proc.  Am.  Pharm.  Assoc.  1889,  234  (The  Pines 
of  California).  — MajT,    Wold.  Nordam.  241,  t.  7,  f 


Beiuner,  Handb.  Nadelh.  254.  —  Hanaen,  Jour.  R.  Hart. 
Soe.  xiv.  375  (Pinetum  Danicum).  —  CoviUe,  Contrib. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  iv.  222  (Bot.  Death  Valley  Exped.).  — 
Koehne,  Deutsche  Dendr.  33. 

Plnua  Fremontlana,  Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  183  (1847).  — 
Lawton  &  Son,  List  No.  10,  Abietineir,  46.  —  Dietrich, 
i  1.  V.  401.  —  Gordon,  Jour.  Hart.  Soc.  Land,  iv.  293, 
f. ;  Pinetum,  194.  —  Knight,  Syn.  Cowf.  28.  —  Lind- 
loy  &  Gordon,  Jonr.  Hart.  Soe.  Lond.  v.  216.  —  Cor- 
ribre,  Traiti  Conif.  406.  —  Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Syn. 
Nadelh.  62.  —  (Nelaon)  Senilis,  Pinacew,  112.  —  Hoopes, 
Eoergreens,  122.  —  Hansen,  Jour.  R.  Hort.  Soc.  xiv.  361 
(Pinetum  Danicum). 

PinuB  edulia,  var.  monopbylla,  Torrey,  Ives'  Rep.  pt.  iv. 
28  (1860). 


'  •!( 


A  tree,  usually  fifteen  or  twenty,  but  occasionally  from  forty  to  fifty  feet  in  height,  with  a  short 
trunk  rarely  more  than  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  often  divided  near  the  ground  into  several  stout 
r.preading  stems.  The  short  thick  branches  form,  while  the  'ree  is  young,  a  broad  rather  compact  pyra- 
mid, and  in  old  age,  when  they  frequently  become  pendulous,  a  low  round-topped  and  often  picturesque 
head.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  about  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  is  divided  by  deep 
irregular  fissures  int:'  narrow  connected  flat  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  thin  closely  appressed 
light  or  dark  brown  scales  tinged  with  red  or  orange-color.  The  branch-buds  are  ovate,  obtuse,  about  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  long,  and  covered  by  pale  chestnut-brown  scales.  The  branchlets  are  stout,  and 
before  the  lengthening  leaves  emerge  from  the  leaf-buds  are  hidden  under  the  closely  imbricated  scales 
of  the  branch-buds ;  during  their  first  winter  they  are  light  orange-color  and  then  become  light  brown, 
gray,  or  brown  tinged  with  green  or  orange-color,  and  at  the  end  of  three  or  four  years  dark  brown. 
The  primary  leaves,  which  are  the  only  ones  produced  during  the  first  five  or  six  years  in  the  life  of 
the  plant,  iire  Unear-lanceolate,  entire,  strongly  keeled,  glaucous,  and  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to 
an  inch  in  length,  gradually  becoming  shorter  as  the  buds  of  the  earliest  leaf-clusters  are  developed  in 
their  axils ; '  the  secondary  leaves  are  solitary  and  terete,  or  occasionally  in  two-leaved  clusters  and 
semiterete ;  they  are  rigid,  incurved,  entire,  spinescent  with  long  callous  tips,  pale  glaucous  green,  and 
usually  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  although  sometimes  from  one  and  a  quarter  to  two  and  a  quarter 
inches  in  length,  with  loose  sheaths  from  a  quarter  to  nearly  half  an  inch  long,  the  thin  tips  of  the 
scales  soon  becoming  much  reflexed,  and,  when  they  fall,  leaving  the  persistent  bases  of  the  sheaths; 
they  are  marked  with  from  eighteen  to  twenty-six  rows  of  stomata,  and  contain  two  or  three  resin  ducts 
and  a  single  fibro-vascular  bundle ; '  the  leaves  sometimes  begin  to  fall  during  their  fourth  and  fifth 


I  Gard,  Cktan.  n.  ser.  zx.  f.  8. 

'  The  solh  ry  terete  leaf  of  Pinus  monophyila  was  formerly  usu- 
ally thought  .J  consist  of  a  pair  of  connate  loaves,  and  this  hypothe- 
sis appeared  reasonable  a«  the  trees  occasionally  hear  two-leaved 


clusters  (Meehnn,  Prnc.  Phil.  Acad.  1884,  295 ;  Bull.  Torrey  Bot. 
Club,  xW.  81.  —  Hooker  f.  Gard.  Chron.  a.  ser.  xxvl.  130,  f.  24). 
But  tlie  internal  structure  of  the  leaf  with  its  single  fibro-vascular 
bundle  shows  that  it  is  really  one  leaf,  and  the  apparent  anomaly 


SJLVA    or  NOHTII  AMERICA. 


CONirKBJl. 


sensonH,  although  some  of  them  frequently  rouuin  on  the  bruPcheH  until  their  twelfth  year.  The 
.ituuiinuwe  Howera  are  ovul,  (hirk  red,  uiiil  about  a  ({uurter  c'f  an  inch  long,  with  anthem  teriuinatiug  in 
knobH  or  in  minute  teetli,  and  are  usually  Hurrouuded  by  nix  involuural  bructit.  The  piutiliute  Howerit 
are  lateral  and  oval,  with  thii'k  rounded  upiculute  uialeN,  and  are  raised  on  short  Hlout  |>edunileH 
covered  by  oviite  lanceolate  ligiit  cht'dtuut-brown  liractg.  In  the  autumn  the  young  cones  are  oblong, 
erect,  and  abouf  half  an  in''';  !■">_.  a"'.!,  beginning  to  grow  very  early  the  foilowi'ig  «i"ing,  tiiey  are 
nearly  half  g)';>wn  when  the  Ho  wen  open  in  May  ;  ut  maturity  they  are  from  one  a,  "  vo  two  and 
a  half  inchvH  in  length,  somewhat  less  in  ureadtl.,  and  bright  green,  with  concave  scuen  lOiinded  at  the 
apex,  the  exp'jsed  portion  bt.'  ig  much  thickened,  four-angled,  and  gradually  narrowed  into  a  prominent 
knob  terminating  in  a  truncMle  or  slightly  concave  umbo  furnished  with  a  minute  incurved  tip ;  only  a 
few  of  the  middle  scales,  which  are  often  three  (juarters  of  an  inch  across,  are  fertile  ;  the  others  are 
much  smaller,  and  those  below  the  middle,  gradually  decreasing  in  size  and  remaining  closed,  form  u 
broad  base  to  the  mature  cone ;  after  u|)ening  and  shedding  their  seeds  the  cones  become  light 
chestnut-brown  ami  lustrous,  giving  a  reddish  toiie  to  the  tree  when  they  are  abun<lant.  The  seeds  are 
oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  dark  red-brown  and  rounded  on  the  lower  side, 
slightly  compressed  and  pale  yellow-brown  on  the  upper  side,  about  five  eighths  of  an  inch  long  and  a 
(piarter  of  an  inch  broad,  with  a  thin  brittle  shell,  an  oily  resinous  olbunutn,  and  an  embryo  with  from 
seven  to  ten  cotyledons ;  their  wings  are  membranaceous,  light  brown,  from  one  third  to  one  half  of  an 
inch  wide,  and  remain  attached  lo  the  scales  after  the  seeds  fall. 

I'inus  monojihi/llii  inhabits  dry  gravelly  slopes  and  mesiis,  and  is  distributed  from  the  western 
base  of  the  Wasatch  Mountains  in  Utah  westward  over  the  mountain  ranges  of  the  Great  Basin,  on 
which  it  usually  forms,  above  elevations  of  six  thousand  feet,  ojmsu  forests  with  Jiiiiljierun  i'tuhennin, 
'generally  ascending  to  higher  altitudes  than  that  tree ; '  on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  southern  Sierra 
Nevada  it  constitutes  a  nearly  continuous  belt  between  six  and  eight  tlmusiind  feet  above  the  sea,  and 
crossing  the  range  to  the  head-waters  uf  King's  River  is  common  at  an  elevation  of  live  thousand 
five  hundred  feet  on  the  north  wall  of  the  canon  and  on  Paradise  fork  of  the  south  fork  it  heights 
of  between  six  and  seven  thousand  feet.''  In  California  it  is  also  abundant  on  the  desert  mountains 
of  the  southeast,  usually  at  elevations  of  between  five  and  seven  thousand  feet  and  mingled  with 
Junipcs  below  and  with  I'lnnn  arlntdta  above,  and  ranges  southwestward  to  the  northern  slopes  of 
thf  San  Bernardino '  and  San  Jacinto  Mountains,*  crossing  the  southern  boundary  of  the  state  into 
Liwer  California  and  maintaining  on  the  slopes  from  the  central  table-land  of  the  peninsula  to  the 
piains  of  the  Colorado  Desert  a  precarious  foothold,'^  and  to  the  Tehachapi  Mountains,  from  which, 
(.long  the  sides  of  the  canon  leading  from  the  Tehachapi  Valley  to  the  Mohave  Valley,  it  descends  to 
three  thous^ind  seven  hundred  feet  above  the  sea-level ;  it  also  dots  the  northern  slopes  of  the  San 
Emigdio  Mountains,"  at  elevations  of  from  six  thousand  to  seven  thousand  feet,  mixed  with  Junijjcrun 
CaHj'oniica,  and  extends  to  the  San  Rtifael  Mountains,  gi-owing  here  down  to  elevations  of  three 
thousand  feet/  It  is  common  on  the  mesas  of  southern  Utah ;  in  Arizona  it  occupies  a  broad  zone 
on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Virgin  Mountains,  gi'ows  in  open  forests  along  the  southern  rim  of  the 
Colorado  phiteau,  and  forms,  on  the  Bradshaw,  Mazatzal,  and  MogoUon  Mountains  south  of  the  plateau, 


in  this  genua  of  a  single  cylindrical  leaf  occupying  the  speir  of  n 
branchlet  *i  explained  hy  Ma.stera  (Anu.  /lot.  ii,  124),  who,  in  study- 
ing the  early  devulopnu-nt  of  the  leaf-bud  of  Pinua  nunwphylLi, 
found  al'.vay«  two  foliar  tubercles,  one  of  ther  URually  overpassing 
the  other  and  obliterating  all  trace  of  a  Revu.it!  leaf.  (See,  albo, 
fJertrand,  ^nn.  .Sri.  Kat.  iit.  5,  xi.  W>,  t.  9,  f.  5,  6.  —  Coulter  & 
Rose,  Hot.  Cmetle,  xi.  302.) 

'  Sargpnt,  Am.  Jour.  Set.  ser.  3,  xrii.  419  (The  FortttA  of  Central 
Nerniln). 

2  Teste  .lohn  Muir. 


>  .S.  B.  ParLsb,  Zm',  iv.  ;«.-.. 

*  PrttiK  mofwphiftltt  was  found  noar  the  head  of  the  San  Felipe,  on 
the  edge  of  the  t'lilorado  Desert,  California,  by  Mr.  T.  S.  Bmnde- 
Sfee  in  189.J. 

'  Orcutt,  Oarilef       l  Forest,  v.  184. 

'  Teste  Miss  Alice  Kastwood. 

^  Pimis  mouophylta  was  collected  on  the  San  Rafael  Mountains, 
a  part  of  the  great  cross  range  which  divides  the  central  valley  of 
California  from  the  southweFtern  part  of  the  state,  in  May,  18tM, 
*iy  Dr.  F,  Franceschi. 


ONirKKJC. 

ir.  The 
luting  ill 
«•  HowurH 
KMluntltiH 

!     (llllullg, 

,  timy  are 

>  two  1111(1 

u(l  ut  the 
pruiiii'ient 
i|> ;  only  a 
utliero  uru 
ml,  form  a 
loinu  light 
e  Huedit  are 

ower  Bide, 
long  and  a 

with  from 

half  of  an 

the  western 
:  Boitin,  on 
i'taheiis'iH, 
thern  Sierra 
;hu  Hea,  and 
ve  thouaand 
At  heif^hts 
\t  niouiituius 
iiingled  with 
rn  slopes  of 
le  state  into 
insula  to  the 
from  which, 
t  descends  to 
I  of  the  San 
th  JttuipertiK 
ions  of  three 
a  broad  zone 
rn  rim  of  the 
if  the  plateau. 


CUNiyBHiB. 


SUVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


at  elevatioim  of  ahout  six  thouiand  feet  ahove  tiie  sea,  a  broad  belt  below  the  foreits  of  I'inus  ponderoHH 
and  above  that  occupied  by  small  trees  of  I'inuM  alulin. 

The  wood  of  I'liiim  monnjthylht  \h  light,  soft,  weak  and  brittle,  and  cloN«-graiiicd  ;  it  is  yellow  or 
light  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  wipwood,  iind  contains  thin  inconspicuous  hands  of  small  summer 
cells,  a  few  resin  passages,  and  numerouB  obscure  medullary  rays.  The  speciKc  gravity  of  the 
absolutely  dry  wood  is  O.oUilK,  a  ciihic  f(N)t  weighing  l\rt.2V>  pounds.'  It  is  largely  used  for  fuel, 
furnishing  the  best  wood^  produced  in  the  Qreut  Basin  fur  the  manufacture  of  charcual  used  in 
smelting. 

The  seeds  supply  an  important  article  of  food  to  the  Paiutes,  ShoHlionoR,  Pannmints,  and  other 
desert  Indians,  who  gather  the  cones  in  the  autumn,  and,  heating  them  slightly  to  open  the  scalcN,  pick 
out  the  seeds,  which  they  store  for  wiiitci'  use,  eating  them  raw  or  roasted  or  pounding  them  into  coane 
flour." 

J'imm  monnphi/lla  was  discovered  by  Fremont  near  the  Cajon  Pass  in  southern  California  on 
April  IH,  1H44.'  It  is  said  to  have  been  introduced  into  European  gardens  in  1847,  and  is  occasionally 
cultivated  in  Europe  and  in  the  oiwtern  United  States,  where  it  is  hardy  as  far  north,  at  least,  as  eastern 
Massachusetts.  In  cultivation,  however,  Pimm  moim/ihi/l/d  grows  very  slowly,  and  it  is  more  valuable 
in  gardens  as  a  botanical  curiosity  than  as  an  ornament. 


'  I'iiuLt  mtmnphytln  luiiully  grown  slowly.  A  HiH-ciiiion  of  the 
wood  of  n  tree  gniwii  in  I't'iitrnl  Ni'vnilii,  wliinli  I  I'Xiiiiiiui'il  in  1H7S, 
wiui  flvo  and  ii  Imlf  inchei  in  dinnii'trr  iind  vontaini'd  onu  Inindreil 
and  tliirtcpii  layorii  of  nnuiial  growtli.  (Hee  Am,  Jour.  Sri.  tor.  {i, 
xvii.  Ill)  [Tlie  FitreMn  iif  Cmlnil  Ncrailii].)  The  \«g  Hpccinion, 
however,  in  tlio  >Iesiip  Culieetion  of  North  Ainoricnn  WihhU  in  the 
American  Mnseum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  lironght  from  tlie 
same  locality,  in  thirteen  incheit  in  diameter  inside  the  hark  and  only 
one  hundred  and  seventy-i-ight  years  old,  with  sapwood  whieli  is 
two  anil  seven  eighths  inokea  thick  and  contniiis  Hfty-nine  layers. 


'  f'inut  mmophjtln  perhaps  (frows  to  its  lar|(est  si/e  on  Mt. 
Magrnder,  a  high  peak  in  Nevada  northeast  of  (ywen'H  Lake  and 
not  far  from  the  iHiunilary  line  of  Culifurniii,  vherc*  it  fnrniH  a  lux- 
uriant  forest  of  trees  forty  or  tifty  feet  in  height,  whieh  in  a  favorite 
resort  of  Indian.s,  wlio  assendile  there  to  gather  the  ahnndaiit  erops 
of  seeds.  (See  Merriam,  North  .imericnn  Fauna,  No.  7.  Jill"  [Ihath 
Valleii  Ex/inl.  ii.].) 

'  Palmer,  Am.  Nal.  >ii.  004.  —  Deuteher,  American  AnHtro/mlo- 
yijtt,  vi.  377  (PiUou-tfatheriuy  amony  the  l*auamiut  /nf/i«».i). 

'  Fremont,  Kep.  2fi8. 


I| 


the  San  Felipe,  on 
Mr.  T.  S.  Braiide- 


Rafael  Mountains, 
IP  central  valley  of 
tate,  in  May,  18M, 


KXIM.ANATION  OF  TOR  PLATE. 


I, 

•I 

it. 

4, 

ft, 

It, 

7, 

N. 

I», 

II), 

It, 

1'.', 

I. 'I, 

It 

1ft, 

lit, 


V\,hif,  DLL    Vmvn  monophvlla. 
A  IiMMkIi  Willi  aUliiliiiite  Nowarii,  natural  »ite. 
A  •IniiilimlK  llciwnr,  t<iilfir)(eil. 
DlKKfiiMi  iif  llin  Itiviiliici'K  iif  the  utoiniimte  Hower. 
All  iiltllixr,  rriiiil  *lt>w.  i'iilnr((«(l. 
All  mitlipr.  olili'  «li'w,  t'liliirKFij. 

An  xMit  iif  a  liraiicli  with  |iliitillat«  Hnwera.  natural  ill*. 
A  |il>llllali>  llnWHi',  c'liliirKcil. 

A  •I'lil"  III  ti  iiUlillnti'  lliiwi'i',  upper  aiile,  with  Iti  ovulei.  enlurg«d. 
A  frilllliit;  lirniii'h,  natiiral  »\ta. 
A  I'liliM-walii.  U|i|H'r  >iil<>,  wllli  ita  ai'eiU,  natural  aiM. 
A  i'iiiii>'ai<nli>,  iinilpr  alile,  natiirni  xi/.e. 
Viirtli'iil  wiflliiii  ipf  II  wt\.  enlargt'il. 
All  I'liilii-yii.  I'liliirKoij. 

A  IWMijt'iiti'il  I'liinlcr  iif  Ipnvea,  natural  *ne, 
'rip  III  II  liMiL  pnlnri{i'il. 
CVlM*  aMitliili  uf  n  leaf,  iiiaKniilt'tl  fifteen  iliaineteni. 


t  H 


»f    MnrtV.      A 


fWrtftr  1 


\Wi 


/ 


■%. 


II 


!% 


# 


*n 


i? 


.-Z  /f'fV'  .".^r*^  (iir 


/f^f   ,  '  7'i/n'itr,  /'.trt.^ 


,1. 


ii:'     :l 


KKn.ANATtON    OF    'UK    TLATK 


i 


J    ■ 

\ 

■   v 


Silva  of  North   Amc 


Til.    hi. I 


'  E.F.ia\'>n  iM 


PINUS    MONOPHYLLA,  Terr 


H-ff^hu- 


A.Hii\-f'f*n.f'   Jm'.r 


Iffify  .  '  'iUiit'ur   /\in. 


! 


Vi 


11 


i 


I 


I 


'J  5; 


11 


Ii 

I      I 

I 
I 

I 


■P    ^f 


i|'  i; 


^il 

i'   s 

CONIFERiG. 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


55 


PINUS    EDULIS. 

Nut  Pine.     Pinon. 

Leaves  in  2  or  3-leaved  clusters,  stout,  rigid,  sharp-pointed,  from  f  of  an  inch  to 
H  inches  in  lenj^th.     Cones  from  1^  to  \\  inches  long. 


Pinua  edulis,  Engelmann,  WUllxenus  Memoir  of  a  Tmir 
to  Northern  Mexico  (Senate  Doc.  1848),  Bot.  Appx.  88 ; 

Bothrock   Wheeler's  Hep.  vi.  260 Lindley  &  Gordon, 

Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  Land.  v.  216.  —  CaiTiere,  Reii.  Hort. 
1854,  227  ;  Fl.  des  Serres,  ix.  201 ; '  Traite  Conif.  408.  — 
Torrey,  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  173,  t.  20;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep. 
iv.  pt  V.  140 ;  Ives'  Rep.  pt.  iv.  28.  —  J.  M.  Bigelow, 
Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv.  pt.  v.  3, 19.  —  Courtin,  Fam.  Conif. 
92.  —  Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Syn.  Nudelh.  415.  —  Hoojws, 
Fivergreens,  142.  —  Parlatore,  De  Candolle  Prodr.  xvi. 
pt.  ii.  398.  —  Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado  ;  Uayden's 
Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4, 130.  —  Rothronk,  Wheeler's  Rep. 
vi.  9.  —  Rusby,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix.  106.  —  Veitch, 


Man.  Conif.  172 Hemsley,  Bot.  Biol.  Am.  Cent.  iii. 

186.  — Sargent,  Forest  Trees  N.  Am.  IWh  Census  U.  S. 
ix.  190.  —  Coulter,  Man.  Rocky  Mt.  Bot.  432  ;  Contrib. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  ii.  554  (Man.  PI.  W.  Terns).  — Uayv, 

Nordam.  Holz.  240,  t.  7,  f Merriam,  North  American 

Fauna,  No.  3,  122.  —  Beissner,  Handb.  Nadelh.  252.— 
Masters,  Jour.  R.  Hort.  Soc.  xiv.  228.  —  Hansen,  Jour. 
R.  Hort.  Soc.  xiv.  358  (Pinetum  Danicum).  —  Koehne, 
Deutsche  Dendr.  33.  —  Lemmon,  West  American  Cone- 
Bearers,  26. 
Pinus  monophylla,  var.  edulis,  M.  E.  Jones,  Zoe,  ii.  251 
(1891). 


A  tree,  rarely  thirty  or  forty  feet  in  height,  .with  a  short  often  divided  trunk  occasionally  two  and 
a  half  feet  in  diameter,  but  usually  much  smaller,  and  often  not  more  than  twelve  or  fifteen  feet  tall. 
During  its  early  years,  when  the  branches  are  liorizontal,  it  forms  a  broad-based  compact  pyramid,  and 
in  Old  age  a  dense  low  round-topped  broad  head.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  from  one  half  to  three 
quarters  of  an  inch  in  thickness  and  is  irregularly  divided  into  connt-cted  ridges  covered  by  small 
closely  appressed  light  brown  scales  tinged  with  red  or  orange-color.  The  branch-buds  are  ovate, 
acute,  from  one  third  to  one  half  of  an  inch  in  length,  'with  light  chestnut-brown  scales  thin  and 
scarious  on  the  margins.  The  branchlets  are  stout,  and  when  they  first  appear  are  covered  with  the 
conspicuous  closely  imbricated  scales  of  the  branch-buds,  which,  withering  during  the  first  season,  do 
not  entirely  disappear  until  the  third ;  they  are  light  orange-color  during  their  first  and  second  years, 
and  then  turn  from  light  gray-brown  to  dark  brown  sometimes  tinged  \vith  red.  The  sheaths  of  the 
leaf-clusters  are  close,  light  brown,  scarious,  more  or  less  laciniate  on  the  margins,  and  from  one  quarter 
to  one  half  of  an  inch  in  length  ;  they  begin  to  curl  back  during  the  first  winter,  and  mostly  disappear 
during  the  third  and  fourth  years.  The  primary  leaves  are  lineai'-lanceolate,  entire,  strongly  keeled, 
glaucous,  marked  by  numerous  rows  of  stomata,  and  nearly  an  inch  in  length ;  the  secondary  leaves  are 
produced  in  two  or  rarely  in  three-leaved  clusters,  and  are  stout,  semiterete,  or  triangular  in  the  three- 
leaved  clusters,  entire,  rigid,  incurved,  acute  with  callous  tips,  dark  green,  and  from  three  (puirters  of 
an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long ;  they  are  marked  with  from  five  to  fifteen  rows  of  stomata  and 
contain  a  single  fibro-vascular  bundle  and  two  resin  ducts  ; '  the  leaves  begin  to  fall  during  the  third 
or  not  until  the  fourth  or  fifth  year,  and  drop  very  irregularly,  some  of  them  remaining  on  the  branches 
for  eight  or  nine  years.  The  staminate  flowers  are  oval  and  about  a  quarter  of  an  uich  long,  with  dark 
red  anthers  terminating  in  knobs  or  short  spurs,  and  are  surrounded  by  involucres  of  four  bracts. 
The  pistillate  flowers  are  subterniinal,  oblong,  and  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  lengtli,  with  slightly 
thickened  rounded  and  apiculate  scales,  and  are  raised  on  sliort  stout  peduncles  covered  by  ovate  acute 
light  chestnut-brown  bracts.  At  the  end  of  tlieir  first  sunnner  the  young  cones  are  oblong,  erect,  dark 
reddish  brown,  and  about  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  when  fully  grown  the  following 

'  Coulter  &  Rose,  IM.  Gazelle,  %\.  :«)3. 


0  -q 


U  H 


56 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIFEHJK. 


summer  are  from  a  quarter  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  almost  as  broad,  and  light  green, 
with  concave  scales  rounded  at  the  apex,  the  exposed  portion  being  much  thickened,  conspicuously 
transversely  keeled,  and  narrowed  into  a  four-angled  central  knob  which  terminates  in  the  large  light 
brown  slightly  concave  umbo  furnished  with  a  minute  incurved  tip  ;  only  the  central  scales,  which  are 
about  half  an  inch  broad,  are  fertile ;  the  others  are  smaller  and  below  the  midille  decrease  rapidly  in 
size,  and,  remaining  closed,  form  a  broad  base  to  the  mature  cone,  which  becomes  light  brown  and  lustrous 
in  its  exposed  parts,  the  base  of  the  scales  being  didl  light  red,  while  the  umbos  are  usually  covered  with 
a  thick  coat  of  resin.  The  seeds  are  ovate,  acute,  full  and  rounded  at  the  base,  semicylindrical  or  more 
or  less  compressed  by  pressure  against  the  bracts  of  the  scales  above  them,  dark  red-brown  on  the  lower 
and  light  orange-color  or  yellow  on  the  upper  side,  and  about  half  an  inch  long,  with  a  thin  brittle 
shell,  an  oily  resinous  albumen,  and  an  embryo  with  from  seven  to  ten  cotyledons ;  their  wings  are 
membranaceous,  light  reddish  brown,  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  wide,  and  when  the  seeds  fall  remain 
attached  to  the  cone-scales.' 

Pinus  eduUs  is  distributed  from  the  eastern  foothills  of  the  outer  ranges  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
of  Colorado  south  of  the  divide  between  the  waters  of  the  Platte  and  the  Arkansas  Rivers,  usually 
forming  with  Jimiperus  monosperma  and  Pinus  ponderosa  open  forests  at  elevations  between  six 
and  eight  thousand  feet  above  the  sea-level,  westward  through  Colorado  to  the  eastern  borders  of  Utah 
and  to  the  valley  of  Little  Snake  River  in  southwestern  Wyoming ;  at  the  head  of  the  Arkansas,  at 
elevations  between  eight  and  nine  thousand  feet  above  the  sea,  it  covers  the  broad  Buena  Vista 
valley  with  an  open  forest  in  which  Pinus  ponderosa  is  its  principal  associate  ;  mixed  with  Junijierus 
Utahensis  it  dots  the  hills  and  table-lands  of  western  Colorado,  descending  in  the  valleys  of  White  and 
Grand  Rivers  to  elevations  of  less  than  five  thousand  feet  abave  the  sea-level ;  it  ranges  southward  over 
the  Rocky  Mountains  of  New  Mexico  to  the  Guadalupe,  Limpio,  Organ,  and  Chicos  Mountains  of 
western  Texas,  and  grows  also  in  Texas  on  the  bluffs  at  the  great  ben<l  of  the  Rio  Grande,  on  the 
forks  of  the  Nueces  River,  and  on  the  border  of  the  high  plateau  of  the  Staked  Plain ;  ^  it  extends 
southward  over  the  mountains  of  northern  Mexico  and  westward  to  northern  and  central  Arizona, 
where  with  .Junipers  it  abounds  on  the  Colorado  plateau,  and  on  the  Bradshaw,  Mogollon,  Pinal,  Super- 
stition, Caliuro,  and  other  mountain  ranges  south  of  it,^  forms  a  well  marked  forest  belt  at  elevations 
between  six  and  seven  thousand  feet  above  the  sea  and  below  the  forests  of  Pinus  nonderosa* 

The  wood  of  P'.nus  edtdis  is  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  and  durable  in  contact 
with  the  soil ;  it  is  pale  brown,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contains  thin  inconspicuous  bands 
of  small  summer  cells,  few  resin  passages,  and  many  obscure  medullary  rays ;  the  specific  gravity  of 
the  .absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.6.S88,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  39.81  pounds.  It  is  largely  used  for  fuel, 
for  fencing,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  charcoal  for  smelting  purposes,  and  in  western  Texas  is 
occasionally  sawed  into  lumber." 

The  sweet  edible  seeds  form  an  important  article  of  food  among  Indians  and  Mexicans,"  and  are 


*  Some  good  observers  have  considered  Pinus  ed\dis  as  a  two- 
lepved  form  of  Pinia  monophylla,  and  that  the  two  forms  are  con- 
nected by  trees  in  southern  Utah  with  foliage  about  equally  divided 
between  the  one  and  the  two-leaved  clustei-s.  (See  Newberry,  Hull. 
Torrey  Hot.  Club,  nil.  50  j  liii.  183.  —  Meohan,  Hull.  Torrey  linl. 
Clnh,  xii.  81.  —  M.  E.  Jones,  Znf,  ii.  251  ;  iii.  .T07.) 

But  in  spite  of  the  general  resemblance  in  the  habit  and  the 
similarity  in  leaf  structure  of  the  two  trees,  Pimis  edulin,  in  its 
muirh  more  slender  less  spinescent  usually  shorter  and  darker 
green  leaves  sometimes  borne  in  clusters  of  three,  and  in  its 
smaller  cones,  appears  to  differ  sufficiently  from  Pimut  moriophi/Uti, 
which  inhabits  ni()re  arid  regions,  to  justify  tlieir  hj)ecific  si'pura- 
tion.  I  have  never  seen  the  two  forms  growing  together  or  passing 
one  into  the  other,  and  all  the  two-leaved  specimens  from  southern 


Utah  which  I  have  been  able  to  examine  appear  distinctly  to  be- 
long to  Pinm  monophylta,  which   frequently   produces  leaves   in 
clusters  of  two.     (See  Hooker  f.  Ganl.  Chron  n.  ser.  xxvi.  130.) 
»  Havard,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  viii.  503. 

•  Toumey,  Garden  and  Foretl,  x.  152. 

*  Merriam,  North  Ahierimn  Fauna,  No.  3,  12". 

*  Pinus  edtilis  grows  slowly.  The  log  specimen  in  the  Jesup 
Collection  of  North  Americ  .u  Woods  in  the  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History,  New  York,  is  six  and  three  quarters  inches 
in  diameter  inside  the  bark  and  has  three  hundred  and  sixty-nine 
layers  of  annual  growth,  with  twenty-seven  layers  of  sapwood 
which  is  half  an  inch  in  thickness. 

•  Newberry,  Pojiutar  Scienm  ifonlhly,  xxxii.  S.')  {Food  and  Fibre 
Plants  of  the  North  Ameriean  Indians). 


CONIFERJB. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


57 


offered  for  sale  in  the  markets  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  and  rarely  in  those  of  the  cities  of  the 
eastern  states. 

PinuB  edulin  was  discovered  in  1846  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  in  New  Mexico  by  Dr.  F. 
A.  Wislizenus.  It  is  occasionally  cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  the  eastern  United  States,  where  it  is 
perfectly  hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts,  and  in  those  of  Europe.  In  cultivation,  however, 
it  grows  very  slowly,  forming  a  rather  compact  pyramidal  bush,  and  shows  no  tendency  as  yet  to 
assume  the  picturesque  habit  of  its  mature  years. 


>    H 


1  H' 


id  are 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 


It 


Plate  DLIL     Pixus  edi'lis. 

1 .  A  liruiicli  witli  .'itiiiuinatc  fluwers,  imturul  size. 

2.  A  Htamiiiutv  tlowiT,  enlarged. 

3.  Urai't  of  B  sUimmiite  flower,  enlargei!. 

4.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  staiiiinate  flower. 

5.  An  antlier,  front  view,  enlarged. 
().  An  anther,  rear  view,  enlarged. 

7.  A  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natnral  size. 

8.  A  iiistillate  flower,  enlarge<l. 

9.  A  seale  of  a  |)i»tillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  ita  braot.  enlarged. 

10.  A  soale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  u|)per  side,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 

11.  A  fruiting  blanch,  natural  si/e. 

12.  A  cone-scale,  upper  side,  with  its  leeds,  natural  she. 

13.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

14.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

l.">.  A  cluster  of  leaves  with  its  sheath,  natural  size. 
1().  Til)  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

17.  Cross  sectii'U  of  ■■<  leaf,  ni.ignified  fifteen  diameters. 

18.  Winter  branch-buds,  natural  size 


*0* 


"n^. 


w 


i  I 


'  ir 


11 


'•ii 


t 


fill 


A.Bt.^i -reUi^r  J/rc.r  ' 


/nV  ■  ^  r^lHplif  f'llHr 


\ 


Silva.  of  North  America, 


Tab.  DLl! 


fl  :i 


i'   >t 


C  i:  y.i.x^n  M . 


/^i/neZi/  sc. 


PINUS   EDULIS.  Enoeh: 


A.HwrrtHt.r  Jiff^  ' 


Tnzfy.    I  Tanfur  Pari^. 


. 


CUNirKUiB. 


81LVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


60 


PINUS   BALFOURIANA. 


Foxtail  Pine. 


Leaves  in  6-leiived  clusters,  rigid,  incurved,  from  I  to  \^  inches  in  length.  Cones 
subcylindrical,  from  3^  to  5  inches  long,  their  scales  furnished  with  minute  incurved 
persistent  upines. 


PinUB  Bolfouriana,  A.  Murray,  Oregon  JCxped.  i.  t.  3,  f.  1 
(1853).  — Gordon,  Pinetiim,  217.  — Heiikel  &  Hodiatot- 
ter,  Syn.  Nadelh.  109.  —  Uolaniler,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad,  iil. 
318.  —  Carrifcre,  TmM  Conif.  ed.  2,  4'jr).  —  (Nelson) 
Senilis,  Pinaceti;  104.  —  Iloopes,  Everyreens,  149.  — 
Engelinann,  Trans.  St.  Loiiia  Acad.  iv.  179;  Brewer  ifr 
IVataon  Hot.  Cal.  ii.  125.  —  Veitcli,  Man.  Conif.  175.  — 
Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit.  i.  11,  f.  1-5. — Sargent.  Forest 
Trees  N.  Am.  XOlh  Census  U.  S.  ix.  191. —  Leminon, 
Rep.   California  State  Board  Forestry,   ii.   71,   80,   t. 


(Pines  of  the  Parifle  Slope)  j  West- American  Cone- 
Bearers,  20.  —  Steele,  Proc.  Am.  Pharm.  Assoc.  1889, 
234  {The  Pines  of  California).  — Mayr,  tt'ald.  Nordam. 
354,  t.  7,  f.  —  Ileissner,  Handb.  Nadelh.  272.  —  Masteri, 
Jour.  K.  /fort.  Soc.  xiv.  225.  —  Hansen,  Jour.  H.  llort. 
Soc.  xiv.  349  (Pinetum  Danirum).  —  Mcrriani,  North 
American  Fauna,  No.  7,  339  (Death  I'all. ;/  Kxped. 
ii.).  —  Coville,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  iv.  221  (Bot. 
Death  Valley  Erped.) Koehne,  Deutsche  iJfndr.  32. 


A  tree,  usually  thirty  or  forty  feet  in  height,  with  a  short  trunk  from  twelve  to  twenty-four 
inches  in  thickness,  hut  occusionuUy  ninety  feet  liigh,  with  a  tall  straigiit  tapering  stem  five  feet  in 
diameter.*  In  early  life  the  short  stout  hranches  stand  out  from  the  stem  in  regular  whorls,  and  form 
a  narrow  compact  pyramid ;  later  they  turn  upward,  and  in  middle  life  a  few  of  the  specialized  upper 
branches,  growing  more  rapidly  than  the  others  and  than  those  below  them,  push  out  and  become  long, 
pendulous,  and  often  contorted,  forming  the  open  irregular  and  picturescpie  usually  pyramidal  head  of 
the  mature  tree,  with  mostly  erect  upper  branches  and  long  rigid  more  or  less  spreading  branchlets 
clothed  at  the  extremities  only  with  dense  brush-like  masses  of  lustrous  foliage.  On  the  stems  and 
branches  of  young  trees  the  bark  is  thin,  smooth,  and  snow-white ;  and  on  old  trunks  it  is  from  one 
half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  dark  red-brown  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  coiuiected 
flat  ridges  broken  by  cross  fissures  into  nearly  square  plates,  separating  on  the  surface  into  snudl  closely 
appressed  scales ;  or,  when  the  outer  scales  are  worn  away  by  the  storms  of  the  Sierras,  the  bark  is 
bright  cinnamon-red.  The  branchlets  are  stout,  and  when  they  first  appear  are  slightly  jjuberulous  and 
dark  orange-brown,  becoming  after  a  few  seasons  dark  gray-brown  or  sometimes  nearly  black,  and  for 
many  years  are  roughened  by  the  persistent  thickened  dark  brown  bases  of  the  scales  of  the  branch- 
buds.  These  are  broadly  ovate,  gradually  contracted  and  long-pointed  at  the  apex,  and  covered  by  ovate 
acute  light  chestnut-brown  lustrous  scales,  the  terminal  bud  being  about  one  third  of  an  inch  in  length 
and  nearly  twice  as  large  as  the  lateral  buds.  The  leaves  are  crowded,  pressed  against  the  branches, 
and  borne  in  clusters  of  five,  their  bud-scales  forming  loose  scarious  sheaths  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch 
in  lengtii,  the  upper  portion  soon  becoming  reflexed,  withering  and  falling  off,  while  the  thicker  base 
does  not  entirely  disappear  until  the  end  of  several  years ;  they  are  stout,  rigid,  incurved,  acute  at 
the  apex  with  thick  callous  tips,  entire,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  back,  pale  and  marked  on 
the  two  ventral  faces  with  numerous  conspicuous  rows  of  stomata,  and  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a 
half  long;  they  contain  a  single  fibro-vascular  bundle  and  two  dorsal  resin  ducts  surrounded  by 
strengthening  cells,  which  also  occur  under  the  epidermis  usually  in  two  layers,  but  at  the  angles  of  the 
leaf  often  in  three ; '"  forming  dense  brush-like  tufts  from  twelve  to  eighteen  inches  in  lengtii  at  the 
extremities  of  the  wand-like  branches,  they  persist  for  ten  or  twelve  years.     The  staminate  flowers, 

'  Muir,  Tke  Mounlaim  of  California,  210  (as  Pimis  arislata).  '  Coulter  &  Rose,  Bol.  Gazelle,  xi.  304. 


m 


ikV 


m 


90 


SUA' A    OF  NORTH   AMEUK'A. 


CONirEHA. 


wliioli  uru  boriiH  in  Nliort  itowiIihI  ii|ilki>M,  nm  oviil  ami  about  lialf  un  inch  in  lun((th,  with  dark  oriinge- 
red  anther*  ttirniinatiiiK  in  *hort  irrti((nlarljr  ditntioulute  crestM,  and  ure  lurruundod  by  fuur  iuvoluurnl 
brituta.  Tiiu  |iiiitilliit<i  llowttr*  ari<  tinbt^irniiiial,  <iblun({>oval,  and  nuurly  half  un  intli  lonjj;,  with  dark 
imr])le  uvutu  nvwiu  |Miinttid  ih'iiIdn,  nnd  uri<  nuMid  on  Ntout  |i«dunrlvH  from  onu  half  tu  thruu  (|Uurt4)rH  of 
an  inch  in  len^fth  and  uovttnid  by  thin  li)(ht  (^himtnut-brown  ovate  acutu  brat^ti.  In  tint  autumn  the 
yimng  coneH  are  uret't,  dark  |iiir|ilt<,  and  from  tlir«>«  (|uurturH  of  an  inch  to  iiuarly  un  tncii  in  lun^tli ; 
tliey  bcconiti  horizontal  lliu  following  MprinM^,  and,  ((rowing  rapidly,  are  Hoon  |M)ndulouH,  and  when  fully 
grown  at  niidMumnutr  thuy  uru  nulM'ylindrical,  from  tliruo  and  a  half  to  iivu  inchuH  long,  from  un  inch 
and  a  half  to  un  inch  and  thriMi  i|Mart«>rN  widti,  and  dark  purple,  with  elongated  narrow  iiUghtly  concave 
■cult'H  roundt'd  at  tin*  a|iiiii,  Ihu  mmk'Ii  lliii'kt>ni>d  expoHed  purtH  being  couHpicuouHly  trunHversely  keeled 
and  terminating  in  oblong  dark  ronrave  nndnm  fiirniHlied  with  Hlunder  minute  incurved  spineH; 
after  opening,  the  iiculuit,  with  thu  i>«i'i>ption  of  the  uniboH,  turn  dull  red-brown  or  mahogany  c(dor. 
The  seedu  are  full  and  ronndt'd  idiiivis  unite  and  compreHKed  at  the  batw),  pule  and  conspicuouHly 
mottled  with  dark  purple,  and  tieaily  a  third  of  an  inrh  in  length,  with  u  thin  cruHtuceouH  cuut  and  an 
embryo  with  Hve  iiotyludomt  \  their  wingK  are  gradually  narrowed  and  oblique  at  the  apex,  pule,  an  inch 
long,  and  about  u  ipiarter  of  an  ini'h  wide. 

PlnuH  Jiiilfinirianu,  whiiih  growo  alwayii  on  rocky  mountain  Hlopea  and  ridgei),  inhubitH  Scott 
Moinituin  directly  we»t  of  Ml,  Hhitntit  in  Hiiikiytni  ('ouiity,  California,  where,  below  Ncuttered  groveH 
of  I'inua  albicnit/iH,  it  foi'ni>«  an  opiMi  fornut  at  elevutiouH  between  Hve  and  eight  thouHund  feet  above 
the  Hca-level ;  it  occur>t  near  tiiu  liiiili<<r  line  on  the  inountuinH  ut  the  head  of  the  Sacramento  Uiver,  on 
Yolo  Hally '  liud  on  the  noiitlierii  Him  ru  Nevada  abnig  tiie  Hlopes  of  Mt.  Whitney  and  about  the  heud- 
waturn  of  King's,  Kuwuiih,  and  Kern  Itivern,  where,  either  alone  or  mixed  below  with  /'iiiim  coiilorta, 
vur.  Miirrdi/iiHii,  and  above  with  J'inUK  iimiUtrnlii,  it  hometimeH  niakeit  exteuHive  open  groveii'  at  eleva- 
tionti  between  nine  thoiiituiid  and  eleviui  thoUNund  live  hundred  feet,  growing  here  to  its  Lirgetit  size, 
but  on  the  upper  bonleri*  of  lliu  fortint,  where  it  w  UMUully  the  only  itpecieH,  aouietimeii  reduced  to  u  low 
shrub. 

The  wood  of  PliiiiH  /iiil/iiiiriniiii  \n  light,  noft,  close-grained,  weak  and  brittle,  with  a  satiny 
surface  susceptible  of  rectiiviiig  n  good  polish.  It  contains  narrow  dark-colored  bands  of  small  summer 
celU,  few  inconspicuoiu  rekin  pawtiigtiN,  and  numeroim  obscure  medullary  rays.  The  speciKc  gravity  of 
the  absidutely  dry  wood  i*  O/il.'ll,  a  eiibic  loot  weighing  33.80  pounds. 

J'liiiis  Uiilfttiiriiiiiii  waN  inlrodiiced  into  Scotch  gardens  in  1852  by  its  discoverer,  John  Jeffrey, 
who  found  it  in  that  yeiir  on  Hrolt  Mountain,  but,  like  many  other  alpine  trees,  it  grows  very  slowly 
at  the  sea-level,  and,  uilhoiigli  liiiidy  in  (treat  Hritain,  gives  no  promise  of  attaining  beauty  or  size.' 

In  its  gpecitic  name  thin  trt)«  iiniiiiiii>inorat«>s  John  Iluttou  Balfour.^ 


I    : 


'  Pinui  BatJ'ouriana  wu  fuiini)  h<i  Mr,  'I',  H,  jlwiiilpfji'P  tin  Yolo 
Bnlly,  a  hii;li  iH'ak  iif  tluj  Culifiirilllt  ('iiltat  l(ltllK«  weal  nf  Kvd 
liliitT  ill  latituilu  \VP  III'  imrtli,  {/m,  iv.  I7ti), 

»  FowliT,  (Jnnl.  ilirtm.  IH'rJ,  (I7;i. 

'>  .luhii  Iluttiiii  lliilfour  (K<'|il«Mil>")'  in,  IMM  t^diranrr  It.  1HHI) 
waH  burn  nnil  Uieil  in  l-)iliiiliiiiyli,  mtIiuim  Utt  wii«  litiiu  u  |irtitiiiiiriit 
tuenilwr  of  tlio  niiiliiitl  faiiilly  uf  tlui  I'Mltriil'olIri  In  ISII  lie  ■nc- 
oeeiU-d  Dr.  Hooker  in  the  uhslr  nf  iHiMiiy  itt  llln»|;nw,  Imt  fniir 
yenrs  later  rctnrneil  In  lOilinlinrijIi  »•  |irnfiiMiir  nf  liiiliiny  in  tlw 
University  and  Ke|{iini  Kt^tijii-r  nf  llfti  Ittiyttl  lliitiin)i>  niirdcn,  iind 
ccnlinui'd  to  till  l\um'  |iii»itiuna  nnlil  MxiMly  liix  onil  iil  hl'<  lifi'.  In 
IH^Ml  I'rofeHiinr  hiilfiiiir  wut,  oiih  nf  (tin  fnnMilMr«  nf  t)ii>  MntiinifKl 
Society  of   I'Miiibnigli,  iinil   for  yuitia  Iim   ttiM  »  ninit  niii'ciiiaful 


teacher  of  botany.  He  wa»  the  author  of  u  htoni  of  Eilinburgh,  a 
inHniinl  uf  botiiny,  a  cliutx-biKili  of  botany,  of  other  text-books  which 
liave  ezi:rtcd  a  wide  iinil  luntiiig  iiillnence  upon  the  atiidy  of  this 
science  in  .Scotland,  and  of  many  imin'rs  pnblishisl  in  the  |irooced- 
iii){H  of  learned  HmietieH.  tie  greatly  iin|irov<!d  and  enlarged  the 
gardin  under  his  charge,  whiih,  during  his  adniiniHtratiun,  licL'aine 
line  of  the  chief  horticultural  and  botanical  centres  of  Kiirope  ;  and 
lis  secretary  of  llie  asHiH'iatiun  which  sent  .lellrcy  to  Anicrica,  h« 
was  largely  instrunienlal  in  the  discovery  and  cultivation  of  Hcveral 
North  Anicrican  trees,  llal/nuroileuilron,  a  tree  of  southern  Hrazil 
of  the  Kue  family,  was  dedicated  to  Professor  Ualfuur  by  .Ion(|iiini 
('orrea  du  .MiSUu. 


ill 


rr  tl 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE   PLATE. 


ih 


S'   k 


u  I  n 


Plate  DLIII.     Pmus  Balkouriana, 

1.  A  branch  with  staminate  flowers,  natural  size. 

2.  A  sbuninute  Hower,  enlarged. 

3.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  staininate  flower. 

4.  Bract  of  a  staininate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 

6.  An  anther,  side  view,  enlarged. 

7.  A  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  size. 

8.  A  |)istillat<?  flower,  enlarged. 

9.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  side,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 

10.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  its  bract,  enlarged. 

11.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

12.  A  conc^cale,  side  view,  natural  size, 

13.  A  seed,  natural  size. 

14.  Vertical  section  of  n  seed,  enlarged. 
1,'>.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

10.  Tip  of  11  leaf,  enlarged. 

17.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  niagnitied  flfteen  diameters. 


\,      :     I 


i 


[:■-      -ip' 


#      1 


■«; 


■f  ' 


?■  "'",4 


I     i  I 

:  •! ' 

i  i 
\l 


m 


!/d 


^^♦^ 


PINUS   BALFOURIANA,  A  Murr 


^4^fft'fV'ffj./'  t/i/y.i- 


hup  .  /  7'ti/ieiti  ,  h> 


i 


ri>' 


ij  I 


i 


i' 


:    f 


f  i 


>l         ' 


m  f 


f  ■' 


liflten  (liftmetert 


' 


Silva  of  North   America, 


f:/;u„:-  .If' 


PINUS  BALFOURIANA,  A  Murr. 


Tab   DLHl. 


Hurtfh/   sr 


:ri 


H 


f 


r 


Alitoi'ft^i.i-  i/hy::- 


I'nip.  ^l  Tii/)t'Hf  .  P,if  i.f 


\i 


: 


CONIf] 


] 

ovate 
pricli 

PinuB 
331 

Lit, 
Hei 
Sen 
424 
Pn 
Ha 
tun 
Seh 
Ph 
Mn 
An 


in  dii 

Strict 

irregi 

uppei 

pencil 

white 

it  is 

broad 

lets  a 

gray- 

of   til 

with 
twice 
agair 
the  e 
au  in 
soon 
to  an 
and  1 
vasei 
sum 
epiih 
at  til 


COtnSERJU. 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


63 


PINUS   ABISTATA. 

Foxtail  Pine.     Hickory  Pine. 

Leaves  in  5-leaved  clusters,  rigid,  incurved,  from  1  to  li  inches  in  length.  Cones 
ovate,  from  3  to  3^  inches  long,  their  scales  furnished  with  long  slender  awn-like 
prickles. 


PinuB  aristata,  Engelmann,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  set.  2,  xxxiv. 
331  (1862) ;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  u.  205,  t.  5,  6 ; 
Linn(Ba,  zxxiii.  383.  —  Kegel,  Gartetifioru,  xii.  391. — 

Henkel  &   Hochstetter,   Si/n.  Nadelh.  41 7 (Nelson) 

Senilis,  Phiacea;,  103.  —  Carri^re,  TraitS  Conif.  ed.  2, 
424.  —  S^n^elauze,  Conif.  113.  —  Parlatore,  De  Candolle 
Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  400.  —  Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado  ; 
Hayden's  Sunt.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  130.  —  Gordon,  Pine- 
turn,  ed.  2,  291.  —  Lawson,  Pinetum  Jirit.  i.  5,  f.  1.  — 
SchUbeler,  Virid.  Norvcg.  i.  392.  —  Steele,  Proc.  Am. 
Pharm.  Assoc.  1889,  234  {The  Pines  of  California).— 
Mayr,  Wald.  Nordnm.  353,  t.  8,  f.  —  Merriani,  North 
American  Fauna,  No.  3,  122 ;  No.  7,  339  (Death  Val- 


ley Exped.  ii.).  —  Coville,  Contrih.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  W. 

220  (Bot.  Deiith  Valley  Exped.). 
Pinus  Balfouriana,  Watson,  King's  Rep.  v.  331  (not  A. 

Murray)  (1871)  ;  PI.  Wheeler,  17. 
PitiUB  Balfouriana,  var.  aristata,  Engelmann,  Rothrock 

Wheeler's  Rep.  vi.  375  (1878)  ;  Breiver    -.  Watson  Bot. 

Cal.   ii.   125.  —  Veitcli.   Alan.    Conif.   176.  —  Sargent, 

Forest    Trees  N.  Am.  10th  Census    U.  S.  ix.  191.— 

Coulter,  Man.  Rocky  Mt.  Bot.  432.  —  Beissner,  Handb. 

Nadelh.  273,  —  Masters,  Jour.  R.  llort.  Soc.  xiv.  225.  — 

Hansen,  Jour.  R.  Hort.  Soc.  xiv.  349  (Pinetum  Dani- 

cum).  —  Koeline,  Deutsche  Demlr.  32. 


A  bushy  tree,  occasionally  forty  or  fifty  feet  in  height,  with  a  short  trunk  from  two  to  three  feet 
in  diameter,  or  at  high  elevations  usually  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  with  gnarled  semiprostrate  stems. 
Strictly  pyramidal  while  young,  with  regular  whorls  of  short  stout  horizontal  branches,  later  it  becomes 
irregular  in  outline  and  often  very  picturesque  by  the  greater  development  of  some  of  the  specialized 
upper  branches,  which  are  usually  erect  or  slightly  spreading  and  much  longer  and  stouter  than  the  often 
pendulous  lower  branches.  On  the  stems  and  branches  of  young  trees  the  bark  is  thin,  smooth,  milky 
white,  and  filled  with  resin  vesicles  which  remain  between  tlie  layers  of  old  bark,  and  on  mature  trees 
it  is  from  one  half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  red-brown,  and  irregularly  divided  into 
broad  ilat  connected  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  closely  oppressed  .scales.  The  branch- 
lets  are  stout,  briglit  orange-colored,  and  glabrous  or  at  first  slightly  puberulous,  usually  becoming  dark 
gray-brown  or  occasionally  nearly  black,  and  for  many  years  roughened  by  the  blackened  rigid  bases 
of  the  ovate  acuminate  light  brown  scales  of  the  braneli-buds.  Tliese  are  broadly  ovate  and  acute, 
with  more  or  less  reflexed  scales,  the  terminal  bud  being  often  one  third  of  an  inch  long  and  nearly 
twice  as  large  as  the  lateral  buds.  The  leaves  are  borne  in  clusters  of  five  and  are  crowded  and  pressed 
against  the  branch,  forming  compact  round  brush-like  tufts  from  twelve  to  eighteen  inches  in  length  at 
the  extremities  of  the  naked  branches,  their  bud-scales  lengthening  into  thin  compact  sheatlis  about  half 
an  inch  long,  white  and  scarious  above  and  firmer  and  pale  chestnut-brown  below,  the  upper  portion 
soon  becoming  reflexed  and  gradually  disappearing ;  they  are  stout  or  slender,  incurved,  from  an  inch 
to  au  inch  and  a  half  long,  entire,  acute  with  short  callous  tips,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  back, 
and  marked  witli  narrow  rows  of  pale  stomata  on  the  two  ventral  faces ;  they  contain  a  single  fibro- 
vascular  bundle  and  one  or  two  resin  ducts  situated  near  the  middle  of  the  dorsal  face  and  usually 
surrounded  by  an  interrupted  row  of  strengthening  cells  which  also  occur  in  a  single  layer  under  the 
epidermis,  or  on  the  dorsal  face  and  at  the  angles  occasionally  in  two  layers ; '  they  often  begin  to  fall 
ut  the  end  of  ten  or  twelve  years,  or  are  persistent  for  four  or  five  years  longer.     The  staminate  flowe.'S 

'  Coulter  &  Rose,  Jiul.  Gazelle,  xi.  bol. 


64 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIFERii:. 


are  borne  in  short  crowded  spikes  and  are  oval  and  about  half  an  inch  in  length,  with  dark  orange-red 
anthers  terminating  in  obscurely  denticulate  crests,  and  are  surrounded  by  four  involucral  bracts.  The 
pistillate  flowers  are  8ubt«rminal,  solitary  or  in  pairs,  oblung-oval  and  about  one  third  of  an  inch  in 
length,  with  broadly  ovate  dark  purple  scales  abruptly  narrowed  into  long  slender  awns,  and  are  raised 
on  sliort  stout  peduncles  covered  by  oblong  pointed  light  chestnut-brown  bracts.  During  the  winter 
the  young  cones  are  broadly  ovate,  erect,  and  about  an  inch  long  and  half  an  inch  broad ;  beginning 
to  grow  the  following  June  when  the  flowers  open,  they  soon  become  horizontal  and  then  semipendent, 
and  when  fully  grown  at  midsummer  they  are  ovate,  dark  purple-brown,  nearly  sessile,  and  from  three 
to  tliree  and  a  half  inches  long  and  about  an  inch  and  a  half  wide,  with  thin  narrow  scales  rounded 
at  the  apex,  the  exposed  portions  being  almost  equally  four-sided  and  only  slightly  thickened  and  trans- 
versely keeled,  with  central  elevated  knob-like  umbos  terminating  in  slender  incurved  light  red-brown 
prickles  often  nearly  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length  and  so  brittle  that  they  frequently  break  from  the 
mature  cone ;  the  cones  open  and  shed  their  seeds  late  in  September  or  in  October,  the  exposed  portion 
of  the  scales  becoming  dark  purple-brown  and  the  remainder  dull  red.  The  seeds  are  nearly  oval, 
compressed,  lighl:  brown  conspicuously  mottled  with  black,  and  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length, 
with  a  thin  crustaceous  coat  and  an  embryo  with  six  or  seven  cotyledons ;  their  wings  are  broadest  at 
the  middle,  light  brown,  about  one  third  of  an  inch  long  and  often  a  quarter  of  an  inch  broad. 

Nowhere  very  abundant  and  found  only  on  a  few  mountain  ranges,  Pbmn  uristata  grows  on  high 
rocky  or  gravelly  slopes,  and  is  distributed  from  the  outer  ra  ige  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado, 
where  it  is  scattered  through  the  upper  borders  of  the  forest  between  eight  and  twelve  thousand 
feet  above  the  sea-level,'  westward  to  the  mountain  ranges  of  southern  Utah,  central  and  southern 
Nevada,'  southwestern  California,^  and  the  San  Francisco  peaks  of  no- ''  em  Arizona.*  It  rarely  forms 
pure  forests,  being  usually  mixed  below  with  Pinus  JlexUis  and  at  c  with  Picea  Emjehimnni,  and 
reaches  the  upper  limits  of  tree-growth,  where  it  is  frequently  shrubby  with  short  contorted  stems. 

The  wood  of  Plnua  aristata  is  light,  soft,  not  strong,  and  close-grained ;  it  is  red,  with  thin  nearly 
white  sapwood,  and  contains  thin  dark-colored  inconspicuous  bands  of  sro  .11  summer  cells,  few  resin 
passages,  and  numerous  obscure  medullary  rays.'  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is 
0.5572,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  34.72  pounds.  It  is  occasionally  used  for  the  timbers  of  mines  and  for 
fuel. 

Pinus  aristata  was  first  made  known  to  science  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Parry,  who  discovered  it  on  Pike's 
Peak,  Colorado,  in  1SG1,°  and  the  following  year  sent  seeds  to  the  Botanic  Garden  of  Harvard  College. 
In  the  Atlantic  States  Pinus  aristata  grows  very  slowly,  the  plants  raised  from  Dr.  Parry's  seeds 
being  after  thirty-five  years  only  about  two  feet  high ;  in  England  it  grows  more  vigorously  and  has 
produced  cones.' 


'  Parry,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Aenrl.  ii.  123.  —  RoHii(x)t,Wheeler'i Rep. 
vi.  8,  9  (aa  Pinus  Balfouriana). —  Brandegee,  Bot.  Gazette,  iii.  32. 

^  The  upper  slopes  of  Prospect  Mountain  in  central  Nevada 
between  seven  thousand  five  hundred  and  eight  thousand  feet  above 
the  sea-level  were  formerly  covered  with  an  open  forest  of  Pinus 
aristata.  These  trees  have  nearly  all  been  cut  to  timber  the  mines 
in  the  neigl)oring  town  of  Kureka.  (See  Sargent,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
ser.  3,  xvii.  419  [The  FotpsIh  of  Central  Nevada"],  as  Pinus  lial^ 
fouriana.) 

*  In  California  Pinus  aristata  occurs  on  the  summits  of  the  Pana- 
roint  and  Inyo  Mountains,  and  it  is  said  to  grow  on  the  high  Sierra 
Nevadas  cast  of  the  Yosemite  Valley  (I^mmon,  Rep.  Vali/ornia 
Slate  Board  of  Fcreatrti,  ii.  71, 87  {Pines  of  the  Pacific  Slope]  ;  West- 
American  Cone-Bearers,  -i\),  but  I  have  not  seen  specimens  of  this 
tree  from  any  part  of  the  Sierras. 

*  On  the  San  Francisco  ;  Pin-m  aristata  forms  the  timber 


line  with  Picea  Engelmanni  at  about  eleven  thousand  five  hundred 
feet  above  the  sea ;  here  it  is  only  a  prostrate  shrub,  but  descend- 
ing to  nine  thousand  feet,  where  it  is  mingled  with  Piutts  Jlexilis,  it 
frequently  attains  a  height  of  thirty  or  forty  feet. 

'  Pinus  aristata  probably  always  grows  slowly.  The  log  speci- 
men in  the  Jesup  Collection  of  North  American  Woods  in  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  cut  near 
Eureka,  in  central  Nevada,  is  eighteen  inches  in  diameter  inside 
the  bark  and  two  hundred  and  eighty-nine  years  old,  the  sapwood 
being  five  eighths  of  an  inch  thick,  with  fort;  -four  layers  of  annual 
growth. 

*  A  Pine  branch  without  cones  collected  by  Captain  .1.  W.  Gunni- 
son, U.  S.  Army,  in  18.')3,  in  tlie  Coochctopa  Pass,  Colorado,  at  an 
elevation  of  ten  thousand  feet,  was  believed  by  Engelmann  to  bo 
of  this  species. 

'  Webster,  Gard.  Chron.  ser.  3,  xx.  719,  f.  126. 


-  5 


CONIFEaA:. 

k  orange-red 
bracts.  The 
)f  an  inch  in 
nd  are  raised 
ig  the  winter 
1 ;  beginning 
semipendent, 
1  from  three 
Eiles  rounded 
3d  and  trans- 
it red-brown 
eak  from  the 
osed  portion 

nearly  oval, 
h  in  length, 
I  broadest  at 
tad. 

■ows  on  high 
)f  Colorado, 
ve  thousand 
nd  southern 
rarely  forms 
hnanni,  and 

stems. 

1  thin  nearly 
Is,  few  resin 
dry  wood  is 
nea  and  for 

it  on  Pike's 
■ard  College, 
'arry's  seeds 
usly  and  has 


id  Bto  hundred 
lib,  but  descend- 
Pinm  JlexUis,  it 

The  log  speci- 
Woods  in  the 
Ifork,  cut  near 
diameter  inside 
)Id,  the  sapwood 
layers  of  annual 


lin  J.  W.  Gunni- 
Colorado,  at  an 
Ingelmanu  to  bo 


.■  Il 


?  :i 


H 


t  ' 


u  '  .r 


I  it^ 


i 


■ , 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 

Platk  DLIV.     Pinus  /VRIstata. 

1.  A  brancli  with  staminute  liuwers,  natuiiU  size. 

2.  A  staminatc  Hower,  enlarged. 

y.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 

4.  An  antlicr,  side  view,  enlarged. 

.1.  Uiagi'ani  of  the  involucre  of  the  Btiiminato  flower. 

I'  A  hranch  with  iiistillatc  tlowers,  natural  size. 

7.  A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  Hower,  upper  side,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 

9.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  iu  bract,  enlarged. 

10.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

11.  A  cone-scale,  upper  side,  with  its  seeds,  natural  size. 
1'.'.  A  cone-scale,  lower  aide,  with  its  bract,  natural  size. 

13.  A  seed,  natural  size. 

14.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 
l.">.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

16.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

17.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  magnified  fifteen  diameters. 

18.  A  winter  branch-bud,  natural  size. 


V, 


i 


Silva  of  North  America, 


DI.IV 


W"- 


<   I  ' 


■] 


frn   f 


I  i 


^?k5? 


> 


-v. 


-.V;.- 


V) 


W./i'wvw*./-  ,//rrt7-' 


.v./*  ^^.'J\ui4'ur.  }\iri,(. 


t" 


1     •' 

\', 

> 

?'' 

h            :| 

1  ■  ;  J.  I 

iV 


I 

1^ 


L 


Sr.vs.  o!'  Norlh  America 


Ta(.     lU.lV 


I  f:.f '<!..■  iw  iM . 


lovf'r.'itl^ 


PINUS  ARISTATA,  KnSelm. 


AHui,',':^,-  ,lui:,' 


t»:fi  .f  iti/irur  .' ariA. 


<     w 


[:; 


COMUrKlUK. 


SILVA   OF  NOaril  AAIh'HICA. 


PINUS   RESINOSA. 

R«d  Pine.    Norway  Pine. 

Leavem  in  2-loavcd  eludtcrN,  Nltrnder,  dark  ureen,  from  5  t<i  6  inchcH  in  lengtii. 
Cont'N  ovate-conical,  from  2  to  2^  inches  long,  their  scales  .slightly  thickened,  unarmed. 


Plnua  reatnoaa,  Aitun,  Hurt.  Kew.  iii.  307  (17HU).  —  Lam- 
bert, I'iniu,  i.  '."<),  t.  14 —  Willilaiiuw,  Sjia:  iv.  pt.  i.  4'.Ml ; 

ICitum.  98H;  /lerl.  IlaumH.  wl.  2,207 I'oiret,  Lamarfk 

Dirt.  V.  liltll.  —  i'uniuiiii,  Sijn,  ii.  57H.  —  Daafoiitainui, 
Hut.  Arb.  ii.  012.  —  Dii  Mont  <l«  Coiirii't,  Hut.  Viilt. 
•d.  2,  vi.  4r)l).  —  Hiiinh,  /••/.  Am.  .Sept.  ii.  042.  —  NutUll, 
Oen.  ii.  223.  —  Hiiyiie,  DiiiJr.  Ft.  173.  —  Sprennel,  Si/it. 
iii.  880.  —  Lawnoii  &  Son,  Ai/i'i<:  Man,  347  i  Lint  iVu.  JO, 
Aliietiiieir,  41.  —  Korbea,  J'iiietiim  H'oliiirn.  11),  t.  6. -- 
Itoul<er,  Ft,  llor.-.im,  ii.  101  (in  part).  —  Higclow,  Ft. 
tio»ton,  od.  3,  .384.  —  Antoine,  Cnnif.  7,  t.  4,  f.  1.  —  Linic, 
LInnrra,  iv.  fiOl.  —  Knilliclier,  iS'^«.  C'oiiiJ'.  178.  —  Kni)(lit, 
Syn.  Vimif.'lt.  —  Uicluirdaon,  Antie  Seitnhiinj  Kxpeit. 
ii.  I'liri.  —  Linillvy  &  Ounlon,  Jour.  Hurt.  Nnc.  Load. 
V.  fili). —  Uiutrirli,  Sijn.  v.  400. —  Gordon,  I'iiietittn, 
183  (excl.  iyn.  Plnut  Loinetenriana).  —  Hoopet,  AVer 
gre»n>,  102.  —  Parlntore,  De  Cumtntte  Froilr.  xvi.  pt.  ii. 
388.  —  K.   Kouli,  Venilr.   ii.  pt.  ii.   280.  —  NUrdlin|;er, 


ForttlMt.  3!)(i.  —  Kngelniann,  Traim,  St,  Limit  Anid,  ir. 

179 V»iU'li,  Man,  Viin{f'.  159.  —  .SiirKi'nt,  Funtt  Trtu 

N,  Am,  10<A  CKiimit  (r.S,\x,  11)1.  —  Unrho,  Ihiifehe 
Dtiiilr.  ml.  2,  100.  —  Uenel,  fti/iM.  JJeiulr.  ed.  2,  pt.  I. 
47.  —  VVillkomin,  Fornt.  Ft.  242.  —  Wntiion  A  Coulter, 
Graij'iMiin.  ed.  0,  41»l.  — Miiyr,  H'aW.  Nontnm,  211, 
t.  8,  f.  —  Beiiuner,  ilnmth,  Nadetli,  240.  —  Mantors,  Jour. 
H.  Hurt.  Soe.  xiv.  238.  —  Iluniien,  .hiir.  H.  Jlnrt.  Sun,  xW, 
387  (Pinetum  Daiiieum).  —  Koclinc,  Deutuche  Dendr. 
38.  — Britton  &  Brown,  Itt.  Ft.  i.  fil,  f.  111. 

Piniu  «ylTMtria,  /3  Norveffloa,  Cuti){lioni,  Viag.  neyti 
atati  Vititi,  ii.  313  (171K)). 

Plnua  rubra,  Miclmux  f.  Hitl.  Arli.  Am.  i.  45,  t.  1  (not 
Miller)  (1810).— DuChamliruy,  Tmlti  Arli.  UM.  Coiiif. 
i344.  —  Oilioul,  Aril.  Hh.  27.  —  I'rovanoher,  Ft.  Ciina- 
dienne,  ii.  554.  —  Carrivru,  Traiti  Conlf.  401.  —  S^n^ 
clauze,  Conif.  141. 

PinuB  Lariolo  y.  Spach,  Illtt.  V(g.  xi.  385  (1842). 


A  tree,  usually  seventy  or  eighty  feet  high,  witli  a  tail  straight  trunk  two  or  tliree  feet  in  diameter, 
but  occasionally  attaining  a  height  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet,  with  a  trunk  five  feet  through, 
and  stout  spreading  more  or  less  pendulous  branches  which  in  youth  clothe  the  stem  to  the  ground, 
forming  a  broad  irregular  pyramid  in  old  age  becoming  an  open  round-topped  picturesque  head.  The 
bark  of  the  trunk  is  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  (juarter  in  thickness  and  is 
slightly  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges  covered  with  tliin  loose  light  reddish  brown 
scales.  The  branchlets,  which  are  stout  and  glabrous,  are  light  orange-color  when  they  first  appear, 
darker  orange  in  their  first  winter,  brown  tinged  with  purple  diu'ing  their  second  and  third  years,  and 
later  scaly  and  light  reddish  brown.  The  winter  br'inch-buds  are  ovate,  acute,  from  one  half  to  three 
quarters  of  an  inch  long  and  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  broad,  and  are  covered  with  lanceolate  loosely 
imbricated  thin  pale  chestnut-brown  scales,  white,  scarious  and  fringed  on  the  margins,  their  firm 
dark  bases  being  persistent  on  the  branches  for  several  years  after  the  disappearance  of  the  leaves, 
which  fall  during  their  fourth  and  fifth  seasons.  The  leaves  are  borne  in  clusters  of  two,  with  close 
firm  persistent  sheaths  half  an  inch  long  and  at  first  pale  chestnut-brown,  and  scarious  above,  but  soon 
becoming  dark  purple-brown,  and  are  slender,  soft  and  flexible,  serrulate,  acute  with  short  callous  tips, 
dark  green  and  lustrous,  and  five  or  six  inches  long ;  they  are  obscurely  marked  on  the  ventral  faces 
with  bands  of  minute  stomata,  and  contain  two  fibro-vascular  bundles  and  numerous  peripheral  and 
parenchymatous  resin  ducts  surrounded  by  small  strengthening  cells.'  The  staminate  flowers  are  pro- 
duced in  dense  spikes  about  an  inch  long,  and  are  oblong  and  from  one  half  to  three  quarters  of  an 
inch  in  length,  with  dark  purple  anthers  terminating  in  denticulate  orbicular  crests,  and  are  surroundrd 
by  involucres  of  six  ovate  acute  bracts  which  are  deciduous  by  articulations  above  their  base  before 

■  Coulter  &  Roae,  Bot.  Gazette,  xi.  30S. 


i; 

■    1 

1 

1   ; 

1 

1 

i 

ii)  !■ 
1 1  ' 


•^11 


i    \ 


r. 


*     ■' 


68 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIFERS. 


the  anthers  open.  The  pistillate  flowers  e  terminal,  subglobose,  and  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long, 
with  broadly  ovate  scarlet  scales  rounded  and  reflexed  at  the  apex,  and  are  raised  on  short  stout 
peduncles  covered  by  acute  chestnut-brown  bracts.  During  their  first  winter  the  cones  are  ovate,  erect, 
about  half  an  inch  in  length  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  light  red-brown ;  they  begin 
to  grow  in  May  and  June  with  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves  and  soon  become  horizontal,  and  when 
fully  grown,  at  midsummer,  they  are  ovate-conical,  subsessile,  bright  green,  and  from  two  inches  to 
two  inches  and  a  quarter  long,  with  thin  slightly  concave  scales  rounded  at  the  apex,  the  apophyses, 
which  are  conspicuously  transversely  keeled  and  sligh  .  '  thickened,  terminating  in  narrow  transverse 
four-sided  dark  chestnut-brown  unarmed  umbos ;  they  ripen  and  shed  their  seeds  early  in  the  autumn, 
when  the  exposed  portions  become  light  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous  and  the  remainder  dark  dull 
purple,  and  mostly  fall  during  the  foUowiug  spring  or  summer,  but  sometimes  stay  on  the  branches 
until  another  winter.  The  seeds  are  oval,  compressed,  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long,  dark  chestnut- 
brown  and  more  or  lebo  mottled,  with  a  thin  crustaceous  coat  and  from  six  to  eight  cotyledons ;  their 
wings  are  broadest  below  the  middle,  oblique  at  the  apex,  thin,  light  brown,  three  quarters  of  an  inch 
in  length  and  from  one  quarter  to  one  third  of  an  inch  in  breadth. 

Pinus  resinosa,  the  only  American  representative  of  a  peculiar  Old  World  group  of  Pine-trees  of 
which  Pinus  sylvestria  is  the  best  known,  grows  o  <  light  sandy  loam  or  dry  rockv  ridges,  usually 
forming  groves  rarely  more  than  a  few  hundred  acre"  in  extent  scattered  through  forests  of  other  Pines 
and  of  deciduous-leaved  trees.  It  is  distributed  ^.'v^m  Nova  Scotia,  where  it  abounds  on  the  broad  sandy 
plains  near  Kingston,  and  New  Brunswick,  w.tiere  it  is  common,  to  the  upper  valley  of  the  Patapedia 
Kiver  in  eastern  Quebec  and  to  Lake  St.  Johi;  in  latitude  4.8°  north,, and  westward  through  Quebec  and 
central  Ontario,  where  it  is  widely  dispersed  over  sandy  plains,  to  the  shores  of  the  Lake  of  the  Woods 
and  the  valley  of  the  Winnipeg  River,  being  comparatively  rare  and  growing  only  in  small  isolated 
groves  west  of  central  Ontario ; '  it  is  common  in  northern  New  England  and  New  York,  and  ranges 
southward  with  small  scattered  colonies  to  eastern  Massachusetts,  where  there  are  isolated  groves  in 
Boxford,  Essex  County,^  and  in  Chestnut  Hill,  Middlesex  County,  with  occasional  trees  in  the  neigh- 
boring towns,  to  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  £..;  1  to  » .ntra!  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota, 
being  most  abundant  and  growing  to  its  largest  size  in  the  noH  em  parts  of  these  three  states,  and 
producing  here  on  dry  gravelly  ridges  harder  and  sti  jngei  timber  than  any  other  tree  of  the  region.^ 

The  wood  of  Pinus  resinosa  is  light,  hard,  and  rather  olose-grair  'd ;  it  is  pale  red,  with  thin 
yellow  or  often  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contains  broad  darlr-oolos-  hI  very  resinous  bauds  of  small 
summer  cells,  few  resin  passages,  and  many  thin  inconspicuous  medullary  rays.  The  specific  gravity 
ot  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.4854,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  30.25  pounds.  It  is  largely  used  in  the 
construction  of  bridges  and  buildings,  and  for  piles,  masts,  and  spars,  and  is  exported  from  Cauada  to 
Great  Britain  in  considerable  quantities.*  The  bark  contains  enough  tannin  to  make  it  commercially 
valuable,  and  formerly  it  was  occasionally  used  for  tanning  leather." 

The  earliest  description  of  Pimis  resinosa  was  published  by  Duhamel°  in  1755,  and  it  was 
cultivated  in  England  the  following  year.'  In  cultivation  the  Red  Pine  grows  very  rapidly,  and  its 
liardiness,  its  picturesque  habit,  and  its  long  dark  green  leaves,  make  it  the  most  desirable  of  all  the 
I'itcii  Pines  which  flourish  in  the  northern  states  for  the  decoration  of  their  parks.' 


'  Unmet,  Co/.  Veg.  tig.  Can.  60.  —  Bell,  Geolog.  Rep.  Can. 
1879-80,  50".  —  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  PI.  4flo. 

^  .lohii  RubinaoQ,  Bull  Ensex  hMitute,  xi.  103  (  Woody  PlanU  of 
Enscx  County,  yfassaehutetts'). 

'  Ayres,  Harden  and  Forest,  i.  106. 

'  Ltulett,  Timber  and  Titter-Tree;  ed.  2,  380. 


>  Kalm,  Travels,  English  ed.  iii.  218.  —  Bastiii  &  Trimble,  Am. 
Jour.  Phann.  xvi.  321,  f.  28,  29. 

•  Pinus  Canadensis  hifotia,  amis  mediis  ovatis,  Pin  Kuiige  de 
Canada,  Traile  des  Arbres,  ii.  125. 

'  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  iv.  2210,  f.  2094-2097. 

'  Sargent,  Hep.  Sec.  Board  Agric.  Mass.  zzv.  267. 


tt! 


C0NIF£R;E. 

a  inch  long, 
short  stout 
Bvate,  erect, 
they  begin 
I,  and  when 

0  inches  to 
apophyses, 

f  transverse 
:he  autumn, 
■  dark  dull 
le  branches 
•k  chestnut- 
dons;  their 
of  an  inch 

'ine-trees  of 
;es,  usually 
other  Fines 
iroad  sandy 

1  Patapedia 
Quebec  and 
the  Woods 
lall  isolated 
md  ranges 

groves  in 
the  neigh- 
Minnesota, 
states,  and 
region.' 
,  with  thin 
Is  of  small 
fie  gravity 
sed  in  the 
Canada  to 
mmercially 

ind  it  was 
[ly,  and  its 
of  all  the 


Trimble,  Am. 
*iu   lluuge   (le 


:l 


I. 


i'i 


^ 


I    ■; 


r- 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

PlATB   DLV.      PiNUS   RK81N08A. 

1.  A  branch  with  staminate  flowers,  natural  size. 

2.  A  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

3.  Diagram  of  tlie  involucre  of  the  staminate  flower. 

4.  An  anther,  side  view,  enlarged. 
6.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 

6.  A  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  size. 
'    -L  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  A  bract  of  a  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  lower  side,  enlarged. 

9.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upp^r  side,  with  its  bract  and  ovules,  enlarged. 

10.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

11.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  niagnifled  fifteen  diameters. 

12.  A  cluster  of  winter  branch-buds,  natural  size. 


Plate  DLVI.    Pinus  besinosa. 

1.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

2.  A  cone-scale,  lower  side,  natural  size. 

3.  A  cone-scale,  upper  side,  with  its  seeds,  natural  size. 

4.  A  seed,  natural  size.  - 

5.  A  seedling  plant,  natural  size. 


' 


j: 


'i  ft 


I 


•# 


!       I 


\x-. 


:.i^^.  "■■■ 


'''»^. 


■'^'  ■: 


SI 


M  -i 


.1 '   i 
i  ■    i ' 


;g:if« 


11 


PlNUb     KEblNUSA,  Alt. 


J 


^  Huyt-*'t'tia^  (iir/^r< . 


Tnifi   ./  T^r/it=itr,/'aft. 


51! 


' 


KXI'LANATION  OF  THK  PLATES. 


I.  A  Vk 

'J.  A  -it'tiui'i-^"- 
..■    i)i*i»r.«u  of 


,inu  n.nv,  ■ 


umet  4!4e,  natuwl  «i/* 


A  jicetl,  natui'al  •'' 


..!.■ 


Silva  of  North  America. 


m>o 


t'  K  Fttju?'i  i/r/ 


PINUS     RESINOSA,  Alt 


Tab.  DLV. 


Mi^neaii.r-  j'e>. 


A  Hi' ur/'U.t-  <^trf.r  ^ 


I'nf-    .  7  TantHir,  FariJ^. 


^ 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

f 

->. 

t 

i    ! 

i  • 

i 

I 
t 

• 

n 


i 


.  : 


w 


\ 


A 


^  I  / 


i'h 


■,t  1 


Itl 


u  n 


\ 


A  NuK-r^u.f    /u\ 


/"(/'     '  fiWrlif  PaHi 


iiil 


f  A 


Silva  of  North  America. 


Tab   DLVI 


n 


'^  E  ya.toi  ./V 


.^^  Mufn^iuia-  J-." 


PINUS   RESINOSA.Ajt 


A  Riocr.-Hi^r  Ji'ffur^ 


Imp  .  ^  Tafu^ur  Paru 


\     A 


1 

f; 

ll       : 

',;      i 

;  1 

'i'    \ 

mm 


^\f 


CONIFER.*. 


SUVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


71 


PINUB  TORREYANA. 


Soledad  Pine. 


Leaves  in  S-lcaved  clusters,  .stout,  from  9  to  13  inches  in  length.  Cones  broadly 
ovnte,  from  4  to  6  inches  long,  their  sciiles  much  thickened  into  broad  straight  or 
rcflexed  umbos  terminating  in  minute  spines. 


Piniui  Torreyana,  Torrey,  Bot.  Mer.  Bound.  Surv.  210,  t. 
58,59  (1859).  — Carribre,  TmM  Cont/".  320.  —  Gordon, 

Pinetum,  241.  —  Courtin,  Fair.  Conif.  75 Henkel  & 

Hoohitetter,  Sijn.  Nadtlh.  117.  —  Bolaiuler,  Pror.  Cat. 

Acad.  iii.  318 Hoopea,  Evergreens,  150.  —  .S^n^lauze, 

Conif.  122.  —  Engelirann,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv. 
181 ;  Brewer  &  Watson  Bot.  Col.  ii.  125.  —  Veitch, 
Man.  Conif.  173.  —  Sargent,  Forest  Treet  N.  Am.  lOM 
Census  U.  8.  ix.  192.  — Parry,  Proc.  San  Diego  Nat. 
Hist,  Soe.  i.  37.  —  Lemmon,  Sep.  California  State 
Board  Forestry,  ii.  75,  100,  t.   (Pines  of  the  Pacific 


Slope) ;  West-Anurican  Cone-Bearers,  38.  —  Steele,  Proe. 
Am.  Pharm.  Assoc.  1887,  242  (The  Pines  of  Califor- 
nia). —  Mayr,  Wald.  Nnrdam.  275,  t.  7,  f.  —  Beissncr, 
Handb.  Nadelh.  266 —  Ma»toni,  Juur.  R.  Hort.  Soc.  xiv. 
241.  —  Hanaen,  Jour.  R.  Hort.  Soc.  xiv.  399  (Pinetum 
Vanieum).  —  Koehne,  Deutsche  Dendr.  34. 
Pinus  lophosperma,  Lindley,  Gard.  Chron.  1860,  46,  — 

Gordon,  Pinetum,  Suppl.   69 Henkel  &   Hochstetter, 

Si/n.  Nadelh.  112.  —  (Nelion)  .Senilia,  Pmarete,  117. — 
Parlatore,  De  Candolle  Prodr.  xvi.  pt,  ii.  391. 


A  tree,  usually  thirty  or  forty  feet  in  height,  with  a  short  trunk  about  a  foot  in  thickness,  and 
stout  spreading  somewhat  ascending  branches,  but  occasionally  sixty  feet  tall,  with  a  long  straight 
sUghtly  tapering  stem  two  and  a  half  feet  in  diameter,  and  a  comparatively  narrow  round-topped  head ; 
or  sometimes,  when  fully  exposed  to  ocean  gales,  semiprostrate  with  long  contorted  branches.  The 
bark  of  the  trunk  is  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  deeply  and  irregularly 
divided  into  broad  flat  ridges  covered  by  large  thin  closely  appressed  light  red-brown  scales.  The 
branchlets,  when  they  first  appear,  are  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  thick  and  light 
green ;  in  their  second  year  they  are  light  purple  and  covered  with  a  metallic  bloom  which  does  not 
disappear  until  the  following  season,  when  they  begin  to  darken,  and  finally  become  almost  black. 
The  winter  branch-buds  are  cylindrical,  and  abruptly  contracted  and  acuminate  at  the  apex,  the 
terminal  bud  being  an  inch  long  and  a  third  of  an  inch  thick,  or  rather  more  than  twice  as  large  as  the 
lateral  buds ;  their  outer  scales  are  narrow  and  more  or  less  tinged  with  purple ;  those  of  the  inner 
ranks  are  broader,  pale  chestnut-brown,  white  and  coarsely  fringed  on  the  margins,  and  soon  become 
reflexed,  roughening  with  their  enlarged  thickened  bases  the  branches,  from  which  they  do  not  entirely 
disappear  for  several  years.  The  pale  chestnut-brown  lustrous  scales  of  the  leaf-bud,  scarious  and 
fringed  on  the  margins,  continue  to  inclose  the  lengthening  leaves  until  they  are  sometimes  two 
inches  long,  and  form  a  loose  sheath,  from  which  the  upper  part  soun  wears  away,  leaving  the  base, 
which  is  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length,  close  and  firm,  dark  brown  or  finally 
nearly  black,  and  persistent.  The  leaves,  which  uuike  great  tufts  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  are  borne 
in  clusters  of  five  and  are  acute  with  short  callous  tips,  sharply  serrate,  from  eight  to  thirteen  inches 
long,  about  one  sixteenth  of  an  inch  broad,  and  dark  green ;  they  contain  two  fibro-vascular  bundles, 
usually  three  parenchymatous  resiu  passages  surrounded  by  strengthening  cells,  which  also  occur  under 
the  epidermis  in  from  three  to  five  layers,  and  are  marked  on  their  three  faces  wth  many  rows  of 
deeply  set  stomata.'  The  flowers  appear  from  January  to  March,  the  staminate  in  short  dense  heads, 
the  pistillate  subterminal  in  pairs  on  stout  peduncles  an  inch  in  length  and  covered  by  broadly  ovate 
acute  chestnut-brown  bracts  thin  and  scarious  on  the  margins.     The  staminate  flowers  are  cylindrical, 

>  Coulter  &  Rose,  Bol.  Gazelle,  xi.  300. 


:i 


Mi 


III 
''II 


'■li 


Ii! 


^ 


n 


fill.VA    OF  NORTH  AMK/UCA. 


CUNirKHA 


from  twu  t(i  twii  uiul  ii  Imlf  iiii'lim  Umg  nnil  itbniit  a  third  of  an  inch  thick,  with  yellow  antheni 
torininatiiiK  in  |)roiniii)tiil  ilniitii'iiliiti*  vtonln,  ami  are  NUrrouiiiitMl  l>y  iiivolurrei  of  fourteen  broadly 
ovate  auiite  chtttitiMit-hruwii  liriu'l*i.  The  piittillate  Howers  are  olilon^)vul,  three  ({uartent  of  an  inch  in 
len^tli  and  ahoiil  half  an  iiirli  in  width,  with  broadly  ovate  Ncalefl  gradually  narrowud  into  whort 
pointH.  The  youiiK  ('oniw  grow  iihiwly  and  remain  erect  during  their  Hrttt  Heiuton,  and  at  the  end  of 
the  firitt  yi>ar  they  are  »uhglolHiM<  and  aliout  Indf  an  inch  thiek  ;  they  enlarge  more  rapidly  during 
their  Necond  year,  and  when  two  yeiiri*  old  they  are  ovate,  from  two  and  a  half  to  three  ini'hcH  long, 
and  dark  I'lientnut-lirown,  with  tliiekeneti  pointed  inuurved  light  red-brown  itcaleH,  and  are  raiited  on 
stout  |)e<Iunr'lea  per|H)ndii'ular  lo  the  liranch  and  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length  ;  and  at 
the  end  of  the  next  mmmmmi,  when  I  hey  are  fidly  grown  an<l  open  and  dittcharge  moNt  of  their  HeocU, 
they  are  broadly  ovate,  Npreadiiig  or  deflexed  on  Ntout  peduneleH,  from  four  to  six  incheR  long,  from 
three  and  a  half  to  nearly  live  ineheii  liroa<l,  and  chocolate  brown,  with  thick  cone-HcaleH  almost  an 
inch  wide  and  ithort-pointed  at  the  apex,  the  exposed  portions  lieing  conspicuously  four-ang1e<l  and 
much  thickened  into  central  knolm  terminating  in  slxirt  stout  straight  or  ehingated  and  reHexod  umboi 
tip|>ed  by  minutfl  spinew,  TIim  seeds  are  oval,  more  or  less  angled,  from  three  (piarters  of  an  inch 
to  nearly  an  inch  in  length,  dull  brown  and  mottled  on  the  hiwer  side  and  light  yellow-brown  on  the 
upper  side,  with  a  hard  shell  atioiit  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  thick,  sweet  oily  albumen,  and  an  embryo 
with  thirteen  or  fourteen  cotyledons ;  they  are  nearly  inclosed  by  the  much  thickened  inner  rim  of 
the  dark  brown  wings  whieli  extend  beyond  them  from  one  third  to  nearly  one  half  of  an  inch ; 
during  their  fourth  seas4tti  the  cones,  which  still  contain  some  of  the  seeds,  usually  fall,  generally  leaving 
a  few  of  their  undeveloped  sciilt'S  on  the  peduncle  attached  to  the  branch. 

J'inuH  'J'iiirci/(inii,  wlileli  is  the  least  widely  distributed  Pine-tree  of  the  United  States,  grows  in 
southern  California  near  the  Mionfli  of  the  Holedad  River,  where  it  is  scattered  along  the  coast  for  a 
distance  of  eight  miles,  ranging  inhtnd  oidy  about  a  mile  and  a  half,'  and  on  the  island  of  Santa  Rosa, 
DUO  of  the  Santii  Itarbarit  gronpi' 

The  wood  of  I'litim  Ttiftiifmu  is  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  and  coarse-grained ;  it  is  light 
red,  with  thick  yellow  or  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contiins  broad  conspicuous  resinous  bands  of  small 
Bunimer  cells,  small  resin  passages,  and  numerous  obscure  medullary  rays.  The  specific  gravity  of  the 
absolutely  dry  wood  is  0,  lH7ri,  a  cnhiu  foot  weighing  :{().41  pounds.  It  is  sometimes  used  for  fuel. 
The  large  edible  seeds  are  gathered  in  considerable  (juantities  and  eaten  raw  or  roasted.^ 

J'lnuH  '/hrni/iinii  was  llrst  made  known  to  science  in  1850  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Parry,  who  named  it  for 
Dr.  John  Torrey.*  It  was  iMlrodiicod  in»<>  Knropeaii  gardens  many  years  ago;  but  little  is  known  of  its 
value  08  an  ornauu*ntal  plant. 


'  The  inwt  iiiirtli«rn  ii|uiiiiiiiiiM  lif  I'luin  Tnrrmiiiin  mi  llic  inain- 
Uml  is  UoUUil  on  «  high  muwi  kIiihiI,  n  iiiIIp  hiiiI  n  hnlf  froiii  the 
eoaat  and  three  iiiilei  tii  the  imi'lh  Hint  s  llllln  tii  tlin  eml  at  the 
post-oftice  of  Oel  Mar.  'I'hii  mint  initltwtiy  ((Mivp  In  im  the  umith 
bank  of  the  , San  l)iLM|>Mlii  |(i,ur,  s  liitin  liiirlh  iif  ll>'l  Mnr,  whrro 
there  are  several  lino  trcen,  lliu  litllxat  IwIiik  nlHriit  «p«ly  feet  hii;h. 
From  this  point  southward,  ami  Miivur  Miiir)>  than  n  inili>  from  the 


constantly  sprinfjfing  np  near  th**  older  groves  show  that  Pinus 
Torrryann  is  unimpaired  in  vitality  and  likely  to  survive  in  tlia 
well  protected  ravines  into  whiuh  it  has  probably  l>cen  driven  by  a 
gradual  change  of  cliinntc  or  by  fires  on  the  dry  mesas. 

'  In  .Tune,  I8SS,  Mr.  T.  S.  Ilrandegrn  found  a  grove  of  about 
one  hundred  trees  on  a  liluflT  Hvc  himdred  feet  almve  the  sea  at  the 
east  end  of  Santa  Itosa  Island.     The  trees  of  all  sizes  up  to  s 


ocean,  stand  groups  of  all  bite^  iind  a|jM  on  the  borders  of  the  height  of  thirty  feet  were  in  perfect  health,  and  the  numerout  seed- 
broken  mesa,  ami  on  the  tides  iif  doep  lavllies  or  washes  eitend-  lings  showed  the  vitality  of  the  species  at  this  place.     (See  Bnin- 
ing  down  fnun  it  to  Ihii  shorn,  tlin  lariJt'al  Itees  growing  on  rocky  dcgee,  Hep.  Cnlijurnia  State  Board  Foretlrij,  ii.  111.) 
slo|ies  slightly  protected  fniin  lliu  Mia  lienoiies      I'roin  the  Han  Die-  •  Palmer,  Am.  Xnl.  xii.  .'ilM. 

qnito  to  the  mouth  of  the  Holulail  IIiucm  arv  lietween  two  and  three  *  ,lohn  Torrey  (August  l.">,  1700-March  10,  1873)  was  born  and 

hundred  trees.     South  of  the  Nolxdajl,  li|>oH  high  ground,  sometimes  educated  in  New  York.     lie  learned  in  early  life  the  rudiments  of 

•evemi  hundred  feet  alaive  the  IuvbI  iif  ihx  is'eaii,  occur  the  largest  botany  from  Amos  Katon,  and  studied  mincmlogy  and  chemistry  ; 

groups,  often  of  two  or  thrno  liiiniltxd  Itwo,  slrclching  along  the  in  18in  he  liegau  the  study  of  medicine,  in  181H  obtaining  a  medical 

aides  of  ravines  bilwecn  high  poiiila  jiHtlllg  to  the  ocean,  the  most  degree  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York, 

Boulherly  station  iH-iiig  live  uiilua  aiiiltli  of  I'lilril  I'Inoa.  where  there  and  engaged  at  once  in  the  practice  of  medicine  in  his  native  city. 

are  about  a  dozen  trees  (ikilii  H,  Aliylpr  '"  lui  ).     Although  luiw  In  1817  he  contributed  to  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  a  cata- 

lo  restricted  in  its  dlstrihutliHI.  Din  Hllltllier  of  seedlings  which  are  logue  of  the  plants  growing  in  the  neighborhood  of  New  York  j 


LM.:im   XJI 


coNiriciiji:. 


SILl'A    OF  NORTH   AMKltlCA. 


73 


■nd  In  IIKM,  »h«n  hn  publlahail  tli«  flnt  itiiil  iiiily  piirt  of  Ilia 
h'limt  of  Ikt  S'urthmanit  Mulillt  Sfilimi  q/' Ihf  I'niinl  Slntn,  Dr. 
Tnrrvj  WM  cbmaii  pnifvMi>r  uf  t'lii*iiiiitry,  ininrniloffy,  ftiiil  get>l- 
of ]r  in  tha  ('nitcnl  NUt<>  MiliUrjr  Aciulanijr  tt  Wait  i'uint,  uicIiiiiik- 
iiig  tliia  poaitliin  three  jraknl  Utor  for  th«  I'Imir  uf  vhi'iiiiitry  unil 
lioUny  in  the  Ciillvgn  uf  I'lijmii^iiina  unil  Nnrgouiia  uf  New  Yurk, 
whivli  he  nilud  until  iMA7,  when  he  n<iif(noil  it  tu  Iwounie  I'nited 
Htkt<-a  UHjrvr  at  New  York.  Ai  ititte  iKitanlit  uf  Now  Yurk, 
Dr.  Turrejr  in«<ln  •  butanical  aiirvay  uf  tha  atute,  piilillahinK  the 
reaulta  in  twu  llJualratod  vulunipa  in  1H4M  ;  anil  W^in.  ui(  In  IH'J^t 
with  hia  avouunt  uf  the  pluiita  cullinaeil  liy  Dr.  .fanu'K  in  the  Ituaky 
Muuntalna,  he  waa  autivuly  en^a((tMl  until  ni-arly  tin*  vw\  uf  hia  life 
in  atuilying  and  innkini^  knuwn  the  plant*  I'ullertiMl  liy  the  nunier- 
oua  government   i^xptMlitiona   aent   to  eiplurn   tlx^    thvn  unknowa 


wildn  of  wealem  North  Anieriea.  Ilia  moat  important  work,  Tkt 
Ftura  itf'  Stitth  Amthea,  undertaken  in  uullal><>ration  with  Aaa 
firay,  waa  only  half  (Minipleted,  the  Mrat  vulumu  appearing  in  twt> 
parta  in  1H:|H  40,  and  tlui  aeconil  in  tH^ll-i:>.  ilia  lirrlurlum,  rioli 
in  the  type'HpiM>iiiit«na  uf  all  hia  H|M*ctva  and  in  all  the  early  oulltHt- 
tiuna  luaili'  in  th«  wi'at,  and  hi.;  Iiutaiiiiul  lilirary,  w«n<  given  by 
him  aeveral  yeara  iH'furi'  liia  ilratli  to  Culiiniliia  College,  with  whirh 
hia  Mi-dii'al  Suhoul  liiid  bern  united  and  in  which  he  liecama  prtifea- 
aur  eniitrltiia, 

,luhn  1'urrny  waa  lUie  of  thi  wlaeat,  moat  idaai<-aighted,  anil  indua- 
triiiua  ayhtematlo  bulaniata  Ainerii'n  baa  priKliii-i'il,  iiiid  b'a  name 
will  never  Ihi  furguttnn  by  atuilvnta  uf  American  pbuita,  many  of 
wkiok  ho  tlrat  uiaile  known  tu  ni'ieuoe. 


J     : 


.1    I 


iil 


! 


-  i 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

Plate  DL\  il.     PiNus  Torreyana. 

1.  A  cluster  of  staminate  flowers,  natural  size. 

'Jt.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 

3.  An  anther,  side  view,  enlarged. 

4.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  staminate  flower. 
'i.  An  involucre  of  a  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  A  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  siie. 

7.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  its  bract,  enlarged. 

8.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  side,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 

9.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  magnified  fifteen  diameters. 

10.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

11.  A  cluster  of  young  leaves,  with  its  sheath,  natural  ahe. 


Plate  DLVIIL     Pixus  Torreyana. 

1.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

2.  A  cone-scale,  side  view,  natural  size. 

3.  A  seed  with  its  wing,  side  view,  natural  si/.e. 

4.  A  seed  with  its  wing,  nntural  size. 

5.  A  seed-wing,  natural  size. 

6.  Vertical  seoti.m  of  a  seed,  natural  size. 

7.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

8.  A  seedling  plant,  natural  size. 


mt^- 


\l 


/ 


'•?^.afa:Sa>*iii>''^ 


M 


•  /:  F.->j;'r  ,M 


%: 


\ 


\t 


PIN  US    TORREYANA,  Vorr 


li   III  I 


t 


A  h'iocreiu      ■/i/:-'<r ' 


hif>      '  /',i/l,-i,l     J'  I' 


V  ^ : 


in 


\:\    \\, 


f   i 


:ui 


IS. 

!  ■ 


fl  '         I 


1 


r  I 


KXn.ANATIO.V  UK  THK   IMATKS. 

I'!.«r>     lll.Nli.        HiNlls     [•KHKVWl. 

:«t^»-  of  Hfiuninat.'  tjuw'.rs.  nKttira]  mn  . 
tie  tiaatm-t. 


'<    A  "I'wi  MfiUi  iU  wini!,  •i'l''  v'i*»".  iiatunii  s!/.*'. 
>  with  it.'!  wing,  iiManil  nie. 

li  'i^'.'il  Rfvtion  of  a  .<ii<s(l,  notiml  me. 

'.-nlarjjeil. 
i.inf,  nalrii'ili 


Sil-'a  of  North   Amenta. 


Tab.  DLV!!. 


'  E  Ft.vrn  ci/U 


I'i 


PINUS    TORREYANA,  'orr 


•vv  \ 


\ 


li 


:-5»-ia 


>:?J! 


':'    ■'    ' 


Cm 


\\ 


>-X 


f    <i 


kil 


AMuirffiu.v  .firiKff 


Imfi..f.Tan(Hir.  Pans 


:.( 


at 


i 

i 

f-  r 
i    ' 

J 

1 

SiWa  of  North   America 


Tab.DLVl'.I 


C  K.Foj'on  i/f}/ 


Nirfichf  .re. 


PIN  us    TORREYANA  ,To^r 
.•<  .f/<;,-.-f  i.r  ./irr.r!  Im/i  ■  I  hlllniil  I'liH: 


!   » 


iJi 


CO 


Pii 


fo. 

pyi 

on 

um 
Th 
aec 
iiie 
wli 
the 
to; 
inc 
fivi 
thr 
pat 
occ 
au( 
aiH 
thi 
iiiv 
flo' 
brfi 
cor 

foi: 

stn 
aiu 
at 

by 

wh 
lus 
see 
a  t 
at 


COSUtKHAi. 


SUVA    OF  NOHTU  AMEKICA. 


75 


PINUS   ARIZONIOA. 
Yellow  Pine. 

Leaves  in  5-leaved  clusters,  stout,  rigid,  from  5  to  7  inches  in  length.     Cones  oval, 
from  2  to  2^  inches  long,  their  scales  armed  with  slender  recurved  spines. 


PinuB  Arizonloa,  Kngelinann,  Kothmrk  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi. 
200  (1H78)  !  Tram.  St.  Louis  Anul.  iv.  1«1  i  Bot.  Ga- 
xette,  vii.  4.  —  Henmley,  Hut.  Biul.  Am.  Vent.  iii.  180.  — 
Sargent,  Forest    Trees  N.  Am.   Mth   Census  U.  S.  ix. 


192.  —  Moyr,  Waltl.  Norilam.  239,  t.  8,  f.  —  BuUsiier, 
Ilandb.  Nudelh.  260.  —  MMtein,  Jour.  U.  Ilort.  Soe. 
xiv.  225.  —  Koeline,  Deutsche  Dendr.  34.  —  Leiumon, 
West-American  Cone-Bearers,  35. 


A  tree,  from  eighty  to  one  hundred  feet  in  height,  with  a,  tall  straight  massive  trunk  from  three  to 
four  feet  in  diameter,  and  stout  spreading  branches  forming  an  irregular  open  round-to])ped  or  narrow 
pyramidal  head.  The  bark  on  young  trunks  is  dark  brown  or  ahnost  black  and  deeply  f""  owed,  and 
on  fully  grown  trees  it  is  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  in  thickness  and  divio  i  in  '  large 
unequally  shaped  plates  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  clost'ly  appressed  light  cinnamou-re  >cales. 
The  branchlets  are  stout  and  dark  orange-brown  when  they  first  appear,  growing  i  .hter  ax  their 
second  and  third  years,  and  then  dark  gray-brown.  The  branch-buds  are  ovate,  acute,  Tie.irly  half  an 
inch  long,  and  covered  by  loosely  imbricated  dark  chestnut-brown  scales  with  pale  frir.'^ed  margins, 
which  continue  for  many  years  to  roughen  the  branches  with  their  thickened  bases.  Tue  sheaths  of 
the  leaf -clusters,  which  at  first  are  loose  and  bright  chestnut-brown  and  from  three  >  <rters  of  an  inch 
to  an  inch  in  length,  soon  become  tliick  and  firm,  pale  brown  below,  silvery  above,  i.nd  about  half  an 
inch  long  by  the  falling  of  tlie  inner  bud-scales,  and  are  persistent.  The  leaves  are  borne  in  clusters  of 
five  and  are  stout,  rigid,  acute  with  short  callous  tips,  closely  serrulate,  dark  green,  stomatiferous  on  their 
three  faces,  and  from  five  to  seven  inches  in  length  ;  they  contain  two  fibro-vascular  bundles  and  three 
parenchymatous  resin  passages,  one  in  each  of  the  angles,  surrounded  by  strengthening  cells,  which  also 
occur  under  the  epidermis  mostly  in  a  single  layer  ;  they  form  dense  tufts  at  the  ends  of  the  branches 
and  appear  to  fall  during  their  third  year.  The  staminate  flowers  are  produced  in  short  compact  spikes 
and  are  oval  .and  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length  and  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
thick,  with  dark  purple  anthers  terminating  in  orbicular  denticulate  crests,  and  are  surrounded  by  an 
involucre  of  about  twelve  broadly  ovate  acute  firm  dark  chestnut-brown  lustrous  bracts.  The  pistillate 
flowers  are  subterrainal  and  usually  in  pairs  on  stout  peduncles  covered  by  ovate  acute  chestnut-brown 
bracts,  and  are  about  one  third  of  an  inch  in  length,  with  long-pointed  dark  purple  reflexed  scales.  The 
cones  remain  erect  and  do  not  enlarge  much  during  their  first  season,  but  when  the  flowers  open  the 
following  spring  they  are  horizontal,  an  inch  and  a  half  long  and  nearly  an  inch  wide,  with  prominent 
strongly  incurved  tips  to  their  scales  ;  when  fully  grown  in  the  autumn  they  are  oval,  from  two  to  two 
and  a  half  inches  long  and  an  inch  and  a  half  wide,  with  thin  slightly  concave  scales  rounded  or  pointed 
at  the  apex,  the  apopliyses  being  transversely  keeled  and  much  thickened  into  central  knobs  terminated 
by  stout  umbos  armed  with  slender  recurved  spines,  and  much  recurved  on  the  small  lower  scales ; 
wlien  the  cones  are  open  in  the  autumn  the  exp  ised  portions  of  the  scales  are  light  red-brown  and 
lustrous  and  the  remainder  dull  red-brown  on  the  upper  side  .and  dark  purple  on  the  lower.  The 
seeds  are  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long,  full  and  rounded  below,  slightly  compressed  toward  the  apex,  with 
a  thick  coat  produced  above  into  a  narrow  margin  ;  their  wings  are  broadest  above  the  middle,  about 
a  third  of  an  inch  long,  nearly  a  quarter  of  an  inch  wide,  thin  .and  light  chestnut-brown. 

In  the  United  Stfites  Pinu8  Arizonica  inhabits  the  cool  high  slopes  and  the  sides  of  canons  of  the 


' 


I  ' 


:l) 


3   ( 


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I 


1! 


V  •< 


i  \K. 


il 


,i    i 


76 


SUVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONUERA. 


Santa  Cutiilina,  Kincon,  Sunta  Kitn,  Hiiachiica,  and  Cliiricahua  Mountains  of  gouthern  Arizona  nt 
altitudes  between  six  and  eight  thuuHand  feet  above  tlic  level  of  the  sea,  forming  a  considerable  part 
of  their  forests  and  on  the  Rincon  Mountains  a  nearly  pure  forest  some  twenty-Kve  sipiare  miles  in  area.' 
On  the  mounhiins  of  Sonora  and  Chihmihiia  it  is  more  abundant  and  grows  to  its  largest  size,  ranging 
through  three  thousand  feet  of  elevation  over  the  Cordilleras  of  Chihuahua  from  the  canons  and  valleys 
nt  their  base  to  the  highest  summits,  forming  forests  of  great  extent,  and  tilling  the  phice  of  the  more 
northern  I'ititiH  jioiuhTond  oh  a  widely  distributed,  abundant,  and  valuable  timber-tree.'' 

The  wood  of  I'lniia  Arizonim  produced  on  the  Santa  Rita  Mountains  in  Arizcma  is  light,  soft, 
not  strong,  rather  brittle,  and  close-grained  ;  it  is  light  red  or  often  yellow,  with  thick  lighter  yellow  or 
white  Na|)wood,  and  contains  broad  very  resinous  conspicuous  bunds  of  small  summer  cells,  numerous 
large  resin  passages,  and  thin  obscure  medullary  rays.'  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood 
is  O.ilUi'lH,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  31.4U  pounds.  In  Arizona  it  is  occasionally  manufactured  into 
lumber,  and  in  Mexico  is  often  largely  used,  although  it  is  diflicult  to  obtain  from  the  high  and  often 
inaccessible  mountain  slopes  which  are  the  home  of  this  tree. 

I'iniiH  Arizonica  was  discovered  by  Professor  John  T.  Rothrock*  iu  1874  on  the  Santa  Rita 
Mountains  of  Arizona. 


'  See  Tourney,  (iariirn  nnil  hWp^U  x.  l-'.3. 

Pintu  Ariznnifii  iirobubly  ul.su  ^rows  t>u  some  of  tlie  nioiiiitiiin 
raiiKos  of  southensterii  New  MexicMi. 

''  See  C.  (;.  i'riii|{lr,  Gimlen  ami  l'nre»l,  i.  »;». 

■  /*i«iw  Ariztmit'a  lifter  its  first  few  year«  jyrows  slowly.  Tlie  lo^ 
speeimen  in  the  .lesiip  Collection  of  Nortli  Aiueriniu  Woodi.  in  the 


.Vinerican  Museum  of  Natural  Iliatory,  New  York,  eut  on  tlie 
Santa  Uita  Mountains,  is  twenty-four  inelies  in  diameter  iunido 
the  hark  and  one  liundred  and  twenty-nine  years  of  age,  tlie  sap- 
wood  being  eight  and  f)ve  eigbtba  iueboi  thick  and  one  hundred 
and  two  years  old. 
*  See  viii.  02. 


KXI'LANATION  OK  THE   PLATE. 

Plate  DLIX.     Pinus  Akizomca. 

1.  A  cluster  of  ataininate  flowers,  natural  size. 

2.  A  staminatc  Howur,  enlarged. 

iS.  Diugraiii  of  the  involuero  of  the  stamlnate  flower. 

4.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 

5.  An  anther,  side  view,  enlarged. 

6.  Tip  of  a  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  size. 

7.  A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  its  hvact,  enlarged. 

9.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upjier  side,  with  it«  otules  and  bract, 

enlarged. 

10.  A  fruiting  hraneli,  natural  size. 

11.  A  cone-scale,  upper  siile,  with  its  seeds,  natural  size. 

12.  A  seed,  natural  size, 
in.  Tip  of  a  leof.  enlarged. 

14.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  inafrnificd  fifteen  diameters. 

15.  A  cluster  of  young  leaves  with  itsskeatU,  natural  size. 


4_ 


more 


\ 


•^\ 


t?i 


-/\H.  « 


■>v 


^■. 


■r 


* 


■rl 


/I  /fj^ij^/xtai  Jire^  ^ 


Imp.  ^  '  Tt2/i^iir ,  Paruf. 


M  .«iiifi«iii-> 


UHTII   AMKtUf'A. 

•  TtenUun  MtmitUiiiit  of  <vutlH«ii 
ibnvv  th«  l«vol  of  .tile  M-t,  ^friniUK  i  itxMvlxr 

I  '  .        '  ■         ■  ■  ,1  • 

r  i     .  .  ■         ^  IK 

r  tli«  Cor(li)U»nu  of  rhihu^ihiiik  fMni  the  rAnuiix  ai>  ' 
iiiiiii;r  formtii  iii  p;roat  iixli.-ut,  aiiil  flllini;  tL«  jiUif  <>f  i 

I,  .liniiiitutiMl,  ttbuo  litut,  MUil  \alim)ilr  (imliin'-tri'c' 

•innt  |ir<»<lii<  •'<!  on  ih'  K'tntit  Uittt  Mg'ini.iiiiM  ill  AriiUMu  in  light*  Mtft, 

ft«u  yellow,  willi  till' k  li^htvr  y«*lli/w  It 
I  is  of  itmiill  ttnitiiii'c  •  mIU,  ii«iii<>"iiu 

'iiHvity  of  tUe  .ilisoliiti'ly  .If   ■      •(♦ 
'   I  orciMiunitiiy  luuniit'iu-tiii' 

'(•••'•i,  .lilliiMiKJi  i>  i«  «lillirul     (o  ij1<t.iin  fniui  tli«t  hi;xli  umi  uUui. 
'•ii>  imiiui  of  l'ii»  trw'. 
It)  I'loftxwor  ,li)hi)  T    r.'ttl.rfHl'  ill  1874  OH   iIj*  Soiila  Kita 


■  ■t  Topk, 


!!•«*  Cll  lil 

.,,       i,i  ir...     I 


M      Atl  4|.tl. 


"Of  lae.  with  iv 

.lu''   till).*,  >ritr   It 


1 1 


.-3.* 


Silv*  of   North  Am«rif4 


T4b    DLIX 


t'lU 


/7  E  Faa\>n  Jei 


irun^tf 


PINUS    ARIZONICA,  En^elm 


.?.! 


A  IiiO,^f^4.i-  ^rf.r  ' 


imp. .  '  Tar./'ur  /^aris. 


*!■. 


m  1 


^.f 


CONIFERj*:. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


77 


I     •  !tf : 


PINUS   P0NDER08A. 

Yellow  Pine.    Bull  Pine. 

Leaves  in  3  or  in  2  and  3-leaved  clusters,  stout,  rigid,  from  3  to  15  inchcx  In  lotigth. 
Cones  oval,  from  3  to  6  inches  long,  sejJurating  at  nuiturity  from  thoir  lowui'  BcaloM 
persistent  on  the  peduncle. 


Pinus  ponderosa,  Lawson  &  Son,  Agric.  Man.  355  (1836)  ; 
List  No.  10,  Abietinece,  33.  —  Luudon,  Arb.  Brit.  iv. 
2243,  f.  2132-2136.  —  Forbes,  Pinetum  Wobiim.  44,  t. 
15.  —  Antoine,  Coiiif.  28,  t.  8,  f.  1.  —  Link,  Linncea, 
XV.  506.  — Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii.  114.—  Spach,  Hist.  Vig. 
xi.  389.  —  Endlichcr,  Sijn.  Conif.  163.  —  Knight,  Syn. 
Conif.  30.  —  Lindley  &  Gordon,  Jour,  llort,  Soc.  Lond. 
V.  217.  —  Dietrich,  Syn.  v.  399.  —  Carrifere,  Trait& 
Conif.  340. — Gordon,  Pinetum,  205. —  Courtin,  Fam. 
Conif.  79. —  Newberry,  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi.  pt.  iii. 
36.  —  Cooper,  Pacific  R.  R.  Rfp.  xii.  pt  ii.  27,  68 ; 
Am.  Nat.  iii.  409.  —  Torrey,  II  '.  Alex.  Bound.  Surv. 
209 ;  Ives'  Rep.  pt.  iv.  28.  —  Lyall,  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  vii. 
142.  —  Bolander,  Proc.  Cat.  Acad.  iii.  226,  317.  —  Hen- 
kel  &  Hochstetter,  Syn.  Nadelh.  71,  415.  —  (Ntlson) 
Senilis,  Pinacea,  125.  —  Hoopes,  Evergreens,  117.  — 
Sdiidclauze,  Conif.  128.  —  Parlatore,  De  CandoUe  Prodr. 
xvi.  pt.  ii.  395  (excl.  syn.  Pinus  Sinclairiana).  —  K.  Koch, 
Dendr.  ii.  pt.  ii.  310.  —  Engelinann,  Rothrock  Wheeler's 
Rep.  vi.  261 ;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv.  181 ;  Breiver  & 
IVatson  Bot.  Cal.  il.  125.  —  Kellogg,  Forest  Trees  of  Cali- 
fornia, 51.  — Sargent,  Forest  Trees  N.  Am.  10th  Census 
U.  S.  ix.  192.  — Lauche,  Deutsche  Dendr.  ed.  2,  110.— 
SchUbeler,  Virid.  Norveg.  i.  393.  —  Willkomin,  Forst.  Ft. 
191.  —  Leinmon,  Rep.  California  Slate  Board  Forestry, 
ii.  73, 97,  t.  (Pines  of  the  Pacific  Slope)  ;  West-American 
Cone-Bearers,  32.  —  Steele,  Proc.  Am.  Pliarni.  Assoc. 
1889,  237  (The  Pines  of  California).  —  Mnyr,  Wald. 
Nordam,  308,  f.  11,  t.  7,  f.  —  Masters,  Gard.  Chron.  ser. 
3,  viii.  657.  f.  110,  111.  114,  115;  Jour.  R.  Hort.  Soc. 
xiv.  237.  —  Beissner,  Hatidh.  Nadelh.  260,  f.  61.  —  Han- 
sen, Jour.  R.  Hort.  Soc.  xiv.  383  (Pinetum  Danicum). — 
Hempel  &  Wilhelm,  Biiume  und  Striiucher,  i.  189,  f. 
Ill  A. —  Mcrriam,  North  American  Fauna,  No.  7,  338 
(Death  Valley  F.rped.  ii.).  —  Coville,  Confrib.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Herb.  iv.  223  (Bot.  Death  Valley  Exped.).  —  Koehne, 
Deutsche  Dendr.  35. 

Pinus  resinosa,  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii.  161  (in  part) 
(not  Alton)  (1839). 


Pinus  Bonthamiana,  Hartweg,  Jour,  Hurl,  Hm,  Lmut,  II, 
189  (1847)  ;  iii.  223.  —  Luwsoii  &  Hum,  /,/</  No,  10.  Able- 
tineas,  30.  —  Gordon,  Jom:  Hort,  Su«,  l,oitit,  Iv,  'JI2,  t. ) 
Fl.  des  Serves,  vi.  85,  f.  (  Pinetum,  18H,  =  (!(Mll'tlii,  iSyn. 
Conif.  76.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  !)(»,=  I.ltiijltiy  ft  (lot. 
don,  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  Lnnd,  v.  21(1,  —  (liiri'li'fe,  TmilA 
Conif.  350.  —  A.  Murray,  Fdlnliurgli  Ni'ir  I'lill,  ,/oui,  n. 
.  ser.  i.  287,  t.  8.  —  Henkel  &,  UoolmtoHDr,  ,Syii,  Nattelh. 
84.  —  (Nelson)  Senilis,  Pinueua;  J()4,  =  N^li^i'lHlli!«, 
Conif  123. 

Pinus  braohyptera,  Engelninnn,  WUllntiiuii  Mi<umlr  nf  a 
Tour  to  Northern  Mexico  (Semite  Dait,  IH4H),  Hut, 
Appx.  89 — Lindley  &  Gordon,  Juur,  lliii't,  Sue,  Luml.  v. 
216.  — Carrifere,  Rev.  Hort.  1354,  2^7  I  VI.  dm  .SprreD,  k, 
201;  Traite  Conif  350.— ,1.  M.  HIgBluw,  J'acljlc  J{.  I{. 
Rep.  iv.  pt.  V.  18.  —  Gordon,  J'ineliim,  1(10,'==--  lleiikul  tt 
Hochstetter,  Syn.  Nadelh.  85.  —  (NuUiiH)  N«llllli,  t'inu- 
cew,  105. 

Pinus  Beardsleyl,  A.  Murray,  Kdinliurgh  Nkw  I'hit,  Jour, 
n.  ser.  i.  286,  t.  6 (1855 ) .  —  Cavritrn,  Tru ll/' Conif.  ilfill,  — 
Sdndclauze,  Conif.  123.  —  lliinsun,  Juur,  It.  Hurl,  Sue, 
xiv.  351  (Pinetum  Danicum). 

Pinus  Crajgana,  A.  Murray,  Edinburgh  Nfw  I'hit,  ,/uur. 
n.  ser.  i.  288,  t.  7  (18.'>5). 

Pinus  Engelmanni,  'I'orroy,  Pacific  II,  H,  l/i,/,,  \y.  j,|,  y, 
141  (not  Carriere)  (1856). 

Pinus  Parryana,  Gordon,  Pinetum,  20y  (IHi'iH;,  =.-  |t(<iikt<l 
&  Hoclistetter,  Syn.  Nadelh.  88.  —  Cm i liiii),  Ti'ullf'  I'onlf, 
cd.  2,  446. 

Pinus  ponderosa,  var.  Bentbamiana,  S'nwy,  llpp.  thpl, 
Agric.  U.  S.  1875,  178  (Cat.  Forest  Tcmit  II,  S.)  (INTO), 

Pinus  ponderosa,  (a)  Bentbamiaiifi,  Iiummmiiii,  Urp,  Call' 
fornia  State  Board  Forestry,  ii.  73,  117  (I'lnrt  iff'  the 
Pacific  Slope)  (1888)  J  Weal-American  Cunu'llpimfn.  33, 

Pinus  ponderosa,  (c)  braohyptera,  l,eiiiiMMit,  l/fp,  Cull' 
fornia  State  Board  Forestry,  il.  73,  W  ( I'luif  if  the. 
Pacific  Slope)  (1888). 

Pinus  ponderosa,  var.  (a)  niBriaans,  t,|ilMMIiill,  Wrul- 
A  merican  Cone-Bearers,  33  ( 1 8U5 ) . 


'      M 


|. 


The  typical  form  o£  this  variable  species  when  growing  under  the  best  conditions  is  n  ti'iMi,  iiNimllv 
from  one  huncbed  and  fifty  to  two  hundred  feet  in  height,  with  a  massive  stum  llvu  or  nix  Swi  in 


78 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


coam'MK. 


diameter,  or  exceptionally  two  hundred  and  thirty  feet  tall,  with  a  trunk  eight  feet  in  diameter,'  Awfi 
thick  many-forked  often  pendulous  branches"  generally  ascending  at  the  ends  and  forniiiig  u  narrow 
regular  spire  like  head  whicu  constitutes  from  one  third  to  one  half  the  height  of  the  tree;  or,  whoii 
less  favorably  situated,  producing  a  shorter  trunk  and  stouter  branches  forming  a  bruudur  and  ot'ttili 
round-tojjped  head.  During  the  first  eighty  or  one  hundred  years  of  its  life  the  bark  of  the  trunk  in 
broken  into  rounded  ridges  covered  with  small  closely  appressed  scales,  and  is  dark  brown,  nearly  lilat^k, 
or  light  cinnamon-red ;  and  on  older  trees  it  is  from  two  to  four  inches  thick  and  deeply  and  irre((ularly 
divided  into  plates  sometimes  four  or  five  feet  long  and  twelve  or  eighteen  inches  wide,  and  covorod 
with  thick  bright  cinnamon-red  scales.  The  branchlets  are  stout  and  more  or  less  fragrant  whun  cut, 
with  the  pungent  aromatic  odor  of  orange-peel ;  when  they  first  appear  they  are  orange-color,  but  Noori 
grow  darker,  frequently  becoming  nearly  black  at  the  end  of  two  or  three  seasons,  and  are  much 
roughened  for  several  years  by  the  thickened  persistent  bases  of  the  ovate  acute  light  cheHtniit-browii 
conspicuously  fringed  scales  of  the  branch-buds,  which  are  often  half  an  inch  long  and  soon  li(i(!ome 
reflexed,  those  of  the  outer  ranks  being  linear-lanceolate  and  dark  or  light  red-brown.  The  brancIi-budH 
are  ovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  apex,  the  terminal  bud  being  from  one  half  to  thrtm 
quarters  of  an  uich  long  and  frequently  twice  as  large  as  the  lateral  buds.  The  leaves  form  groat  tiift»t 
at  the  ends  of  the  naked  branches,  and  are  borne  in  clusters  of  three  in  sheaths  whicli  are  lit  liritt 
loose,  pale  chestnut-brown,  and  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length,  but,  soon  loitinK:  tlm 
inner  bud-ssales.  '  acome  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long  and  thick,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  uiid 
fall  with  tht  leaves,  mostly  during  their  third  season ;  they  are  acute  with  sharp-pointed  calloiiN  tiptt, 
finely  serrate,  dark  yellow  green,  stoniatiferous  on  the  three  faces,  and  from  five  to  eleven  iucliUM  in 
length ;  they  contain  two  fibro-vascular  bundles  and  usually  two  or  sometimes  as  many  as  live  piiruil* 
cliyniatous  resin  ducts  s\irrounded  by  strengthening  cells,  which  also  occur  in  from  one  to  tliwn  layorM 
under  tiie  epicicrm's.'  The  pistillate  flowers  are  borne  in  short  crowded  spikes,  and  are  cyliiidricui, 
flcxuous,  from  an  :!ich  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long  and  about  half  an  inch  thick,  with  yellow  uiitlierN 
terminating  in  conspicuous  semiorbicular  obscurely  denticulate  crests,  and  are  surrounded  by  involmtrtw 
of  ten  or  twelve  brikidly  ovate  light  chestnut-brown  bracts  scarious  on  the  margins  and  rounduil  at  tli« 
apex.  The  pistillate  flowers  are  subterminal,  clustered  (U'  in  pairs,  oval,  dark  red,  and  aixiiit  one  third 
of  an  inch  long  and  one  quarter  of  an  inch  broad,  with  ovate  scales  gradually  narrowed  into  elori|{:utiid 
slender  tips  and  conspicuous  orbicular  bracts  fimbriate  on  the  margins.  The  young  cones  are  urtict  in 
their  first  summer,  and  during  the  winter  are  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  r|uarter  long  and  about 
three  quarters  of  an  inch  thick,  with  light  red-brown  ovate  scales  produced  into  long  or  short  Hiciider 
incurved  or  straight  awn-like  spines ;  when  fully  grown,  at  midsummer,  the  cones  are  oval,  horixonlal,  or 
slightly  declining,  subsessile  or  short-stalked,  from  three  to  six  inches  long  and  from  an  inch  and  n 
half  to  two  inches  broad,  often  in  clusters  of  from  three  to  five,  and  bright  green  or  purple,'  with 


^  The  largest  Npceiiiien  niP.iMircd  by  Miiir  on  tlie  Ciilifoniii* 
Sierras  was  two  Imntlred  and  twenty  feet  liigl).  with  a  trunk  ei^lit 
feet  in  diameter ;  other  speiiinu'na  measured  I»y  Iiim  in  California 
were  one  hundred  and  ei;j;hty  feet  higli,  with  a  trunk  three  feet  ten 
inches  in  diameter,  and  thire  hundred  and  eighty  years  old  ;  one 
hundred  and  seventy-five  feet  high,  with  a  tnmk  five  feet  one  ineh 
ijL  diameter,  and  two  Imndred  and  sixty  years  old  ;  a  tnmk  threo 
feet  six  inehes  in  diameter,  and  two  hundred  aiul  tiiirty-tive  years 
old  ;  a  trunk  two  feet  in  rliameter,  and  two  hundred  and  thirty-one 
years  old  ;  a  tnmk  three  feet  four  inehes  in  dijimeter,  and  one  liun- 
(U'l'd  and  eight  yeai^  old  ;  and  a  trunk  three  feet  three  inches  in 
diameter,  and  one  hundred  years  old.  The  log  speeiinen  in  the 
.fesup  (,'nliei-tit)n  of  North  Anu'riean  Woods  in  the  Amerienn  Mu- 
seum of  Natural  Hi?^tory,  New  York,  out  on  the  western  slope  of 
the  nortfiern  Sierra  Nevada,  is  forty-seven  and  three  ipiarters 
inches  in  diameter  inside  the  hark,  and  three  huudi-ed  and  seventy- 


nine  years  old,  the  sapwowl  Ixung  eight  and  a  half  iiiuhiiH  thick  HMil 
two  hundred  and  eleven  years  old. 

''  A  seedling  raised  in  the  Kua|diill  Nursery,  Knglauil,  and  plailtoil 
hy  Mr.  Henry  Winthrop  ^urgent  in  his  garden  at  l''it,hkill*on.llM4* 
Hudson,  New  York,  in  18."il,  when  a  few  inehes  high,  gintv  iiilii  11 
tree  with  long  drooping  brunelies,  forming  a  narrow  eoluiiill  tthleli 
in  forty  years  had  att^iined  a  height  of  sixty  feet,  and  ttiii'oMiM  ttrt 
object  of  beauty  and  interest  before  its  ruin  by  fungal  dlneai*!* 
(II.  W.  .'^argent,  (laril,  Chrim.  n.  ser.  x.  'SM,  f.  li!,  —  Kaixdiil, 
Gnr'h'ii  nu'l  Forrat,  i.  ;19'J,  f.  Ct'J). 

'  Coulter  &  Uose.  Hot.  fliuelle,  xi.  IMXl. 

*  The  cones  of  what  may  be  considered  tlu'  typical  form  rif  l^ttut 
ponilenmi  are  usually  green;  but  in  the  hitter  Uool  vullc),  in  Moll' 
tana,  trees  l)enring  all  green  cones  and  all  purple  cones  iit'c  tliUci! 
together  in  about  e(pial  inimbers,  while  on  the  plains  north  of  Mat' 
head  Lake  in  Montana  most  of  the  trees  bejir  purple  cones, 


lott))','  Nliort 
ig  a  iiiirrMW 
) ;  or,  wliiiii 
'  iind  oCtoii 
till)  trunk  iit 
uarly  liltick, 
1  irroj(iil«rly 
iiid  covorml 

)t  wlltill  (!Ut, 

)r,  but  Noori 
1  urn  nnwU 
»tuut-l»r(»wii 
0011  bocouKi 
liniiKtli'budM 
itlt'  to  tlii'uu 

I  tfruitt  tuftM 
nru  ut  llritt 

II  liming  tlid 
f  liliiL'k,  mill 
[■iilloiiN  ti|m, 

II    illL'llUH    ill 

iivu  |(iir«<ii- 
tliicn  luyorN 
I'yiimli'ii'iil, 
How  itntlii'rN 
y  involnoHm 
inilml  at  tlitt 
itt  onu  tliii'il 
o  ulongiitwl 
iro  ui'iu't  ill 
uiiil  iiliotit 
lorf  Hltuidnr 
ori/.otilal,  or 
inrli  and  n 
ui|)l(!,'  with 

iwliua  llili'lt  Hiiil 

ml,  uimI  |iliiM(flil 
ri»lil(lll.iill.tlM'- 
kI||  KI"W  illlii  it 
V  i'ijImiiiii  tthli'li 

Hill!    illtl'IIIIIU    Nil 

fiiiiKiil  illai'HUX 
i'JS.  —  Kttrjffliit, 


il  fiiiiii  iif  I'him 
viilli'j,  ill  Miiii' 
'iiiii's  iirit  iiilitKit 
» iiiiilh  iif  l''li(l» 


CONITERJE. 


SILVA   OF  NORTE  AMERICA. 


79 


thin  narrow  slightly  concave  scales  usually  rounded  or  sometimes  pointed  at  the  apex,  the  apophyses 
being  transversely  keeled  and  sligatly  or  much  thickened  into  central  knobs  terminating  in  com- 
pressed straight  or  recurved  umbos  armed  with  slender  prickles;  at  maturity  the  exposed  portion  of 
the  scales  turns  light  reddish  brown  and  becomes  lustrous,  and  the  remainder  dull  red-brown  on  the 
upper  side  aud  deep  purple  on  the  lower ;  after  ripening  the  cones  mostly  fall  during  the  first  autumn 
and  winter,  usually  leaving  their  lower  scales  attached  to  the  peduncles.'  The  seeds  are  ovate,  acute, 
compressed  at  the  apex,  full  and  rounded  below,  and  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  thin  dark 
purple  often  more  or  less  mottled  coat  produced  above  into  a  narrow  rim ;  their  wings  are  usually 
broadest  below  the  middle,  thin,  pale  brown,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  oblique  apex,  from  an  inch  to 
an  inch  and  a  quarter  in  length  and  about  an  inch  in  width  ;  the  cotyledons  vary  from  six  to  nine  in 
number. 

Pinv.s  ponderosa  inhabits  mountain  slopes,  dry  valleys,  and  high  mesas  from  northwestern 
Nebraska  and  western  Texas  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  from  southern  British  Columbia  to 
Lower  California  and  northern  Mexico.  The  typical  form  ranges  from  about  latitude  51°  north  in  the 
interior  of  British  Columbia,"  southward  through  western  Montana  and  northern  Idaho,  aud  through 
Washington  and  Oregon,  and  along  the  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  California  coast  ranges, 
growing  in  the  interior  on  the  arid  soil  of  high  valleys  and  on  dry  mountain  slopes,  and  forming  open 
forests  often  of  great  extent ;  in  western  British  Columbia  and  in  Washington  and  Oregou  west  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains  it  is  usually  found  only  on  dry  gravelly  plains,  or  rarely  in  swul-jis,  where  it  is 
always  small  and  stunted,  with  rough  nearly  black  bark ;  in  California  it  attains  its  largest  size  on  the 
basins  of  fiUed-up  lakes  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  where  it  is  common  from  an 
elevation  of  about  two  thousand  feet  above  tlie  sea  nearly  to  the  upper  limits  of  tree-growth  ;  ^  crossing 
the  range  through  the  lowest  passes,  it  extends  down  to  its  eastern  base  and  out  on  to  the  hot  volcanic 
plains  beyond,  sweeping  with  a  great  forest  northward  into  Oregon,  where  it  extends  from  the  eastern 
footiiills  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  north  of  the  Klamath  Lakes  at  an  elevation  of  about  two  thousand 
five  hundred  feet  above  the  sea  eastward  to  the  mountains  east  of  Goose  Lake,  covering  them,  with  the 
exception  of  their  highest  peaks,  with  large  trees.'' 

In  southern  Oregon,  where  it  is  common  and  is  the  largest  tree  on  the  dry  volcanic  foothills  of  the 
Siskiyou  Mountains  near  Waldo,  a  form  occurs "  with  more  pungently  aromatic  juices,  stift'er  and  more 


'  This  peculiarity  of  tlie  breaking  away  Oi  tlie  cone  of  Pimis  pon- 
derosa from  its  lower  scales  seems  commun  to  nearly  all  individuals 
of  its  numerous  forms  ;  but  during  the  summer  of  189C  rrofcssor 
J.  W.  Tourney  found  a  single  tree  on  the  Cliiricahua  Mountains  in 
Arizona,  from  which  the  small  cones  bad  all  fallen  without  break- 
ing.    Ouo  of  these  cones  is  figured  on  plate  dlxv.  f.  3. 

'  G.  M.  Uawson,  Can.  Nat,  n.  ser.  ix.  320.  —  Macoun,  Cat.  Can, 
PI,  400. 

*  Muir,  The  Mounlainii  of  California,  102,  f. 

*  C.  Hart  Merriam  in  lilt. 

*  Pinua  ponderosa,  var.  Jeffreyi,  Vasey,  Rep.  DepI,  Agric,  U.  S. 
1875,  179  (Cat.  Forest  Trees  U,  S.)  (1870).  —  Kngelinann,  Trans. 
Si.  Louis  Aead.  iv.  181  ;  Brewer  ,V  Wat.wn  Hot.  Cat.  ii.  120. 

Pinus  Jeffreyi,  A.  Murray,  Rep.  Oregon  Expcd.  ii.  t.  1  (1853)  ; 
Edinburgh  New  Phil.  .four.  n.  sor.  xi.  221,  t.  8,  9  j  Trans.  Hot. 
Soc,  Edinburgh,  vi.  350,  t.  —  Carrifere,  Traiti  Conif.  358.  —  Gor- 
don, I'inelum,  198.  —  Henkcl  &  Iloclistetter,  Sgn.  Nadelh.  '*7.  — 
(Nelson)  Senilis,  Pinaceo",  115.  —  IIojpos,  Evergreens,  115.  — 
S^n^clauze,  Conif.  120.  —  Parlatore,  De  Candolle  Proilr.  xvi.  pt. 
ii.  393.  —  Lawson,  Pinetum  Iirit.  i.  4,5,  t.  6,  f.  1-4.  —  K.  Koeb, 
Dendr.  il.  pt.  ii.  314.  — Kngelinann,  Bot.  Gazette,  vii.  4.  —  Veitch, 
Man.  Conif.  105.  —  Sargent,  Forest  Trees  N.  Am.  lOth  Ctnsus 
U.  S.  ix  193.  —  Laucbc,  Deutsche  Dendr.  ed.  2,  111.  —  Hoolier  f. 
Oard.  Chron.  n.  ser.  xxii.  814,  f.  141.  —  Scliiibeler,  Virid.  Non-eg. 


i.  390.  —  Willkomm,  Forst.  Fl.  132.  —  Lemmon,  Rep.  California 
State  Board  Forestry,  ii.  73,  99  (Pines  of  the  Pacifc  Slope)  ;  West- 
American  Cone-Bearers,  34,  t.  5.  —  Steele,  Proc.  Am.  Pharm.  As- 
soc. 1889,  238  (The  Pines  of  California).  —  Masters,  Card. 
Chron.  ser.  3,  v.  300,  f.  05,  08  ;  Jour.  R.  Ilort.  Soc.  xiv.  231.— 
Mayr,  Wald.  Nordam.  327,  f.  15,  t.  7,  f.  — Beissner,  Handb.  Na- 
delh. 203,  f.  02.  — Hansen,  Jour.  R.  Hort.  Soc.  xiv.  305  (Pinetum 
Danictim).  —  Hcmpol  &  Willielm,  Biiume  uml  Striiucher,  i.  189,  f. 
Ill,  B-U.  —  Merriam,  North  .■Imerican  Fauna,  No.  7,  3;i!)  (Death 
Valley  Ezped.  ii.).  — Coville,  Contrih.  U.S.  Nat.  Herb.  \v.  222 
(Bot.  Death  Valley  Exped.).  —  Koehne,  Deutsche  Dendr.  35. 

Pinus  dejiexa,  Torrcy,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  Sitrv.  209,  t.  56  (in 
part)  (1851)).  —  Henkel  &  Hochstctter,  /.  c.  410.  —  Carri6re,  (.  c. 
ed.  2,  455.  —  Bolander,  Proc.  Cat.  Acad.  iii.  318.  —  Purlatore, 
(.  c,  431.  —  A.  Murray,  Gard.  Chron.  n.  ser.  iii.  100.  —  Gordon, 
I.  c.  eil.  2,  289.  —  Beissner,  (.  c  —  Hansen,  /.  c.  357. 

Pinus  Jeffreyi,  var.  nigricans,  Lemmon,  Rep.  California  State 
Beard  Forest:  y,  ii.  "4, 100,  t.  (Pines  of  the  Pacific  Slope)  (1888).  — 
Steele,  I.  c. 

Pinus  Jeffreyi,  var.  (Ii)  drjiexa,  Lemmon,  /.  c.  (1888)  ;  West- 
.■{merican  Cone-Bearers,  35.  —  Steele,  /.  c. 

Pinus  Jeffreyi,  var.  {»•)  montana,  Lemmon,  West-American  Cone- 
Bearers,  35  (1895). 
In  its  extreme  forms  Pinus  Jeffreyi  is  very  distinct  f-oni  any  of 


II 


I  .    i 


{         (    i 


"I 


«l 


M: 


J     "'!' 


80 


HILVA    or  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIFE  \XM. 


elastic  leaves  ^vom  ft.  .>  o  nine  inoues  iu  lengtii  and  persistent  on  the  glaucous  stouter  branches  for 
from  six  to  nine,  y^^a's,  ^ellow-greon  staminate  flowers,  short-stalked  usually  purple  cones  from  five  to 
t.eelve  inches  in  leitifth,  their  scales  armed  with  stout  or  sleiider  prickles,  usually  hooked  backward,  and 
seeds  often  nearly  half  an  inch  long,  with  larger  wings  and  from  seven  to  eleven  cotyledons.  This  tree 
forms  a  considerable  forest  on  Scott  Mountain  in  northern  California,  where  it  was  discovered  in  1850 
by  John  Jeffrey,  and  occurs  on  Snow  Mountain,  one  of  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Coast  Range  in  Lake 
County ; '  it  is  abundant  in  the  great  forests  of  Yellow  Pine  which  cover  the  slopes  of  the  valley  of  the 
upper  Pitt  River,  growing  to  a  large  siz,  on  the  margins  of  arid  volcanic  table-lands  and  Artemisia- 
covered  plains ;  it  is  the  common  form  in  the  great  yellow  Pine  forests  which  clothe  the  eastern  slope 
of  the  central  and  southern  Sierras,  where  it  probably  grows  to  its  largest  size,  attaining  a  height  of 
from  one  hundred  to  nearly  two  hundred  feet,  with  a  tall  massive  trunk  from  four  to  six  feet  in  diameter 
covered  with  bright  cinnamon-red  bark  deeply  divided  into  large  irregular  plates ;  it  is  also  common  at 
high  elevations  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierras,  where  it  is  able  to  maintain  a  foothold  on  the  most 
exposed  and  driest  ridges  and  cliffs,"  here  being  often  almost  reduced  to  a  shrub  with  stout  semi- 
prostrate  brandies,  or,  when  sprung  from  seeds  washed  down  by  mountain  torrents,  attaining  fair 
proportions  in  sheltered  canons  at  lower  altitudes ;  it  abounds,  too,  on  the  San  Bernardino  and  San 
Jacinto  Ranges  up  to  elevations  of  eight  thousand  feet  above  the  sea  and  on  the  Cuyamaca 
Mountains ;  and  in  northern  Lower  California  it  forms  extensive  forests  on  the  San  Rafael  Mountains 
east  of  Todos  Santos  Bay  at  elevations  bci  veen  four  and  six  thousand  feet,'  and  finds  its  most 
southerly  home  on  high  dry  slopes  of  Mt.  San  Pedro  Martir,  near  the  middle  of  the  peninsula.* 

A  form  ^  with  nearly  black  furrowed  bark  or  with  bright  cinnamon-red  bark  broken  into  large 


the  other  forms  of  Pinus  ponthrom ;  but  the  two  are  united  by 
many  intermediate  varieties,  vvliieh  often  make  it  impossible  to  dis- 
tinguish the  two  trees  as  they  grow  together.  Trees  of  such  inter- 
mediate cliaracters  are  abundant  in  tlie  Pine  forest  on  tlie  head  of 
Pitt  River,  near  t!io  sh(tres  of  Lake  Tahoe  on  the  eastern  shipo  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  on  the  San  Hernardino  and  San  dacinto 
Mountains,  wlierc  forests  of  trees  oeeur  whiuli  may  be  as  well 
referred  to  one  form  as  to  the  other. 

'  K.  Hrandegee,  Zn,',  iv.  17(). 

2  Gfintril  anil  Fnrr^l^  iv.  157.  f.  73. 

■  This  is  the  Pintu  Je/freyi,  var.  penitutularh;  of  J.emnu)n  (AV/j. 
California  Sintf  Hoard  ForeMri/,  ii.  74  [_Pin€s  of  the  Pacific  AVo/w] 
[1S88]  ;  Weat-.imericnn  Cone-JStarem,  Xi.  —  Steele,  Proc.  Am. 
Pharm,  Assoc.  1S81),  2,39  [The  Pinea  of  California]),  who  descriln'S 
it  as  growing  only  on  the  Io*)se  dei)ris  of  white  granite,  and  attaining 
a  height  (.f  from  one  hundred  and  lifty  to  two  humlred  feet,  witii 
aspire-like  fusiform  habit.  'The  hark  is  grayish  or  drab,  thiek, 
hard,  deeply  fissured.  .  ,  ,  Yearling  eones  very  large,  an  ineb  to 
an  iiieh  and  a  half  long,  elliptieal,  and  purple.  Mature  eune.s  abun- 
dant, many  years'  erops  lying  under  the  trees,  aP  large,  broadly 
ovate,  six  to  eight  ini'hes  long,  trtuicate  at  base,  nnihogauy-colored, 
with  priekles  strongly  deilexed  "  (Lcmmon,  licp.  Citiifornia  Sfitti; 
floaril  of  Forestry,  I.  c,  101.  —  Orcutt,  Ganlai  anil  Forest,  v.  18;i, 
f.  '2S,  •-"J). 

*  lirandegco,  Xoi',  iv.  201. 

^  Pinns  ponilerom,  var.  .«•>■/(. '«7nim,  rngelniann,  Brmvr  ^S*  Wntiton 
Hot.  Cat.  ii.  I'JC.  (1880),  -  -■'  .'Her,  .M„n  Horhi  Ml.  Hot.  43'.'.— 
Leninion,  l.  r.  7.'l,  78 ;  lt'.'.</-.l »,  ,-i..im  Cone-llinni'.  Hi  —  Watson  & 
Coulter,  Grni/  .Man.  id.  ti,  734.  —  Ihissner,  IfmiM.  S.  ,Mh.  'MX  — 
.Masters,  ./our.  /'.  Ilort.  Soc.  xiv.  238.  —  Hansen,  Jonr.  It.  Ilorl. 
Soc.  xiv.  384  {Pini^tuin  IMn  '  i.n).  —  At' .-riam,  North  .imcriran 
Faima,  No.  7,  .139  ( P-nth  Vattey  Kipeil.  ii.).  —  (  jvillc,  Vonlrih.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Herb.  W.'iM.^  {Hot.  Death  Valley  .-^eil ).  ~\HUo\ii  Hrown, 
IU.  m.  i.  ,51,  f.  113. 


Pinus  resinom,  Torrcy,  .4m.  Lye.  N.  1'.  ii.  249  (not  Alton) 
(1820).  —  Winehell,  LuJlon'  Rep.  Black  Hills,  Dakota,  08. 

Pimis  macrophylla,  Torrey,  Sitgreaves'  Hep.  173  (not  Engel- 
mnnn)  (I8.~>;t). 

Pinus  jiondero.ta,  Kngclmann,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ser.  2,  xxxiv.  332 
(not  Douglas)  (18G2). . —  Watson,  Kinifs  Rep,  v.  331.  —  Porter  &: 
Cuultor,  /■'/.  Colorado;  Hayden'.i  Sun:  .Misc.  Pub.  No.  I,  129.  — 
(lard.  Chron,  n.  ser.  ix.  790.  f.  138.  —  Cuultor,  Contrih.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Herb.  ii.  C54  \  Man.  PI.  IV.  Teras). 

Pinun  scopulorum,  Lemmon,  Oar'teo  and  Fureat,  x.  183  (1897). 
Pinus  powUrosa,  var.  scoput >,  ■••  .  m  u  *tie,  usually  from  fifty  to 
seventy-livo  f.jet  in  height,  but  m  tt»  fa^.'rable  conditions  one  hun- 
dred or  <uu!  huiuired  and  twcuty-i.  icO;.  tall,  with  a  trunk  two  or 
three  or  rarely  four  feet  in  diameter,  and  stout  branehes  whieh  in 
youth  form  a  broad  «ipen  pyramid  aud  in  old  age  a  round-topped 
pietures<pu>  head.  'J'iie  variations  in  the  bark  arc  best  seen  in 
m)rthem  New  Mexieo  and  Arizona,  where  anning  trees  standing 
side  by  side,  of  tlie  same  size  and  pmhably  of  the  sanu'  age,  some 
have  bright  eimianiou-red  bark  broken  into  large  plates,  and  otlu^rs 
nearly  blaek  furntwed  liark.  Oti  young  trees  of  this  variety  the 
bark  is  usually  dark  and  fissured,  and  in  other  parts  of  the  country 
this  form  of  bark  in.ay  Ix;  found  on  half-grown  individuals  ;  but  1 
have  seen  it  on  large  trees  only  on  the  (^'olorado  plateau  ;  and  hero 
it  should  iM'rhaps  be  considered  a  juvenile  character,  as  the  bark  of 
the  very  largest  trees  is  eoninioidy  ciiuianu)n-rcd  and  broken  into 
plates. 

The  Yellow  Pine  (tf  Nebraska,  Cohirado,  and  Texas  is  certainly 
distinct  in  its  h.-ibit,  in  tlie  length  of  its  leaves,  which  are  often  in 
clusters  of  two,  and  in  the  size  of  its  cones,  from  the  trees  of  the 
western  s1o|m»  of  the  California  .Sierra  Nevada  ;  but  the  two  forma 
mingle  at. 4  are  often  indistinguishable  in  the  region  west  of  the 
summit-  .>f  the  northern  Kocky  Mountains,  and  it  is  probably  beat 
til  I'onsider  this  Yellow  I*ine  one  of  the  numerous  forms  of  the 
p.."  .-nuirpbous  ami  widely  distributed  I'inm  itonderoaa. 


i 

4 


CONIFE  KM. 

ranches  for 
rom  five  to 
ikward,  and 
This  tree 
red  iu  1850 
ige  in  Lake 
vlley  of  the 
I  Artemi3ia- 
iistcrn  slope 
1  height  of 
in  diameter 
common  at 
on  the  most 
stout  semi- 
^itiuing  fair 
lo  and  Sun 
Cuyamaca 
Mountains 
ds  its  most 
a.« 
I  into  large 

19  (not  Aiton) 

\kola,  08. 

73  (not  Engel- 

;r.  2,  xxxiv.  33'2 

31.  — Porter  & 

.  No.  4,  12y.  — 

Conlrib.   U.  S. 

X.  183  (1807). 
ly  from  Hfty  to 
litions  oiif  Imn- 
n  trunk  two  or 
inches  wliii>li  in 

round-topped 
•0  best  8een  in 
trees  stunding 
sunie  fijje,  some 
iites,  and  otiiers 
tills  vnriety  the 

f  tlie  eonntry 
ividiuils  ;  but  I 
U'liii  ;  and  here 

lis  tile  biirk  of 
nd  broken  into 

Kas  is  certainly 
b  nro  often  in 

be  trees  of  tbo 

the  two  forms 

in  west  of  the 

jirobably  best 

s  forma  of  the 


CONIFERjE. 


SILVA    OF  Nni?TII   AMFRICA. 


81 


scaly  plates,  with  rigid  leaves  in  clusters  ot  two  or  of  three  and  from  three  to  six  inches  in  length, 
staminate  flowers  an  inch  long,  and  green  cones  two  or  three  or  rarely  four  inches  in  length,  with  thin 
scales  armed  with  slender  prickles  hooked  backward,  is  the  Yellow  Pine  of  Nebraska,  where  it  is 
distributed  from  Long  Pine  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Niobrara  River  a  few  miles  east  of  the  one 
hundredth  meridian,  through  the  western  and  northwestern  parts  of  the  state;'  this  is  the  most 
common  tree  of  the  mountain  forests  of  the  Black  Hills  of  South  Dakota ;  it  occurs  on  several  of  the 
mountain  ranges  of  Wyoming  and  of  eastern  Montana,  and  is  the  Yellow  Pine  of  Colorado,  where  it  is 
common  between  six  and  ten  thousand  feet  above  the  sea,  forming  open  stunted  forests  with  the  Nut 
Fine,  the  Juniper,  and  the  Douglas  Spruce ;  '^  and  of  the  mountain  ranges  of  eastern  and  southern 
Utah ;  it  is  also  the  Yellow  Pine  of  western  Texas,  whertj  it  is  common,  and  the  most  valuable 
timbei"-tree  on  several  mountain  ranges,'  and  of  northern  New  Mexico  and  Arii^ona,  forming  on  the 
Colorado  plateau,  at  elevations  from  seven  thousand  to  eight  thousand  two  hundred  feet,  one  of  the 
most  extensive  Piue  forests  of  the  continent,  here  sometimes  ascending  to  nearly  nine  thousand,  and 
descending  to  four  thousand  five  hundred  feet  above  the  sea-level.^ 

The  Yellow  Pine,''  which  often  forms  a  large  part  of  the  forest  on  the  mountains  of  southern 
Arizona,  frequently  diifers  from  more  northern  forms  of  Pinua  ponderoaa  in  its  much  longer  and 
broader  leaves  in  clusters  of  three,  which  are  sometimes  fourteen  or  fifteen  inches  in  length  and  one 
sixteenth  of  an  inch  wide,  in  the  shape  of  its  cones  made  more  oblique  by  the  greater  development  of 
the  scales  on  their  upper  side,  and  in  its  mammillate  projecting  umbos  armed  with  slender  prickles.  On 
the  Chiricahua  Mountains  of  southern  Arizona  a  form  °  is  common  which  appears  to  connect  this  tree 
with  others  of  the  species ;  its  leaves  are  more  slender,  and  usually  from  twelve  to  fourteen  inches  long, 
in  clusters  of  three  or  rarely  of  four  or  five,  and  its  cones  vary  from  three  to  five  inches  in  length,  their 
somewhat  thickened  scales  terminating  in  prominently  elevated  or,  toward  the  base  of  the  cones,  in 
mammillate  umbos  armed  with  straight  slender  prickles. 

Pimts  pondcrosa  is  the  principal  timber-tree  of  eastern  Washington  and  Oregon,  of  western 
Montana,  Idaho,  and  the  Black  Hills  of  South  Dakota,  and  of  western  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and 
Arizona.  It  produces  heavy  hard  and  strong  but  ultimately  brittle  comparativ'cly  fine-grained  wood, 
which  is  not  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  it  is  light  red,  with  almost  white  sapwood,  which  is 
sometimes  more  than  two  hundred  years  old,  but  varies  greatly  on  different  individuals  and  in  different 
parts  of  the  country  in  the  number  of  its  layers  of  annual  growth.     It  contains  broad  or  iiarrow  very 


'  In  Nebraska  tho  Yellow  Pino  extends  from  the  border  of  Wyo- 
ming along  Pine  Uidgc  and  tlie  Niobrara  River  to  tbo  eastern 
boundary  of  Hock  and  Keya  Paha  Counties,  and  on  the  North 
Platte  as  far  east  as  Deuel  Cniinty.  Tho  remnants  of  its  dead 
trunks  in  many  canons  of  Loup  Uiver  and  in  Cosier,  Valley,  (ireely, 
and  Lincoln  ('ounties,  show  that  it  once  ranged  farther  e.ist,  and 
covered  a  larger  part  of  the  state  (Hessey,  HhU,  Torrei/  Hot.  Chih, 
xiv.  18',);  Am.  \(ll.  xxi.  0'.;8  ;  lle/i.  Xrhmshl  .Slalv  ISaiinl  Ayrir. 
1894,  100  ;  Gimhn  ami  Forest,  viii.  Wl). 

^  IJrandegee,  Bot.  Gazette,  iii.  3i;. 

•  Havard,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  .Uri.«.  viii.  G03. 

*  Mi'iriam,  North  American  Fauna,  iii.  I'il. 
''  Piitus  jinitileroMt,  var.  MaifrUtna. 

/'oit(.<  hiti/oUii,  Sargent,  ^/(in/fn  and  Forest,  ii.  '190,  f.  VXi  (not 
Pinm  sijleestrh  hili/nlia.  (iordon,  nor  Pi)nix  rontorta,  var.  latijhlia, 
F.ngelmann)  (1889).  —  lieissner,  I[aiiilh.  NailiUi.  2.">9.  —  Masters, 
Jour.  It.  Ilort.  >'or,  xiv.  'J3'J  (excl.  syn.  ]*inun  htiii(iuama).  — 
Koeline,  Deutsche  Ihiulr.  JWj.  -  Leniinon,  \Vest-.\merk'nn  Coue- 
Bearm,  30. 

Pinus  Fitgeliuanni,  Lemmon,  Enjthea,  i.  134  (not  Torrey  nor 
Carri6re[1893]). 

Pinuf  .Mai/riami,  Sndworth,  Hull.  No.  14,  Forestry  Die.  U.  t>. 
Depl.  Agrii:  \il  (1897). 


This  peculiar  tree  was  discovered  in  the  autumn  ot  1877  on  tie 
sontliern  slopes  of  the  Santa  Rita  Mountains  in  southern  Arirnnn, 
growing  with  Quercu.'.  hi/poleiten  just  below  the  forests  of  Pinus 
Arhonird  and  J'iims  Chihuahuaiin,  by  Dr.  ileinrich  Mnyr  ot  the 
Uavarian  Forest  Department,  who  descril)ed  it  ir  '  tree  sixty  feet 
high,  with  stout  tortuous  blanches  and  decitly  tun.  ^  eil  dark  brown 
bark.  {See,  also,  Braiidegec,  Giirilen  and  Forest,  v.  111.  —  Touniey, 
Garden  and  Forest,  viii.  21i,  f.  4.) 

*  This  is  probably  the  Pinus  Apacheca  of  Lemmon  (Eri/thea  ii. 
103,  t.  3  [1894]  ;  ]Vest-American  Cone-Bearers,  30),  and  is  a  com- 
mon form  ot  Yellow  Pino  on  the  mountains  ot  soiitbcrn  New  Mex- 
ic  )  and  Arizona,  varying  greatly  in  the  length  and  breadth  of 
its  leaves  and  in  the  size  of  its  cones.  .\  fruiting  branch  ot  this 
forni,  gathered  by  Professor  .1.  W.  Toiiiiiey  on  tlie  Cliiiieahua 
Mountains  in  18n(i,  is  figured  on  plate  dlxv.  i.  fi.  This  Y'ellow 
Pine,  which  is  tho  largest  tree  ot  these  forests,  often  produces  a 
massive  tall  trunk  covered  with  thick  elnnamou-red  bark  broken 
into  great  plates  and  stout  tortuous  branehes  wbii'h  form  a  broad 
open  round-topped  liead.  The  four  or  five-leaved  clusters  iirst 
noticed  by  Professor  Toumey  on  these  trees  on  the  Chiricahua 
Mountains  in  the  spring  of  1897  appear  to  toivieet  Finns  ponderosa 
with  the  clo.sely  related  Pinxis  .Irtoiiini  ..uicl,  ohielly  differs  from 
that  species  in  tbo  greater  nninber  of  leaves  in  !.s  leaf-dusters. 


.     iii 


n 


t  I 


H  ; 


82 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


COMU'ERS. 


resinous  conspicuous  lands  of  small  summer  cells,  few  small  resin  passages,  and  many  obscure  medullary 
rays.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  of  the  California  tree  is  0.4771,  a  cubic  foot 
weighing  29.72  pounds.  The  wood  of  Piiiua  ponderom,  var.  Jejfreyi,  is  coarser-grained,  usually  very 
resinous  and  light  yellow,  with  pale  yellow  or  nearly  white  and  generally  thinner  sapwood.  The 
specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  of  this  form  is  0.5206,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  32.44  pounds. 
The  wood  of  Pinus  ponderosa,  var.  scoptilortim,  is  coarser-grained,  harder,  more  brittle  and  resinous, 
with  a  specific  gravity,  when  absolutely  dry,  of  0.4619,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  28.78  pounds.  The  wood 
of  Pimis  pondero8U,  var.  Mayriana,  is  soft,  brittle,  and  light  red-brown,  with  thick  pale  sapwood,  and 
contains  broad  dark  bands  of  small  very  resinous  summer  cells,  few  resin  passages,  and  obscure 
medullary  rays.  The  specific  gravity  of  tiie  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.4970,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  30.96 
pounds.  The  wood  of  Pinus  ponderosa  and  its  numerous  forms  is  largely  manufactured  into  lumber 
used  for  all  sorts  of  construction,  and  is  employed  for  railway  ties,  fencing,  and  fuel. 

Indians,  when  other  food  failed,  stripped  the  bark  from  the  trunks  of  Pinus  jmnderosa  in  early 
spring,  and  ate  the  mucilaginous  layer  of  forming  wood,  which  they  scraped  from  its  inner  surface.' 

The  first  published  allusion  to  Pinus  ponderosa  is  in  the  journal  of  Lewis  and  Clark,  who,  in 
aacending  the  Missouri  River  in  September,  1804,  at  the  outset  of  tiieir  transcontinental  journey,  found 
the  cones  of  this  iree,  brougiit  down  from  the  pineries  of  northwestern  J'ebraska,  floating  on  White 
River,  and  heard  of  the  Pine  forests  on  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota.-'  It  was  not  made  known  to  science, 
however,  until  1^J'2(),  when  it  was  found  near  the  Spokane  Kiver  in  May  by  David  Douglas,'  who 
suggested  its  specific  name,''  and  in  the  following  year  introduced  it  into  European  plantiitions.  In 
cultivation  Pinus  ponderosa  has  usually  grown  slowly,  but  its  ability  to  adapt  itself  to  the  climate  of 
westurn  and  northern  Europe  is  shown  by  the  existence  of  a  few  fine  specimens  in  European  collections." 
In  the  eastern  Unitad  States  specimens  o*"  this  Pine  from  the  Pacific  coast  have  not  usually  succeeded, 
and,  altiiougli  plants  raised  from  seeds  gathered  in  Colorado  have  proved  hardy  in  the  east,  they  grow 
slowly,  and  usunlly  suceuuib  at  the  en  i  of  a  few  years  to  various  fungal  diseasP'-  Trees  of  some  of  the 
forms  of  the  variety  Jeffrey i  are  distinct  ar.cl  valuable  ptvrk  ornaments,  thriving  in  central  and  northern 
Europe,  where  they  have  already  produced  their  cones,"  and  in  our  eastern  states,  where  they  grow 
more  u.p'dly  and  are  less  liable  to  disease  than  those  of  any  of  the  other  forms. 

Possessed  of  a  constitution  which  enables  it  to  endure  great  variations  of  climate  and  to  flourish 
on  the  well-watered  slopes  of  the  California  mountains,  on  torrid  lava  beds,  in  the  dry  interior  valleys 
of  the  north  and  on  the  sun-baked  mesas  of  the  south,  and  to  pusli  out  over  the  plains  boldly,  where  no 
other  tree  can  exist,  tlie  advance  guard  of  the  Pacific  forest,  Pinus  ponderosa  is  the  most  widely 
distributed  tree  of  western  North  America.  Exceeded  in  size  by  the  Sugar  Pine  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
it  surpasses  all  its  race  in  the  majesty  of  its  port  and  the  splendor  of  its  vitality ;  and,  an  emblem  of 
strengtii.  it  appears  as  enduring  as  the  rocks,  '<bove  which  it  raises  its  noble  shafts  and  stately  crowns. 


*  "  TIk  I  ue  frecB  had  been  stripped  of  their  bark  nboiit  the 
same  season,  which  our  Indian  woman  says  )-.r  iM;iintryinen  V«  in 
order  to  obtuiu  the  sap  and  the  soft  parts  of  *.; '  ..  .lO'l  and  Im  \  for 
food."  {liixtnry  of  the  Exfif.ililion  uutier  the  Comman^:  './"  '.  'i/,"j  j\ii 
C/nrX',  ed.  Coues,  ii.  i~\.  —  .St-r,  also,  New  ben;..  Popular  Scierwt 
Monthly,  XXX.  10  (Food  ami  Fibrf  I^litntn  of  the  North  Amerim  Lt- 
iliaiu).  —  Sarjfi'iit,  (larden  oiij  Forest,  x.  '28.  —  C'ovillc,  Cuutrib, 
U.  S.  A'(i/.  Il,:rh.  V.  S9.) 

^  History  of  the  Exjiedition  under  the  Command  of  Lewis  and  Ciark^ 
I.  e.  i.  117,  119.     (See  Sargent,  /.  c.  x.  \iS.) 

'  Sec  ii.  iW. 


*  Douglas,  Compuninn  Hot.  Mag.  ii.  Ill,  141  (1830). 

'  Fowler,  Gard.  Chrim.  187'.;  (1320).  —  K.  Ilartig,  Forat.-Nal. 
Xeit.  i.  428.  —  ,1.  (1.  .Taek,  Garden  and  Forext,  vi.  14. 

'  I'owler,  /.  c.  1071.  — K.  llarti;;,  /.  c  429.  —  Hansen,  Garden 
and  Forest,  v.  231.  —  HoUe,  tlnrden  and  Forent,  vii.  95. 

'  Probably  the  finest  plants  of  .lelTrpy's  I'ine  in  the  eastern 
states  are  in  Delaware  Park  in  Buffalo,  New  York,  where  there  are 
tlij'lit  si>eciniens,  planted  in  1871,  varyinp  in  bei(,'lit  from  twpnty- 
Hve  to  thirty-seven  feet,  with  steins  varying  in  girtli  at  one  foot 
above  'he  surfiveo  of  the  ground  from  one  foot  nine  inches  to  three 
feet  uiuc  inches. 


\i 


CONU'BItit:. 

e  medullary 
cubic  foot 
usually  very 
rood.  The 
1.44  pounds, 
nd  resinous, 
The  wood 
tpwood,  and 
md  obscure 
^hing  30.96 
into  lumber 

osa  in  early 
surface.' 
irk,  who,  in 
irney,  found 
ig  on  White 
n  to  science, 
ouglas,'  who 
ttations.  In 
le  climate  of 
I  collections." 
ly  succeeded, 
it,  they  grow 
some  of  the 
ind  northern 
e  they  grow 

d  to  flourish 
terior  valleys 
lly,  where  no 
most  widely 
ierra  Nevada, 
1  emblem  of 
ely  crowns. 


8;«5). 

artig,  Fonl.-Nal. 

14. 

-  Uaiisen,  Garden 

i.  95. 

ic  in  the  eastern 

k,  wlicre  there  are 

frlit  from  twenty- 

jjirtli  at  one  foot 

ne  inches  to  tliree 


I 


f 


III 


EXPLANATIONS  OP  THE   PLATES. 
Plate  DLX.     Pinuh  ponukhoha. 

1.  An  end  of  a  branch  with  aUminate  flowen,  natutal  liza. 

2.  Portion  of  u  itaminate  flower,  enlarged. 

3.  Diagram  of  the  involurre  of  the  ataminate  flowers. 

4.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 
6.  An  anther,  aide  view,  enlarged. 

6.  An  end  of  a  branch  with  piatiUate  flowon,  natural  aize. 

7.  A  piatiUate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  A  acale  of  a  piatiUate  flower,  under  aide,  with  ita  bract,  enlarged. 

0.  A  acale  of  a  piatiUate  flower,  upper  aide,  witli  ita  ovulea,  enUrged. 

10.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

11.  Croaa  aection  of  a  leaf,  magnified  fifteen  diameters. 

12.  A  seedling  plant,  natural  aize. 

Platr  DLXI.    Pinus  pondkroba. 

1.  A  fruitmg  branch,  natural  size. 

2.  A  seed,  natural  size. 

3.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

4.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

5.  A  cluster  of  leaves,  natural  size. 


Platk  DLXII.    Pivus  i-onderosa,  var.  Jevfreti. 

1.  An  end  of  a  branch  with  staminato  flowera,  natural  size. 

2.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  staminate  flower. 

3.  Bract  of  a  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

4.  An  involucre  of  a  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  An  anther,  side  view,  enlarged. 

6.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged, 

7.  An  end  of  a  branch  with  jiistillate  flowers,  natural  size. 

8.  A  scale  of  a  i)i8tillate  flower.  up]>cr  side,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 

9.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower.  lower  side,  with  its  bract,  enlarged. 

10.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

11.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf  magnified  fifteen  diameters. 

Plate  DLXI 'I.     Pi.vus  ponderosa,  var.  Jekfreyi. 

1.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  si/.e. 

2.  A  cone-scale,  under  side,  natural  size. 

3.  A  cone-scale,  side  view,  natural  size, 

4.  A  seed  with  its  wing,  natural  size. 

5.  A  8ee<l  with  its  wing,  natural  size. 

6.  A  seed-wing,  natural  size, 

7.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

8.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

Plate  DLXIV.     Pinus  ponderosa,  var.  scopclorhm. 

1.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

2.  A  cluster  of  leaves,  natural  size, 

3.  A  cluster  of  leaven,  natural  size. 


I,    I 


Plate  DLXV.     Pinus  ponderosa. 

1.  A  fruiting  branch  of  var.  Mayriana,  natural  size. 

2.  A  fruiting  branch  from  n  tree  on  the  Chiricalma  Mountains  of 

Arizona,  natural  size. 

3.  A  cone  with  entire  base  from  a  tree  on  the  Chiricahua  Mountains 

of  Arizona,  natural  size. 


i^i 


■■  • 


w 


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1 


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/'ft/'   .  ■   /lififur  larur 


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A 

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pwuli  1 

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"S'  i  n 


ilnr  fiH!.», 


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■i 


r.ilvi  of  North  Amorica. 


Tab    !)!./. 


Hapifie 


PINUS     PONDEROSA,:.a\vs, 


A  Jiuu'f.-uj-  ii'uT^r' 


Inip    J.7ilflt'ur   /\i/l.- 


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^^^. 


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TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Coiporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSM 

(716)  873-4503 


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11     ' 


Silva  of  Nortli    America. 


Tab.  DLXI, 


;!■ 


M^li 


I' 


hj 


II 


r  EKurofi  del 


Mii/nenua^  J•<^ 


PINUS   PONDEROSA,  Laws 

AKw.T^uu-  ,l,re.v'  i,^  J.raneur.  Furu 


\ 


LI 


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b'llNUb   KUlNUtKUOA,  .-ar  Jtrr  UL  li  ,  vasev. 
.-f  .'('//'<  v^^v.-.?-  i/iyn./  ^  Irrp.  J.  Ttz.nrnr  Paris. 


.  ;  I 


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Silva.  of  North  Amenc*. 


Tib    DLXII 


r  Jl.  FfXTon  (ifi. 


LoaK/idttl  sc. 


PINUS  PONDEROSA,   vr  JEFFREYI  ,Vasev 


■\ 


/^./tuhV-tV/U    /.V>/\/  ' 


Jmp.  ^/.  TuM^/r  Parij. 


/ 


\ 


M 


/'    '     f 


n^ 


\ 


X  ...ub  FONDEROSA.v.i  JEFFREYl.Va. 


A  liuH'rriur  Jirp.r 


sev 


Ay  ,  '  Tttnour  /', 


II 


m 


-.._■— -^ 


! 


Ill 


W^'. 


iiilwi  of  tlorth  Ametic* 


//.,„.„   M 


T«b    DUlIi 


^m.  Jfi/r^jU^  sc- 


PINUS   PONDEROSA,    -  JEFFREYI.V, 


A  Hit'rrftur  iitrc.i 


a  Spy. 


Imf   .  •''  TaniMir  Partd 


I 


J 


i 


A  Hlot:^-trt4.r    i/imr  ' 


/'ftp  ./  T^inr*4r,  /'ari.f 


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PINUS  PONDEROSA.var  SCOPULORUM,  KnSc 


I  !' 


'   ■{ 


-^ 


I      f  i- 


Silva  of  North   America 


Tab..  DLXIV. 


C  KFnavn  ,M. 


Hiiput^  ..  .■>. 


PINUS  PONDEROSA.var  SCOPULORUM,  EnSclm 


A  Niocreo.r   Jtrp^-^ 


Intp.^/.  TiUii'i,. 


I'lfif 

- 1   -  ^ 

l[.-^ 

:B''  ■ 

iiii 

Silva  of  North  America. 


A 


S  A  .-^ 


Tab.DLXV, 


t  i 


,,'  ■  ' 


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i 


^  .; 


Tr  p  o 


N 


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III!! 


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m 


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Silva   of   North   America, 


CMfau^on  lirl. 


Tab .  DLXV. 


£m,Ni/7ielif  .re. 


PINUS  PONDEROSA.Laws 


,  I 

i.       t 


i 


i 


M 


'        ■ 


m 


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i 

1 1 


) 


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J-!*»  -^v*'  i3i(iw»w^i*i«w  ■.■*a«iiieus4-«*ie,'.Jif»iw*«ttfci.-4at*3  -*^ '"•'^frTWlflWrW(i>i'l*illiM>1iil['i WliHtMlHi.! iJjilii'iEjfWWr'ii 


WaMBlK  AUBMMl 


CONI/KHiB. 


BILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


86 


PINUS  OHIHUAHUANA. 
Yellow  Fine. 

Leaves  in  3-Ieaved  clusters,  slender,  pale  green,  from  2\  to  4  inches  in  length, 
their  sheuths  deciduous.  Cones  broadly  ovate,  from  1^  to  2  inches  long,  mnturihg  at 
the  end  of  the  third  season,  their  scales  slightly  thickened,  furnished  with  small 
recurved  deciduous  prickles. 


Plnus  Otaihuahuana,  Rngelmann,  WitUxmttt  Memoir  of 
a  Tour  to  Northern  Mexico  (Senate  Doc.  1848),  Bot. 
Appz.  103  (1848);  Rothrock  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi.  262; 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Aeiid.  it.  181.  —  Lindley  &  Gordon, 
Jour.  Hart.  Soe.  Lond.  v.  220.  —  Carribre,  Rev.  Hart. 
1854,  227  ;  Ft.  des  Serres,  ix.  200  i  Traiti  Conif.  307.  — 
Gordon,  Pinetum,  193.  —  Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Syn. 


Nadelh.  86,  410.  —  Hoopn,  Evergreens,  143.  —  FarU- 
tore,  De  Candutle  Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  397.  —  Sargent, 
Forest  Trees  N.  Am.  10<A  Cenmts  U.  S.  ix.  194.  —  Mayr, 
Waiil.  Nordam.  237,  t.  8,  f.  —  Beisiiner,  Handb.  Nadelh. 
258.  —Masters,  Jour.  R.  Hart.  Soc.  xiv.  227.  —  Koehne, 
Deutsche  Dendr.  34.  —  Lemmon,  West-Amtriean  Cone- 
Bearers,  44. 


A  tree,  in  the  United  States  rarely  more  than  forty  or  fifty  feet  in  height,  with  a  tall  trunk 
sometimes  two  feet  in  diameter,  and  stout  slightly  ascending  branches  forming  a  narrow  open  pyramidal 
or  round-topped  head  of  thin  pale  foliage.'  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch 
to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  thickness,  and  is  dark  reddish  brown  or  sometimes  nearly  black  and  deeply 
divided  into  broad  flat  ridges  covered  with  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  The  branchlets  are  slender, 
glabrous,  bright  orange-brown  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  dull  red-brown,  and  during  their 
first  summer  much  roughened  by  the  large  persistent  reflexed  bases  of  the  scales  of  the  leaf-buds, 
which  mostly  fall  during  their  first  winter,  although  their  scars  do  not  entirely  disappear  for  many 
years.  The  winter  branch-buds  are  ovate,  acute,  from  one  quarter  to  one  third  of  an  inch  in  length, 
and  covered  by  dark  orange-brown  scales  with  scarious  more  or  less  fringed  margins.  The  leaves  are 
borne  in  clusters  of  three,  with  loose  chestnut-brown  lustrous  sheaths  usually  about  half  an  inch  long 
and  deciduous  during  their  first  autumn  ;  they  are  slender,  acute  with  short  callous  tips,  sharply 
serrulate,  pale  glaucous  green,  and  conspicuously  stom&tiferous  with  from  six  to  eight  rows  of  stomata 
on  each  face ;  they  contain  two  fibro-vascular  bundles  and  two  parenchymatous  resin  passages  sur- 
romided  by  strengthening  cells,  which  also  occur  under  the  epidermis,  usually  in  a  single  often 
interrupted  layer,  and  begin  to  fall  during  their  fourth  season.  The  flowers  appear  in  Arizona  in 
July,  the  staminate  in  short  crowded  clusters,  the  pistillate  generally  in  pairs  on  slender  peduncles 
about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length  and  covered  by  ovate  acute  dark  chestnut-brown  bracts.  The 
Staminate  flowers  are  oval,  from  one  quarter  to  one  third  of  an  inch  long,  with  yellow  anthers  termi- 
nating in  conspicuous  nearly  orbicular  crests  slightly  undulate  on  the  margin.s,  and  are  surrounded  by 
ten  involucral  bracts.  The  pistillate  flowers  are  oval,  one  third  of  an  inch  long,  with  broadly  ovate 
yellow-g^een  scales  gradually  contracted  into  long  slender  tips  erect  above  and  reflexed  below  the 
middle  of  the  flower.  During  their  first  winter  the  young  cones  are  erect  and  from  one  third  to 
nearly  one  half  of  an  inch  in  length ;  the  following  autumn  they  are  horizontal  or  slightly  pendulous, 
subglobose,  and  almost  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  when  they  miiture  a  year  later  they  are  broadly  ovate, 
acute,  dark  green,  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long,  and  nearly  horizontal  or  occasionally 
slightly  ascending  and  raised  on  slender  rigid  naked  peduncles  from  one  third  to  one  quarter  of  an 
inch  in  length ;  their  thin  flat  scales,  which  .are  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  wide,  are  only  slightly 

*  See  Tourney,  Garden  and  Forest,  viiL  22,  f.  3. 


'I 

III 


I  t 


'      ! 


m 


it 


f 


hi^ 


8JLVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


OONtriKA 


thickened  ani)  tmnivenely  keeled  above,  iiiid  torminute  in  oonipr«He<l  itraiifht  or  much  reourve<l  umbo* 
armed  with  iimall  uiually  deciduoui  prickle* ;  the  Rmull  lower  Hvalei),  remaining  cluNed,  form  a  broud  Hut 
bane  to  thn  oone,  which  externally  in  light  cheHtuut-browii  and  liutrots,  with  the  exception  of  the  |>ale 
umbos,  but  often  grown  dark  brown  or  nearly  black  before  fulling,  ',hile  the  base  of  the  scale*  in  dark 
purple.'  The  need*  are  oval  and  rounded  above,  jtointed  ImIow,  and  about  one  eighth  of  un  inch  long, 
with  a  thin  dark  brown  coat ;  their  wingit  are  thin,  Ught  brown,  about  one  third  of  an  inch  in  length, 
tr  ■  *  near  the  middle. 

»  Chihuahuann,  which  w  eanily  distinguiahed  from  the  other  Pine-treea  with  which  it  if 
asaociated  by  the  thin  aparie  appearance  of  ita  pule  foliage  and  by  the  deeiduouH  ithottthH  of  itn  leaf* 
clusters,  inhabits  the  Sierra  Nevaila  of  northern  Mexico  and  many  of  the  short  ranges  of  Chihuahua 
and  Sonora,'  and  in  the  United  Sbites  is  scattered  over  the  mountains  in  the  extreme  sc'uthern  part  of 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  where  it  is  nowhere  very  abundant,  growing  uHUully  at  elevations  between 
six  thousand  and  seven  thousand  five  hundred  feet  above  the  sea  along  the  lower  edge  of  the  forests  of 
Pinuti  Arizonica  and  Pinug  pondvro»(t,  and  generally  above  the  Live  Oaks  which  clothe  the  dry  lower 
•lopes. 

The  wood  of  Pinua  Chihuahuana  is  light  and  soft,  and  although  brittle  is  comparatively  strong. 
It  is  clear  light  orange,  with  thick  much  lighter  colored  sapwood,  and  contains  conspicuous  resinous 
bands  of  small  summer  cells,  few  resin  passages,  and  many  large  prominent  medullary  raya.  The 
specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0..'>'157,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  34.01  pounds.  The  small 
size  of  this  tree  in  the  United  States  and  its  comparative  rarity  nnd  inaccessibility  prevent  the  utilization 
of  the  wood  except  perhaps  as  fuel. 

Pinua  Chihuahuann  was  discovered  in  1846  by  Dr.  A.  P.  Wislizenus  on  the  Sierra  Madre  of 
western  Chihuahua,  and  in  the  United  States  was  first  found  in  1851  by  Dr.  J.  M.  Bigelow,^  one  of  the 
botanists  of  the  Mexican  Boundary  Survey,  near  the  Copper  Mines  in  southern  New  Mexico.* 


'  Tho  fact  that  three  yean  are  needed  (or  the  ripening  of  the 
oonea  of  Pinun  Chih^uthitana,  first  noticed  in  Arizona  in  Septoinbor, 
1880,  by  Kngelmann  and  Sarj^nt  (Hee  Rngelmann.  Bot.  Oazetle,  vii. 
4),  can  perhapa  be  accounted  for  by  the  time  of  iti  Howerinff  ;  aa 
tho  flowers  do  not  open  in  Arizona  until  the  middle  of  July,  the 
joung  Fonea  make  no  pereeptiblo  growth  during  their  flrat  aeaaon. 

'  In  the  Talley  ol  th«  upper  PapigocUio  Rirer  in  Chihuahua,  Mr. 


C.  G.  Pringle  found  tree*  of  thii  apeciei  at  leaat  aixty  (eat  high, 
with  truiika  more  than  three  feet  in  diameter,  growing  at  elevations 
of  about  leven  tbouiand  feet  above  the  sea-level.  (See  Garden 
ami  Firmi,  i.  -JSS,  430.) 

•  See  i.  88. 

•  Turrey,  Hot.  Mrx.  Bound.  Suri).  aOA 


ootnriKA 

recurved  umbo* 
rm  a  broad  Hut 
iuii  of  tlie  pitle 
e  Seidell  in  durk 
i  uii  inch  long, 
inch  in  length, 

th  which  it  ia 
tliH  of  it8  leaf- 
of  Chihuahua 
'Uthern  part  of 
ationR  between 
P  the  forcHtti  of 
B  the  dry  lower 

ratively  strong. 
icuoiiH  reNinous 
ry  rays.  The 
iIh.  The  small 
;  the  utilization 


erra  Madre  of 
ow,^  one  of  the 
ico.* 

aat  sixty  feet  high, 
rowing  Bt  elevation! 
STel.     (8ee  Garden 


!,!:■ 


I 


p 


KXPLANATION   OK  THK   PLATK. 

Plat*  DLXVI.     I'initk  Ciiihuaiiuana. 

1.  A  branrli  with  •tiiiuiimte  tluwun,  imtural  ilu. 

2.  A  HUiiuiimtu  Huw«r,  uiilarKVtl. 

U.  A  bract  of  u  ntuniiimtn  Hiiwur,  vnUrKed. 

4.  l)iu)(ruiii  III'  the  inviiliicri'  iif  the  atainintt*  fliiwsr. 

5.  All  anther,  frcmt  vi«w,  uiiUrKi'd. 
II.  All  iinther.  niilu  view,  eiilarKi*)!. 

7.  Enil  of  a  braiiih  with  pintillate  lluwpn,  iiaturkl  aiie. 

K.  A  |ii'<tillttt(i  llowi'r,  eiihirguil. 

U.  A  acalo  of  a  piiitillnti'  Hnwor.  ii|i|H'r  itiilt>,  with  ita  oviileii.  enUrKCiT. 
10,  A  ii'nl<>  of  a  |iiatillnti>  Howcr.  lower  iiiile,  witli  it>  hrart,  eiilurKeil. 
tl.  A  friiitini;  hmni'li,  natural  nine. 
12.  A  none  at  Ihc  mil  of  ita  aeconil  Neaaon,  natural  aize, 
l.'<.  A  ront)  with  ita  iipdiini'le.  natural  ai/.e, 

14.  A  i-oni>-arale.  upjicr  aiili*,  with  ita  aeetla,  natural  aiza. 

15.  A  cluKter  of  h'avt'a,  natural  aiu. 

16.  A  chiatfr  of  yoiini;  li-»V(>a,  vith  ita  aheath,  natural  aiu. 

17.  Tip  of  n  loiif.  i-nlarKPil. 

18.  Croat  aertioii  of  u  leaf,  uiajjnitiej  fifteen  Uianietan. 


vV 


^h 


¥N    !: 


■■  y 


w 


'\4-  - 


Imll 


li 


'  -*?///(  /'fV4./    ili'r 


Imp  ./  Tfinf*ur  J\tri.T. 


I  Hi 


fill 


KXPLAJfATION   OK  THK   PI. All;. 

i'  n.XVt        Plsi,   CuinivAHtTAJIA. 

I'll  -^    •uiuBlc  HowiTu,  iiutui'a!  m.e. 
ti.'"  ■      eiiltvrgtid. 


i'i.  C'hmk  Motion  of  u  leaf,  m.-hniilieii  tifteen  (JuuuuteI!^ 


Siiva  uf  North  Ame.rica. 


Tab   DLXVl. 


C.r  Fu.n,n  4M 


Hunehf   .rr. 


PINUS    CHIHUAHUANA,  F.nSelm 

o 


.^  Hunf'fu.r  f/// 


Irnft   ./  Tfineuf   /'dri.r. 


CUNIFEIU!:. 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


PINUS   OONTORTA. 
Scrub  Pine. 


80 


Leaves  in  2-leaved  clusters,  dark  green,  from  1  to  2  inches  in  length.    Cones  oval  or 
subcylindrical,  oblique,  from  |  to  2  inches  long,  their  scales  armed  with  slender  prickles. 


Pinua  oontorta,  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  iv.  2292,  f.  2210,  2211 
(1838).  —  NuttaU,  Sijha,  Hi.  117.  —  Endlicher,  Syn. 
Conif.  168.  —  Dietrich,  Si/n.  v.  399.  —  Carriere,  Traiti 
Conif.  364.  —  Torrey,  Pacific  B.  R.  Hep.  iv.  pt.  v.  141.  — 
Gordon,  Fitietum,  165.  —  LyuU,  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  vii.  133, 
141  (in  part).  —  Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Si/n.  Nadelh. 
24.  —  Hoopea,  Evergreens,  81  (in  part).  —  Parlatore,  De 
Candolle  Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  381  (in  part).  —  Watson, 
King's  Rep.  v.  330.  —  K.  Kocli,  Demlr.  ii.  pt.  ii.  301.— 
Engelmann,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv.  182 ;  Brewer  & 
Watson  Bot.  Col.  ii.  126 ;  Gard.  Chron.  n.  ser.  xix.  351.  — 
Veitth,  Man.  Conif.  145.  —  Kellogg,  Trees  of  California, 
65.  — Sargent,  Forest  Trees  N.  Am.  10th  Census  U.  S. 
a,  194.  —  Lauche,  Deutsche  Dendr.  ed.  2,  109.  —  Kegel, 
Russ.  Dendr.  ed.  2,  pt.  i.  47.  —  Lemmon,  Rep.  California 
State  Board  Forestry,  ii.  72,  92,  t.  (Pines  of  the  Pacific 
Slope) ;  West-American  Cone-Bearers.  28.  —  Steele,  Proo. 
Am.  Pharm.  Assoc.  1889,  236  (The  Pines  of  Califor- 
nia). —  Mayr,  Wald.  Nordam.  iii.  333,  t.  8,  f.  —  Beiss- 
ner,  Handi.  Nadelh.  219.  —  Masters,  Jour.  R.  Hart.  Soc. 
xiv.  227.  —  Hansen,  Jour.  R.  HoH.  Soc.  xiv.  366  (Pine- 
turn  Danieum).  —  Koehne,  Deutsche  Dendr.  36. 


Pinua  inops,  Bongard,  M6m.  Phys.  Math,  et  Nat.  pt.  ii. 
Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersbourg,  ii.  163  (  Vig.  Sitcha)  (not 
Alton)  (1831).  —  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii.  161  (in 
part).  —  Ledebour,  Fl.  Rons.  iii.  676.  —  Herder,  Act.  Hort. 
Petrop.  xii.  86  (PL  Radd.). 

Pinua  Bankaiana,  Lindley  &  Gordon,  Jour.  Hort.  Soc. 
Lond.  V.  218  (in  part)  (not  Lambert)  (1850). 

Pinua  Boursieri,  Carribre,  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  225,  f. ;  Fl. 
des  Serres,  ix.  200,  f. ;  Trait6  Conif.  398.  —  S^n&lauze, 

Conif.  132 Courtin,  Fam.  Conif.  82.  —  Hansen,  Jour. 

R.  Hort.  Soc.  xiv.  351  (Pinetum  Danieum). 

Pinua  murioata,  Bolander,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  iii.  227,  317 
(not  D.  Don)  (1866). 

Pinua  Bolanderi,  Parlatore,  De  Candolle  Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii. 
379  (1869). 

Pinua  oontorta,  var.  Bolanderi,  Vasey,  Rep.  Dept.  Agric. 
U.  S.  1875,  177  (Cat.  Forest  Trees  U.  S.)  (1876).  — 
Koehne,  Deutsche  Dendr.  37.  —  Lemmon,  West-American 
Cone-Bearers,  29. 

Pinua  oontorta,  rar.  (b)  Henderaoni,  Lemmon,  West- 
American  Cone-Bearers,  30  (1896). 


w 


IM 


' 


A  tree,  usually  fifteen  or  twenty  or  occasionally  thirty  feet  tall,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  more 
than  eighteen  inches  in  diameter  and  comparatively  stout  branches  which  form  a  round-topped  compact 
and  symmetrical  or  an  open  picturesque  head,  and  sometimes  fertile  when  only  a  few  inches  iu 
height.'  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  thickness  and  is 
deeply  and  irregularly  divided  by  vertical  and  cross  fissures  into  small  oblong  plates  covered  with 
closely  appressed  dark  red-brown  scales  tinged  with  purple  or  orange-color ;  on  smaller  stems  and  large 
branches  it  is  thin,  smooth,  and  dark  or  light  red-brown.  The  branch-buds  are  ovate,  acute,  and  from 
one  quarter  to  nearly  one  half  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  covered  by  long-pointed  dark  chestnut-brown 
scales  scarious  and  more  or  less  broken  on  the  margins,  those  of  the  outer  ranks  being  usually  loosely 
imbricated  and  much  reflexed  above  the  middle  ;  while  those  of  the  inner  ranks  soon  become  reflexed  on 
the  growing  shoots  and,  losing  their  tips,  continue  for  years  to  roughen  with  their  thickened  dark  brown 
bases  the  stout  branches.  These,  when  they  first  appear,  are  gkbrous  and  light  orange-color,  and, 
gradually  growing  darker  during  their  second  and  third  seasons,  finally  become  dark  red-brown  or 


V 


*  lemmon  {Erythea,  ii.  174)  descriSes  trees  grovuig  iu  rich  loam 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Noyo  River  in  Mciidoci'.u  County,  Califor- 
iiin,  near  the  flouthern  limits  nf  the  r&ufrc  of  this  species,  from  flfty 
to  eighty  feet  tiill,  witli  trunks  from  two  to  Hve  feet  in  diameter 
covered  with  deeply  riniosn  bark  two  inches  thick.  These  trees  are 
exeeptionally  large.    Tlie  white  clay  harrcns   which  stretch  for 


miles  along  the  eoaat  of  Alendocino  County  are  covered  with  cone- 
benring  plants  of  Pinus  contorta  and  Cupressus  Goveniana  only  a 
few  inches  Iiigh,  while  in  the  better  soil  and  more  abundant  mois- 
ture of  depressions  in  this  plain  they  sometimes  rise  to  a  height  of 
thirty  feet. 


t>      I 


II 


'I* 


III 


^1 


90 


iSILVA   OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


COHUrKIUt, 


occasionally  almost  black.  The  leaves  are  borne  in  clusters  of  two,  with  loo-< .  scarioiis  HJiuutiiN  f t'oni  one 
quarter  to  nearly  one  third  of  an  inch  in  length,  their  inner  scales  falling  ('uring  the  iiritt  Niininiin'  or 
autumn  and  leaving  only  the  narrow  bases  of  the  sheaths,  which  thicken  and  become  alnioitt  hliu^k  and 
fall  with  the  leaves,  usually  in  their  seventh  or  eighth  year ;  they  are  acute  witii  short  calioiiN  ti|w, 
finely  and  sharply  serrate,  dark  green,  stomatiferous  with  from  six  to  ten  rows  of  deup-Mit  Htottiata  on 
each  face,  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long  and  about  one  twenty-fourth  of  an  inch  wido,  and 
contain  two  iibro-vascular  bundles  and  one  or  two  parenchjrmatous  resin  passages  Hurroinidiiil  by 
strengthening  cells,  which  ako  occur  in  a  single  nearly  continuous  layer  under  the  epidininiN,'  The 
staminate  flowers  are  borne  in  short  crowded  spikes  and  are  cylindrical  and  about  lialf  an  inch  long, 
with  orange-red  anthers  terminating  in  semiorbicular  nearly  entire  crests,  and  are  siirroundt'd  by  invo- 
lucres of  six  bracts.  The  pistillate  flowers  are  subterminal  or  rarely  lateral,  clustered  or  in  pairN,  ttrort 
or  nearly  horizontal,  borne  on  stout  peduncles  covered  by  ovate  acute  dark  che-itnut-brown  brnctN,  and 
subcylindrical,  tvith  orange-red  ovate  scales  gradually  narrowed  into  elongated  tips.  During  tiii'ir  lli'Nt 
winter  the  young  cones  are  oval,  spreading  or  erect;  and  from  one  half  to  three  ipiartors  of  an  inch 
in  length,  with  much  thickened  light  red-brown  scales  produced  into  long  slender  points ;  and  whnn 
ripe  in  the  following  autumn  they  are  oval  or  subcylindrical,  usually  very  oblique  at  the  base,  horizontal, 
often  clustered,  Ught  green,  and  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  two  inches  in  length,  with  thin 
slightly  concave  scales  rounded  at  tlie  apex,  their  exposed  parts  being  transversely  keeled  and  Nlighlly 
thickened  into  narrow  oblong  dark  umbos  armed  with  long  slender  more  or  less  recurved  ol'tiin  decid- 
uous prickles,  or  toward  the  base  of  the  cone,  and  especially  on  the  upper  side,  the  uxprmi'il  portions 
of  the  scales  are  developed  into  thick  mamniillate  knobs ;  at  maturity  they  become  light  yellow-brown 
and  lustrous,  sometimes  opening  and  exposing  the  bright  red-purple  inner  portion  of  the  Hcahm,  and 
losing  their  seeds  as  soon  as  ripe ;  or  more  often  they  are  serotinous,  remaining  unopi'iied  on  the 
branches  and  preserving  the  vitality  of  their  seeds  for  many  years,  although  most  of  them  evonliiidly 
open  before  falling  and  continue  to  cover  for  many  seasons  longer  the  stems  and  branches.  Tlic  mw\n 
are  oblique  at  the  apex,  acute  below,  dark  red-brown  mottled  with  black,  and  about  one  sixtitonth  of  an 
inch  in  length,  with  a  thin  brittle  coat  and  an  embryo  with  four  or  five  cotyledons ;  their  wings  ar«  tliin, 
pale  brown,  widest  above  the  base,  gradually  tapering  toward  the  oblique  apex,  and  half  an  \\w\\  long, 

Pinits  contnrtii  is  distributed  from  Alaska,  where  it  grows  near  the  coast  as  far  north,  at  lunsti  an 
the  shores  of  Cross  Sound,''  usually  in  sphagnum-covered  bogs,  southward  in  the  ininutrliate  nttigli* 
borhood  of  the  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Albion  River  in  Mendocino  County,  Galifoniiu,  soutii  of 
the  northel-n  boundary  of  the  United  States^  generally  inhabiting  sand  dunes  and  l)arrunN,  or  oc("ft» 
sioually,  near  the  shores  of  Pugct  Sound,  the  margins  of  tide  pools  and  sphagnum-covered  sw.'ttnpii. 
Spreading  inland,  it  ascends  the  coast  ranges  and  western  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,"  wlu^ro  it 
is  not  common,  and  where  it  gradunlly  changes  its  habit  and  appearance,  the  thick  dark  deeply 
furrowed  bark  of  the  coast  form  being  found  only  near  the  ground,  that  which  is  higher  on  the  Hleni 
being  thin,  light-colored,  and  more  inclined  to  separate  into  scales,  while  the  leaves  are  often  longer 
and  broiider.  In  British  Columbia,  Oregon,  and  Washington  such  trees  are  found,  either  singly  or 
in  small  groves,  scattered  over  the  coast  ranges  and  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Mountains 
up  to  elevations  of  four  or  five  thousand  feet  above  the  sea.  Farther  east  they  gr(»w  talhu',  their 
bark  is  thinner,  and  their  leaves  broader,  'md  insensibly  through  innumerable  forms  the  I'ine  of  tlio 
wind-swept  coast  dunes  passes  into  the  Lodge  Pole  or  Tamarack  Pine*  of  the  interior."    This  is  a  tree, 


'  Coull(T  &  Hdw,  Hot.  flnzrlle,  xi.  'M)r>. 

"  Rotlirock,  .S'mi)*.<oniViii  Hqi.  ISti",  15.")  (  Fl.  Miishi)-  —  Mci'lmii, 
Pror.  I'hil.  Anvl.  1S84,  ffj.  —  K.  Kiirz,  Hm.  Jnhrk  xix.  ■iii.',  (/■'/. 
ChitralgrhifteM). —  M.  W.  fiornian,  Piltimia,  iii.  (ill. 

•  Hall,  llol.  (;n:eltt,  ii.  04.  —  IlciMli^rsoii,  y.oi'.  ii.  '207. 

*  In  the  northern  Kocky  Monntainn  this  tree  ia  almost  nniversnlly 
called  I.odfife  i'ole  IMne,  because  its  long  slender  stems  alTorded 


the  hent  .support  for  the  Indian  leiH'es,  wliili'  in  t'lilifornia  It  In  un 
frenerally  known  as  Tannirnt-,  From  the  ri'iiemliliini'i*  of  tlo'  Mfiriow 
spire-like  heads  which  it  prodnees  on  the  high  HierrriN  to  lho«e  of 
the  Larch-tree  of  the  eastern  states. 

■^  Pinus  emitortfi,  var.  Murrntiatia.  I-'.n^rt-lniaiin,  ftrrwrr  ft'  Wnhim 
Hot.  Cut.  ii.  IHG  (1880).  — Coult«'r,  .Won.  Jlwh/  All.  llol,  i!V\.-~ 


comntiLB, 

tliH  f  r(*tn  one 
»t  NuiiitiHH'  or 

)Nt  ItllU'k  Hixl 

(^iilloiiN  ti|m, 
t  Mtotniitit  on 
<'li  widts  and 
rroiiiiiltiil  liy 
oniiiN,'     Till) 
n  inch  long, 
(IimI  liy  invu- 
u  \mm,  nrvct 
n  lirtU'tN,  itnd 
ii|;  tlifit'  lii'Nt 
ro  of  itn  inch 
H ;  anil  whon 
It),  horixontai, 
:\\,  witli  thin 
and  Nlighlly 
I  oi'Uin  (U'cid- 
iiiHcd  portionH 
ycllowhrown 
hu  Mcahw,  and 
icntid  on  tho 
<}n  oviuitnally 
4,    The  mumIh 
xt4)cnth  of  an 
\'m^n  aru  thin, 
iiudi  h)n)(, 
,  at  luaNt,  an 
ndiati*  n«i)(h* 
nia,  Month  of 
uim,  r»i'  «M!ca- 
i-cd  HW.'un|m. 
ON,'  whcro  it 
hii'k  deeply 
on  the  Mlem 
)ften  longer 
lei'  ningly  or 
e  MountainN 
tallia',  their 
I'iiie  of  thu 
'hiH  \h  a  tree, 

I'lillfiirniii  it  Ik  im 
I'  "f  Um'  piiiriiiw 
■rnm  Im  l\tiM>  ttP 

llrrimr  \  Wiilmm 
Ml.  IM.  4»!) — 


CONIFEBJC. 


8ILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


91 


usually  seventy  or  eighty  but  o^^teu  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  generally 
from  two  to  three  but  occasionally  live  or  six  feet  in  diameter,  and  slender  much  forked  branches 
frequently  persistent  nearly  to  the  base  of  the  stem,  which  are  light  orange-color  during  their  early 
years  and  somewhat  penuulous  below,  and  ascending  near  the  top  of  the  tree  form  a  narrow  pyramidal 
spire-topped  head.  In  the  extreme  t'urm  the  bark  of  the  trunk  is  rarely  more  th^u  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
in  thickness,  close  and  firm,  light  orange-brown,  and  covered  by  small  thin  loosely  appr^'ssed  scales. 
The  leaves  are  yellow-green  and  usually  about  two  inches  long,  although  '^^hey  vary  from  one  to  three 
inches  in  length,  una  are  from  one  sixteenth  to  nearly  one  eighth  of  an  'nch  in  width.  The  cones 
occasionally  open  as  soon  as  ripe  but  are  usually  serotinous,  preserving  the  vitality  of  their  seeds 
sometimes  for  twenty  years.' 


Beiasner,  Handb.  Nadelh.  211).  —  Masters,  Jour.  R.  Hort.  Soc.  xiv, 
227.  — Koebne,  Deutsche  Dendr.  37. 

Pinus  inops,  Bentham,  PI.  Hnrlweg.  337  (not  Aiton)  (1857). 
Pinus  Murrayana,  A.  Murray,  Rep.  Oreijon  Exped,  2,  t.  3,  02 
(1853)  J  Edinburgh  New  PhU.  .four.  ii.  ser.  xi.  220  ;  Tram.  lint. 
Soc.  Edinburgh,  vi.  361. — Sargont,  Forest  Trees  N.  Am.  10th 
Censua  U.  S.  iz.  194.  —  Lemnion,  Rep.  California  Slate  Board 
Forestry,  ii.  72,  92,  t.  (Pines  of  the  Pacific  Slope)  ;  West- American 
Cone-Bearers,  ,30,  t.  4.  —  Steele,  Proc.  Am.  Pharm.  Assoc.  1889, 
230  (The  Pines  of  California).  — Mayr,  tVald.  Noniam.  348,  t. 
8,  f,  —  Hansen,  Jour.  R.  Hort.  Soc.  xiv.  378  (Pinetum  Uani- 
cum).  —  Merriain,  North  American  Fauna,  No,  7,  339  (Death 
Valley  Exped.  ii.). 

Pinrn  contorta,  Newberry,  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi.  pt.  iii.  ', 

t.  5,  f.  11  (not  Loudon)  (1857).  —  Engelmann,  Am.  Jow.  Sni. 
ser.  2,  xxxiv.  332.  — Lyall,  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  vii.  141  (in  part). — 
Cooper,  Am.  Nat.  iii.  409.  —  Parlatore,  De  Candolle  Prodr.  xvi. 
pt.  ii.  381  (in  part).  —  Masters,  Oard.  Chron.  u.  ser.  xix.  45,  f.  5. 
Pinus  Tamrac,  A.  Murray,  Gard.  Chron.  1809, 191,  f.  1-9. 
Pinus  contorta,  var.  lalifolia,  Watson,  King's  Rep.  v.  331 
(1871).  —  Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado  ;  Uayden's  Surv.  Misc. 
Pub.  No.  4,  129.  —  Engelmann,  Rolhrock  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi.  262. 

Pinus  Murrayana,  var.  Sargcntii,  Mayr,  /.  c.  349  (1890). 
It  would  probably  be  hopeless  tu  try  to  convince  a  person  who  had 
seen  these  trees  only  on  the  high  California  Sierras,  in  the  Yellow- 
stone National  Park,  and  on  the  sand  dunes  of  tlie  Pacitic  coast, 
that  Pimts  Murrayana  and  Pinus  contorta  were  forms  of  one  species, 
although  they  do  not  differ  in  their  organs  of  reproduction  except 
in  the  size  of  the  cones,  which  varies  considenibly  on  different 
individuals.  Thn  extreme  forms  vary  in  their  habit,  in  the  thick- 
ness, color,  and  nature  of  their  bark,  in  the  cliarnctcr  of  their 
woo<1,  in  the  length  and  breadth  of  their  leaves,  and  in  the  size  of 
their  cones  ;  one  is  a  tall  pyramidal  tree  of  higli  mountains  and 
plateaus  with  orange-colored  bark  thinner  than  that  of  any  other 
Fine  and  soft  straight-grained  wood  with  inconspicuous  Hummer 
cells  and  more  like  that  of  a  White  Pine  or  of  a  Spruce  than  of  a 
Pinaster,  and  with  broad  yellow-green  leaves  ;  the  other  is  a  low 
round-lieaded  coast  tree  with  stout  contorted  branches,  thick  dark 
deeply  furrowed  bark,  coarse-grained  wood  conspicuously  marked 
by  broad  dark  bands  of  resinous  summer  cells,  and  slender  dark 
green  leaves.  In  the  region,  however,  between  the  coast  and  the 
nortliern  Uocky  Mountains  there  arc  otlier  forms,  some  with  broad 
and  others  with  narrow  leaves,  some  with  bark  as  rough  as  that  of 
the  coast  ti-ee,  and  otliers  with  the  thin  bark  of  the  mountain  tree  ; 
on  some  trees  dark  tliick  bark  micurs  only  at  the  base  of  the  trunk, 
on  otiicrs  it  extends  several  feet  above  it  and  gradually  passes  into 
the  thin  orange-colored  bark  of  the  mountain  tree.  Tlie  wood,  too, 
of  the  trees  of  the  Olympic  and  Cascade  Mountains,  of  the  ranges 


of  western  Washington  and  Oregon,  and  of  northern  Idaho  and 
Montana,  varies  like  the  bark,  and  individuals  may  be  found  grow- 
ing under  apparently  identical  conditions  with  tlie  pale  soft  wood 
of  one  form  and  with  the  dark  "•:.''inons  wood  of  the  other  ;  and 
after  wandering  for  months  among  these  trees  and  seeing  them  in 
all  their  aspects,  on  the  Yellowstone  plateau,  in  northern  Montana 
and  Idaho,  on  the  Blue  Mountains  of  eastern  Oregon,  on  the  Cas- 
cades and  the  Olympics,  along  the  coast  from  the  shores  of  the 
Straits  of  Fuca  to  those  of  Humboldt  Bay,  on  the  borders  of  alpine 
meadows  and  the  moraines  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  on  the  moun- 
tains of  Colorado,  the  conclusion  forced  itself  upon  me  that  a  single 
species,  greatly  changed  in  some  respects  by  its  surroundings  in 
different  localities,  but  always  with  the  same  organs  of  reproduc- 
tion, extends  over  this  wide  region. 

'  In  1874  Dr.  George  Engelmann  gathured  on  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains of  Colorado  a  branch  of  Pinus  contorta,  var.  Murrayana,  bear- 
ing closed  cones,  which  had  ripened  during  each  of  the  previous 
nine  years,  with  the  exception  of  1867,  when  none  had  been  pro- 
duced. In  the  spring  of  1879  seeds  from  the  eones  of  each  year 
were  planted  at  the  Arnold  Arboretum.  Those  from  the  cones 
which  had  jipened  in  1860  did  not  germinate,  but  a  part  of  the 
seeds  of  later  years  produced  seedlings,  showing  that  the  seeds  of 
this  tree  may  preserve  their  vitality  in  closed  cones  for  as  long  a 
perio<l  as  nine  years,  although  under  ordinary  conditions  Pine  seeds 
are  extremely  perishable.  (See  Sargent,  Bot.  Gazette,  v.  64.  — 
Engelmann,  Bot.  Gazette,  v.  02.) 

This  special  arrangement  for  protecting  the  vitality  of  its  seeds, 
and  tlieir  power  to  gcrminete  quickly  on  burnt  soil  after  liberation, 
have  enabled  Pinus  contorta  to  maintain  itself  against  adverse  con- 
ditions and  to  play  a  controlling  part  in  determining  the  ctiaracter 
of  the  forests  over  large  areas  in  the  northern  Uocky  Mountain 
region.  Fires  are  constantly  sweeping  through  those  forests,  kill- 
ing, without  consuming,  these  highly  resinous  trees,  of  which  they 
are  now  at  certain  altitudes  often  almost  exclusively  composed. 
The  heat  o|)ens  the  cones  and  liberates  the  seeds  of  many  years, 
and  tbcs.',  falling  in  innucnse  numbers  on  the  burnt  surface  of  the 
ground,  germinate  quickly,  and,  growing  rapidly,  soon  eov^r  it  to 
the  exclusi<m  of  other  plants,  ft>rniing  such  dense  forests  that  a 
man  can  hardly  find  jtassage  between  the  slender  stems  of  its  trees. 
These  trees  begin  to  hear  cones  profusely  when  only  a  few  years 
old,  aiul  are  soon  ready  to  furnish  seeds  to  repair  the  damage  of 
anotlier  fire.  Tliis  altern.'ite  burning  of  older  trees  and  springing 
up  of  crops  of  seedlings  on  the  sanu?  ground  may  go  on  for  genera- 
tions ;  and  it  is  common  to  .see  on  the  Rocky  Mountains  thf^  dead 
trunks  of  three  or  four  crops  standing  over  a  dense  young  gro\.Mi. 
In  this  way  the  Lodge  Pole  Pine  is  not  only  able  to  hold  its  own  on 
ground  of  whii'h  it  has  once  taken  possession,  but  also  to  gain  and 
maintain  a  foothold  where  fire  has  destroyed  other  trees  less  well 


; 


^  i-liUfl 


92 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIfEKA, 


Pinus  contorta,  var.  Murrayana,  is  commou  on  the  Alaska  hills,  where  it  Bometimes     .taing  a 

height  of  one  hundred  feet  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  eighteen  inches,'  and  finds  its  most  northerly  home 

in  the  valley  of  the  Yukon  River.     It  w  the  prevailing  and  characteristic  tree  on  the  interior  plateau  of 

northern  British  Columbia,  crossing  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  hills  between  the  Athabasca  River 

and  Lesser  Slave  Lake,  and  spreading  southward  along  their  eastern  foothills  at  elevations  of  about 

four  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea  to  the  Cypress  Hills  in  southern  Assiniboia ;  it  is  common 

in  the  interior  of  southern  British  Columbia  on  sandy  benches  and  river  flats  and  on  mountain  slopes 

above  a  level  of  three  thousand  five  himdred  feet,  often  covering  with  dense  forests  great  areas  of 

sandy  soil  in  the  basin  of  the  upper  Columbia."     In  the  United  States  the  Lodge  Pole  Pine  forms 

forests  on  both  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana ;  it  is  the  prevailing  tree  on  the  Yellowstone 

plateau  in  northwestern  Wyoming,  which  at  elevations  from  seven  thousand  to  seven  thoustvnd  five 

hundred  feet  it  covers  with  a  dense  nearly  continuous  forest;'  it  is  also  common  on  the  Big  Horn 

and  other  mountain  ranges  of  Wyoming,  extending  southward  to  those  of  southern  Colorado,  where 

it  abounds  at  elevations  from  ten  to  eleven  thousand  feet  above  the  sea,*  and  to  eastern  Utah ;  from 

the  western  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountiiins  of  Montana  it  spreads  over  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains 

of   Idaho   and  over  the  ranges  of   eastern   Washington  and  Oregon,   where,    usually  at   elevations 

from  four  thousand  five  hundred  to  five  thousand  feet,  it  forms  on  liigli  ridges  great  continuous 

forests ;  it  is  common  on  the  mountains  of  northern  California  and  ranges  southward  along  the  Sierra 

Nevada,  where  it  attains  its  greatest  size  and  beauty  and  is  the  principal  inhabitant  of  the  alpine 

forest,  growing  above  the  Firs  on  moraines  extending  for  miles  along  the  sides  of  rocky  valleys  at 

elevations  between  eight  thousand  and  nine  thousand  five  hundred  feet  above  the  sea-level,  and  on 

the  rich  alluvium  of  sheltered  lake  bottoms,  where,  four  or  five  inches  in  diameter  and  forty  or  fifty 

feet  in  height,''  its  stems  are  crowded  like  blades  of  grass ;  on  Gray  Back  of  the  San  Bernardino  Range 

in  southern  California  it  forms  the  timber  line,  at  heights  of  about  ten  thousand  feet,  with  a  nearly 

continuous  belt,  descending  three  thousand  feet  lower  with  individuals  scattered  through  the  forest  of 

Yellow  Pine,  and  in  Bear  Valley  among  the  San  Jacinto  Mountains  it  finds  its  most  southerly  home 

with  small  scattered  groves  at  elevations  of  six  thousand  feet." 

The  wood  of  Pinux  contorta  is  light,  hard,  strong,  although  brittle  and  coarse-grained  ;  it  is  light 
brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contains  broad  very  conspicuous  bands  of 
small  resinous  summer  cells,  numerous  small  resin  passages,  and  many  obscure  medullary  rays.  The 
specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  CSSl."),  a  cubic  foot  weighing  3G.24  pounds.  On  the 
coast  of  California  it  is  used  for  fuel.  The  wood  of  the  variety  Murrayana  is  light,  soft,  not  strong, 
close,  straight-grained,  and  easily  worked  but  not  durable  ;  it  is  light  yellow  or  nearly  white,  with  thin 
lighter  colored  sapwood,  and  contains  narrow  inconspicuous  bands  of  small  summer  cells,  few  small 


able  to  reprudiicc  themselves  under  unnAtuml  conditions  ;  and  re- 
gions formerly  clothed  with  Spnicos,  Firs,  and  other  Pines  api>ear 
destined  to  receive  a  forest-covering  of  Pimut  ronloria,  which,  aK 
though  comparatively  worthless  as  a  tiniher-troc,  is  of  inestimable 
value  in  preserving  tlie  integrity  of  mountain  slopes  and  protecting 
the  How  of  mountain  streams. 

1  M.  W.  (iurninn,  Pitlnnia,  iii.  69. 

-  (i.  M.  Dawson,  fan.  A'n(.  ser.  2,  ix.  .'127.  —  Maeoun,  Cal,  Can. 
PI.  iCAi. 

"  On  the  authority  of  Mr.  \V.  II.  Dull  the  northern  limit  of  this 
tree  ha.s  been  given  at  the  oonHuence  of  the  Pelly  and  Lewis  Kivers 
(hit.  iyi^  'V.y  north )  ;  but  a.s  it  tliere  sliows  no  sign  of  having  reached 
its  extreme  point,  it  may  probably  be  found  sonic  distance  farther 
northward  in  the  Yukon  valley,  although  not  so  far  as  the  mouth 
of  the  Porcupine  in  latitude  03'  3.1."  ((J.  M.  Dawson,  Garden  ami 
Foral,  i.  u). ) 

Pinus  cvritorta,  var.  Murrayana,  was  found  by  Mr.  DawsoL  grow- 


ing abundantly  on  the  Stikivc  immediately  east  of  the  coast  moun- 
tains and  thence  inland  ;  and  on  the  Deasc  and  upper  Liard  and 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Dease  down  the  Liard  to  Devil's  Portage, 
some  miles  east  of  the  range  which  apparently  .'"presents  the 
northern  continuation  of  the  Kocky  Mountains,  Farther  etust  Pinun 
ttirarirata  is  the  Pino  of  the  great  valley  of  the  Mackenzie,  altbough 
it  does  not  extend  west  of  the  Hocky  Mountains  to  the  head-waters 
of  the  Liartl.  PinuH  contorta,  var.  Afurraifana,  does  not  occur  on 
the  upper  Pelly,  in  ascending  which  it  was  first  met  with  by  Dr. 
Dawson  in  longitude  Kt^P  30'.  From  this  point  down  the  Ptlly 
ami  up  the  whole  length  of  thu  Lewes  it  is  moderately  abundant 
((r.  .M.  Dawson,  I.  r.). 

*  Tweedy,  Garilpn  anil  Forent,  i.  129  {Forests  of  the  Yetlowstufte 
\atiimal  Pari). 

*  Hrandegce,  Hut.  Gazette,  iii.  32. 

■''  Muir,  The  .\[oHnlain.i  of  California,  200. 

*  S.  B.  Parish,  Zm,  iv.  .Til. 


ii  ^ 


i ._ 


:.n 


'   ' 


CONIFERiB. 


SILVA  OF  NORTE  AMERICA. 


98 


resin  passages,  and  numerous  obscure  medullary  rays.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood 
is  0.4096,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  25.53  pounds.  It  is  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber,  and  is 
also  used  for  railway  ties  and  mine  timbers,  and  as  fuel. 

In  Alaska  a  sort  of  coarse  bread  is  made  from  the  inner  bark ; '  and  in  eastern  Oregon  the  cam- 
bium layer  of  the  variety  Murrayana  is  sometimes  eaten  bv  Indians,  who  make  baskets  from  sections 
of  the  bark  of  this  tree  to  hold  berries.'' 

Pinus  contorta  was  discovered  on  the  mountains  above  the  head  of  the  Jefferson  River  by  Lewis 
and  Clark  in  August,  1805,  as  they  were  crossing  the  Rocky  Mountains ;  ^  and  on  the  second  of 
November  they  encountered  what  was  probably  the  coast  form  near  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia 
River.* 

Introduced  into  English  gardens  in  1831  by  David  Douglas,  who  first  made  it  known  to  science, 
the  coast  tree  is  occasionally  cultivated  in  Europe,  although  it  has  little  to  recommend  it  as  an  orna- 
mental plant."  The  variety  Murrayana,  which  in  its  name  commemorates  Andrew  Murray,"  was 
found  by  John  Jeffrey  on  the  Siskiyou  Mountains  in  northern  California  and  by  him  was  introduced 
into  Europe.  This  form  has  proved  hardy  in  eastern  Massachusetts,  where  it  has  been  cultivated  in 
the  Arnold  Arboretum  since  1875,  and  has  produced  cones,  although,  like  the  other  Pines  from  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  it  suffers  when  transferred  to  the  Atlantic  seaboard  from  fungal  diseases. 


'  When  tho  sap  risea  at  the  end  of  June  or  early  in  .Tuly  the 
Alaska  Indiana  fell  the  trees  of  this  Pine  and  of  the  Hemlock 
and  strip  off  the  bark  in  pieces  ten  or  twelve  feet  lung.  The  inner 
bark  is  then  brought  into  camp  in  canoes,  picked  by  the  women  into 
small  pieces,  mixed  with  water  into  a  consistent  mass,  and  moulded 
in  frames  into  cakes  about  eleven  inches  square.  A  hole  is  then 
dug  in  the  ground  and  sarni  or  small  stones  placed  on  tho  bottom 
and  thoroughly  heated,  j  Hro  is  then  removed  and  a  layer  of 
the  fresh  leaves  of  the  we.itcrn  Skunk  Cabbage  (Lysichiton  Kam- 
Uchaicemis,  Schott)  is  placed  over  them.  A  layer  of  cakes  is  placed 
on  these  leaves,  and  this  process  is  repeated  until  there  aro  ftve  or 
six  layers  of  cakes.  On  top  of  the  whclo,  damp  mo»s  or  seaweed  is 
piled,  a  Are  is  built,  and  the  whole  mass  is  cooked  fur  about  an 
hour.  Tho  cakes  arc  then  removed  and  placed  on  Thuya  sl.'ts  in 
a  smoke-house,  and  smoked  for  four  or  Ave  days,  when  they  will 
keep  indefinitely.  After  cooking  and  smoking,  the  cakes  are  put 
up  in  oblong  bundles  somewhat  resembling  aiiuintnl  of  codfish,  and 
are  covered  by  long  strips  of  matting  made  of  Thuya  bark,  and 
securely  tied  by  ropes  of  this  bark  for  convenience  of  transport  in 
cai.oes.  The  bread  is  used  by  breaking  the  cake  into  pieces,  pour- 
ing hot  or  boiling  water  over  them  until  they  become  soft,  and  then 
phicing  them  on  tho  snow  to  cool,  and  covering  them  with  ulikon 
grease,  when  they  are  ready  to  eat.  Sometimes  tho  cake  is  broken 
into  pieces,  and  these  are  put  into  stone  mortnrs  and  reduced  to 
powder,  which  is  sprinkled  over  boiled  smoked  salmon  or  other 
food.  Children  and  young  adults  cat  the  bread  with  apparent 
relish  in  its  natural  state  ;  but  older  people  aro  unnble  to  do  this 
because  their  teeth  are  worn  down  by  long-continued  use  in  eating 
dried  smoked  salmon  and  other  hard  substances. 

This  preparation  from  the  bark  of  Pinus  conloria  is  usually  eaten 
within  a  few  days  after  it  has  been  cooked,  as,  if  it  is  kept  for  any 
length  of  time,  it  devclo])s  a  resinous  flavor  tliat  is  not  palatable 
even  to  an  Alaskan  Indian.  The  Hotnlock-bark  bread,  however, 
can  be  kept  indefinitely,  and  is  therefore  usually  put  up  for  winter 
use  (M.  W.  Uoruiau  in  litt.). 


»  Coville,  Conlrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  v.  89. 

°  The  "  mountains  continue  high  on  each  side  of  the  valley,  but 
their  only  covering  is  a  small  species  of  Pitch  Fine  with  a  short 
leaf,  growing  on  the  lower  and  middle  regions,  while  for  some  dis- 
tance below  the  snow-tops  there  is  neither  timber  nor  herbage  of 
any  kind."  (Hi^tori/  of  the  Expedition  wider  Command  of  Lewis  and 
Clark,  ed.  Cones,  ii.  457.  —  Sargent,  Garden  and  Forest,  x.  28.) 

*  History,of  the  Expedition  under  Command  of  Lewis  and  Clark, 
I.  <■.  668.  —  Sargent,  /.  c.  20. 

'  Fowler,  Ourd.  Chron.  1872,  1070. 

"  Andrew  Murray  (1812-1878)  was  born  in  Edinburgh,  and, 
being  educated  for  the  law,  o1)tained  the  position  of  Writer  to  the 
Signet,  although  his  predilections  were  for  natural  history,  in  which 
ho  became  interested  as  a  boy.  While  best  known,  perhaps,  as  an 
entomologist,  he  wrote  a  number  of  papers  on  botany,  especially  on 
the  Conifers  of  Japan  and  of  western  North  America.  He  was 
chosen  secretary  of  the  association  which  sent  Jeffrey  to  America, 
and,  with  Professor  Balfour,  described  many  of  the  plants  that  he 
discovei'ed.  In  18.58  Mr.  Murray  was  elected  president  of  the 
Botanical  Society  of  Kdinburgh,  and  two  years  later,  having  been 
made  assistant  secretary  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of  London,  he 
established  hiuiself  in  that  city,  and  devoted  the  remainder  of  his 
life  to  the  affairs  of  tlic  society  and  to  the  publication  of  numer- 
ous scientific  papers  and  Lawson's  Pineltim  Britanicum,  of  which  he 
was  one  of  the  editors.  His  most  important  dcndrological  papers 
are  a  circular  addressed  to  the  subscribers  of  the  Oregon  Associa- 
tion, probably  printed  in  18.j.1,  and  containing  the  first  descriptions 
and  figures  of  several  western  American  Conifers  ;  two  papers  on 
California  Conifers,  published  in  ISoo  and  1859  in  the  Edinburgh 
Ncio  Philosophical  Journal ;  The  Pines  and  Firs  of  Japan,  Rr&t  pub- 
lished in  ISG'j  in  the  Proceedings  oj  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society, 
and  a  paper  ou  tho  .Synnnywy  of  Various  Conifers,  published  a  year 
later  in  the  Proceedings  of  that  society. 


■  u 


I      :i^ 


EXPLANATIOiN  OK  THE  PLATES. 

Platb  DLXVII.    Pinuh  contorta. 

1.  A  branrh  with  ataminate  flowers,  natural  size. 

2.  Diagram  of  the  invulucre  uf  tlie  atamioato  flower. 

3.  A  staniinate  flower,  enlarged. 

4.  An  anther,  aide  view,  enlarged. 
C.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 

6.  A  branch  witli  pistillate  fluwura,  natuml  size. 

7.  A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

H.  A  scale  of  n  piatillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  its  hract,  enlarged. 

9.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  up|)er  side,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 

10.  A  fruiting  branch,  nuturiil  xize. 

11.  A  cone-scale,  lower  side,  enlarged. 

12.  A  seed,  enlarged. 

13.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

14.  All  embryo,  enlarged. 

15.  A  cluster  of  young  leaves,  natural  size. 
10.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

17.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  magnified  fifteen  diameters. 

18.  A  seeiUing  plant,  natural  si/.e. 


I      ! 


Platb  DLXVIII.    Pinus  coxtokta,  var.  Mvrkayana. 

1.  A  branch  with  staniinate  flowers,  natural  size. 

2.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  staniinate  flower. 

3.  A  stamiiiate  flower,  enlarged. 

4.  An  end  of  a  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  size. 

5.  A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  aide,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 

7.  A  scale  of  a  piHtilbtto  flower,  lower  side,  with  its  bract,  enlarged. 

8.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

9.  A  cone,  from  a  tree  of  an  intermediate  form  from  the  Siskiyou 

Mountains,  Oregon,  natural  size. 

10.  A  cone-scale,  upper  side,  with  its  seeds,  natural  size. 

11.  A  cono-scale,  lateral  view,  natural  size. 

12.  Seeds,  natural  size. 

13.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

14.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 
la.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

16.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  magnified  fifteen  diameters. 

17.  Winter  branch-buds,  natural  size. 


T  AmencA 


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1 1 


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W 


A.Hu^cfeid^  dtrecr'. 


Imp .  J.  TansAir  Pans. 


aXPLANATlOX   I  I    TJIK   I'LATlilj. 

ClaIj'     .        \  '  •        'MTfHI  > 

'  \    >r  till  )i  wiljk  ttiuulnkt*  IU<w«ra,  luuniml  aiia. 

'j;.  I>i.i|{raiii  •<(  tlw  liitoluc'K  uf  llio  »t4UiUDati>  tlitwrr. 

8.  A  iiuiiiiii«k<  tlowi.i,  MiUr^itil. 

').'  All  unlliir.  lid*  *i*<r,  oaliLrKod. 

fi  An  •nllii'i'.  (rtinl  yUt,  finlwjjed. 

(i.  A  brnncli  Willi  |>i*lilUu>  lluwrra,  rwUiiui  •  ,1' 

7.  A  p!>(Ulati<  lIuwDr.  uiilurK*''- 

H.  A  ii-.»U  iif  »  jiirtillau.  lioww.  luwwr  niili,  willi  iu  lii-niH,  i>nl.i.^.'.i. 

(t.  A  M'ula  iif  *  pi<lUl«*.a  ttowor.  iipiicj-  nidK,  ititli  it*  niriiWt.  enUrgiHl. 

1>.>.  A  (niitihK  bruirh,  putiiral  »itt 

11.  A  roii»  M-Jtio,  luwr  shlfi,  «-nl<ir)(uil. 

12.  A  >m!<t,  roliir;;i<il. 

l.'t.   VvHii'iiI  Miflii'ii  "I  1  »• '  ■(•  •  11  .ir.-cj. 
II.  An  pnibryui  odUikuI 


lUtcii  ilijuiiat»T» 


11  f 


A  i-cui.:  ..{  .«  j.u'.iUai.;  I!  .»>>!■.  li;«'l;I   silk,  wllli  itt  i..ni.:l.  e!iUr(;c.!. 
A  fruittni;  liranch,  itaturot  niM. 

A  cunu  from  »  tr<>«  n(  an  intprni>^!«te  fona-irom  t)t«  Bukijrou 
^t'liinUiiiii.  (h'fi(;iin,  natural  iriu). 
.ii-wnle,  up|ier  Kiiic.  with  iUMniii  lUtur:-: 
A  toiio-sral*.  liiU'r.^i  vi'W.  Batumi  nin!. 
Sti«(tfs  iiattnai  ai-tfl. 
Vortiral  »iirti.j»  iif  a  ►'•»-t   eiilmifdl. 

An  eiiihr\ ' 

Tip  of  .1  !• 

fro"  -  ifled  tifteeo  tlmnifti-r* 


SiW»  of  North  America, 


Tab  DLXVU. 


i"    ; 


t^  K  FiUTon  (iel. 


Mifftie^iu^^  jc. 


\\  : 


PINU3  CONTORTAjoud 

A  UuH-reuu-  dtrn,!  '  Imp.JTaneJU  Pans. 


'Ill 


!  II 


I 


m 


BiWft  of  North  Amincft 


^v\»  |i 


4 


.,  V 


/*> 


T»b  DLXVm 


V, 


is        ^. 


NvV,\\^^ 


\ 


'% 


.)■/ 


NfytK 


■  *  y  L 


¥.    , 


'4P* 


V    ' 


!/ 


^ 


lb. 

1 


SHi  ! 


I  i 

i 


'.  s.'i 


^^ 


Si'.va  of  North  America. 


Tab.  DLXVIU. 


\^\ 


( \  f..  ynj-ort  iM. 


Mi^ne<tuj-  .re. 


PINUS  CONTORTA.vnrMURRAYANA,  EnSelm 


Am 


'lorrfna^  tiirt^j^. 


I/np. ./  Tof      ■    "(TTAf. 


m    ^ 

. 

M 

III 

-       i     1 

1 

•     ■.       ; 

■K     , 

wl '         ' 

If 

m  ., 

lii 


tiONIfEBA. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


95 


PINUS   SABINIANA. 
Digger  Pine.    Bull  Fine. 

Leaves  in  3-leaved  clusters,  stout,  pale  blue-green,  from  8  to  12  inches  in  length. 
Cones  oval,  acute,  from  6  to  10  inches  long,  their  scales  produced  into  prominent 
knobs  armed  with  stout  straight  or  slightly  incurved  spines. 


FinuB  Sabiniana,  Douglas,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xvi.  747 
(1833).  —  D.  Don,  Lambert  Pinus,  iii.  t.  —  Forbes,  Pine- 
turn  Wobum.  63,  t.  23,  24.  —  Lawson  &  Son,  Agric. 
Man.  353;  List  No.  10,  Abietinece,  33.  — Hooker,  Fl. 
Bor.-Am.  ii.  162.  —  Antoine,  Conif.  30,  t.  11.  — Hooker 
&  Amott,  Bot.  Voy.  Seeehey,  393.  —  Link,  Linmea,  xv. 
609.  — NuttoU,  Sylva,  ui.  110,  t.  113.  — Spach,  Hist. 
Vig.  xi.  390.  —  De  Chambray,  Traits  Arh.  Ris.  Conif. 
347.  —  EndUcher,  Syn.  Conif.  159.  —  Knight,  ^i^n. 
Conif.  30.  —  Lindley  &  Gordon,  Jomr.  Hort.  Soc.  Lond. 
V.  216.  —  Dietrich,  Syn.  v.  398.  —  Planchon,  Fl.  des 
Serres,  ix.  275,  t.  964.  —  Carri^re,  Traiti  Conif.  334.  — 
Torrey  &  Gray,  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  ii.  130.  —  J.  M.  Bige- 
low.  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv.  pt.  v.  25.  —  Torrey,  Pacific 
R.  R.  Rep.  iv.  pt  v.  141 ;  Sot.  Mex.  Bound.  Sum.  210, 

t.  57  ;  lues'  Rep.  pt.  iv.  28 Courtin,  Fa7n.  Conif.  80.  — 

Newberry,  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi.  pt.  iii.  39,  90,  f.  13.  — 
Gordon,  Pinetum,  208.  —  Walpers,  Ann.  v.  799.  —  Bo- 
lander,  Proc.  Cat.  Acad.  iii.  226,  318.  —  Henkel  &  Iloch- 
stetter,  Syn.  Nadelh.  75.  —  Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit.  i.  86, 


t.  11,  t.  1-3.  —  (Nelson)  Senilis,  Pincuece,  129.  —  Hoopes, 

Evergreens,  121.  —  S^n^lauze,  Conif.  129 Parlatore, 

De  Candolle  Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  391.  —  K.  Koch,  Dendr. 
ii.  pt.  ii.  312.  —  Engelmann,  Rothrock  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi. 
375  ;  Tram.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv.  182.  —  Brewer  &  Watr 
son,  Bot.  Cal.  ii.  127.  —  Veitch,  Man.  Conif.  169.— 
Kellogg,  Forest  Trees  of  California,  55.  —  Sargent,  For- 
est Trees  N.  Am.  10th  Census  V.  S.  ix.  195.  —  Lauche, 
Deutsche  Dendr.  ed.  2,  111  — Lemmon,  Rep.  California 
State  Board  Forestry,  ii.  75,  105,  t.  {Pines  of  the  Pacific 
Slope) ;  West-American  Cone-Bearers,  39.  —  Steele,  Proc. 
Am.  Pharm.  Assoc.  1889, 241  (T/te  Pines  of  California) .  — 
Mayr,  Wald.  Nordam.  277,  t.  7,  f.  —  Beissner,  Handb. 

Nadelh.  256.  —  Masters,  Jour.  R.  Hort.  Soc.  xiv.  391 

Hansen,  Jour.  R.  Hort.  Soc.  xiv.  391  (Pinetum  Dani- 
cum).  —  Merriam,  North  American  Fauna,  No.  7,  339 
(Death  Valley  Exped.  ii.).  —  Coville,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Herb.  iv.  223  (Bot.  Death  Valley  Exped.).  — KoeXme, 
Deutsche  Dendr.  35. 


A  tree,  usually  forty  or  fifty  but  occasionally  eighty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  three  or  four  feet 
in  diameter  divided  generally  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  above  the  ground  into  three  or  four  stout  secondary 
stems ;  these  spread  at  first  at  narrow  angles,  and  then  become  erect  and  are  clothed  with  short  crooked 
branches  which,  pendent  below  and  ascending  toward  the  summit  of  the  tree,  form  an  open  round- 
topped  head  remarkable  among  Pines  for  the  sparseness  of  its  foliage.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  from 
an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  in  thickness,  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  or  nearly  black,  and 
deeply  and  irreguLirly  divided  into  great  thick  rounded  connected  ridges  covered  with  small  closely 
appressed  scales.  The  winter  branch-buds  are  oblong-ovate,  acute  and  abruptly  contracted  at  the  apex 
into  short  points,  the  terminal  bud,  which  varies  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  nearly  an  inch  in 
length,  being  about  twice  as  large  as  the  lateral  bi;ds ;  they  are  covered  with  lanceolate  light  chestnut- 
brown  lustrous  scales  more  or  less  fringed  on  the  scarious  margins  and  soon  deciduous,  their  thickened 
bases  roughening  the  branches  for  many  years ;  these  are  stout  and  glabrous,  and  in  their  first  year  are 
pale  glaucous  blue,  becoming  dark  brown  or  nearly  black  during  their  second  season.  The  leaves  are 
borne  in  clusters  of  two,  with  lustrous  pale  chestnut-hrown  sheaths  at  first  an  inch  in  length  ai.  after 
the  first  season  thick,  close  and  firm,  nearly  black,  and  not  more  than  half  an  inch  long,  falling  with  the 
leaves,  usually  in  their  third  and  fourth  years ;  tlie  leaves  are  acute  with  long  slender  callous  tips, 
sharply  and  coarsely  serrate  toward  the  apex,  mostly  entire  below,  flexible,  pendent,  pale  blue-green, 
from  eight  to  twelve  inches  long  and  about  one  sixteenth  of  an  inch  wide ;  they  are  stomatiferous 
with  many  rows  of  conspicuous  stomata  on  each  face,  and  contain  two  or  three  parenchymatous  resin 


I  ;i' 


06 


SUVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIKKUVK. 


!     '    M 


ducts  surrounded  with  strengthening  rells,  which  uIho  occur  under  the  epidermis,  usually  iu  i.  m\f,\o 
layer.'  The  staminate  flo^ors,  which  are  produced  in  elongated  spikes,  are  oblong  and  nearly  nil  inch 
in  length,  witii  yellow  anthers  terminating  in  semiorbicular  deutaite  creists,  and  are  HiirriMiiidud  hy 
involucres  of  from  ten  to  fifteen  bracts,  those  of  the  exterior  pair  being  minute.  The  piNtillaio  Howorii 
are  borne  on  stout  glaucous  peduncles  which  at  first  spread  from  the  stem  and  then  UHceiid  and 
bend  inward  and  are  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  niches  long  and  covered  by  ovate  ucittu  light 
chestnut-brown  bracts ;  they  are  oblong-obovate,  about  half  an  inch  long  and  a  third  of  nii  ineli  tliiok, 
with  ovate  dark  purple  glaucous  scales  gradually  narrowed  into  long  slender  incurved  poiiitH.  The 
young  cones  soon  become  reflexed,  and  during  their  first  winter  and  the  following  Npriiig  tlioy  are 
subglobose  or  oblong,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length,  with  pale  glaucous  much  tliiitkeiiud  sonlus, 
flattened  and  straight  or  incurved  at  the  apex,  which  is  furnished  with  a  short  stout  sharp  tip ;  and 
when  fully  grown  in  the  autumn  they  are  oblong-ovate,  full  and  rounded  below,  pointed,  light  rod- 
brown,  from  six  to  ten  inches  long  and  from  four  to  six  inches  broad,  with  thin  and  sliglitly  concave 
scales  about  an  inch  wide  at  the  rounded  apex,  their  exposed  portions  being  coiiMpieiioiisly  traiifl- 
versely  keeled  and  narrowed  into  prominent  flattened  knobs  which  are  erect  or  incurved  ubove  the 
middle  of  the  cone,  strongly  reflexed  below,  and  armed  with  short  sharp  hooked  spur-iiko  incurved 
spines ;  the  cones  ripen  in  the  autumn  and  gradually  lose  their  seeds,  often  remaining  on  the  branuiies 
for  several  years.  The  seeds  are  oblong,  full  and  rounded  below,  somewhat  conipreNMid  toward  the 
apex,  about  three  quarters  of  an  inch  long  and  a  third  of  an  inch  wide,  and  dark  brown  or  nearly  black, 
with  a  thick  hard  coat  produced  into  narrow  lateral  ridges  which  are  broadest  above  the  iiiiddlii  of  the 
seed,  a  resinous  oily  kernel,  and  an  embryo  with  fifteen  or  sixteen  cotyledons ;  they  are  iticloitod  by 
their  wings,  which  are  much  thickened  on  the  inner  rim,  obliquely  rounded  at  the  brood  n]iux,  and 
about  a  third  of  an  inch  inngc-r  than  the  seeds. 

Pinus  Sabiidana,  growing  singly  or  in  small  groups,  is  scattered  over  the  dry  foothilU  of  weNtem 
California,  ranging  from  about  five  hundred  up  to  four  thou&and  feet  above  the  seu-lovul  uiid  from  the 
southern  slopes  of  the  great  cross  range  which  forms  the  northern  barrier  of  the  statu  Noiittiwurd  to 
the  Tehachapi  Mountains  and  the  Sierra  de  la  Ldebre ;  ~  it  is  most  abundant  and  grows  to  itH  largest 
size  on  sun-baked  slopes  in  the  middle  of  the  state,  where  at  an  elevation  of  about  two  tlioiisand  feet, 
mixed  with  Quercus  Douglaaii  and  great  thickets  of  Ceanothus  and  Manzanita,  it  is  often  the  most 
conspicuous  feature  of  the  vegetation,  differing  from  all  other  Pines  in  its  habit  and  in  its  long  pale 
blue  tufted  foliage  so  thin  and  sparse  that  the  great  branches  loaded  with  massive  coiieH  Htttiid  out  in 
bold  relief  against  the  sky. 

The  wood  of  Pinus  Sahiniana  is  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  brittle  niiil  not  durable ; 
it  is  light  brown  or  red,  with  thiok  yellow  or  nearly  white  sapwood  and  contains  broad  very  resinous 
conspicuous  bands  of  small  summer  cells,  few  large  prominent  resin  passages,  and  niimoroiis  obscure 
medullary  rays.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.4840,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  IK).lti 
pounds.' 

Abietene,*  a  hydrocarbon,  is  obtained  by  distilling  the  resinous  juices  of  Pinna  Huhiniumt.    The 


'1         I 


'  Coulter  &  Rose,  Bot.  Gazette,  xi.  307. 

"  Merriiini,  North  A  merican  Fauna,  No.  7,  339  (Death  Valley 
Eiped.  ii.).  — CoTille,  CotUrih.  U.  S.  Sal.  Herb.  iv.  223  (Bnl. 
Death  Valley  Ezpeil.).  —  S.  B.  Pari»h,  Xoi,  iv.  311. 

*  Pinus  Sabiniaua  grows  rapidly,  especially  during  its  early 
years.  Tbe  log  speeimen  in  the  .Jesup  Collection  of  North  Ameri- 
can Woods  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New 
York,  i«  twenty-three  inches  in  diameter  iusidi^  tiic  bark,  with  fifty- 
one  layers  of  annual  growth,  the  sapwood  being  three  and  three 
quarters  inch.-s  thick  and  twenty-two  yean  old. 

*  Abietene  is  a  nearly  colorless  mobile  aromatic  liquid  with  the 


odor  of  nil  of  oranges.  It  is  an  article  uf  iwniiiiiiri'K  In  Nan  Vrnn- 
Cisco,  being  sold  under  the  name  of  aliiuturm,  (ivaiilriiii  nfirantiiie, 
and  theoline,  aiul  used  for  removing  gruaaii  iipotii  itiid  iillii'r  stains 
from  clothing.  It  has  been  employed  a*  an  inwrtieide  ntid  is 
Ijelieved  tu  possess  powerful  uniestlietie  pi'o|»(ft'tlcN,  tttllinngh  its 
medicinal  value  boa  probably  Ix'-n  uveretitiiMaliMl,  (Hue  Wenx«ll, 
Am.  Jour.  Pharm.  »liv.  07  [^Ahirlene,  a  Nem  ItHilriiiarlim], '^ HnHl- 
Icr,  Am.  Jour.  Pharm.  Ii.  Ot),  203.  —  Tliorpe,  i/iiiir,  dhrm.  SnC. 
XXXV.  206  [^M  Heptane  from  PinuM  Snhinlnttti]  j  Oiftlinmrf/  of  Ap' 
plied  Chemistry,  i.  2. — Thorpe  &  Hcliorlintier,  Jtiiir,  Chem,  Soc. 
xxxviii.  213.  —  Trimble,  (Jardeit  anil  I'liretl,  «,  202.) 


cimvmM. 

'  ill  i;  Millie 
urly  uii  inch 
'roiiiidutl  by 

illllUl  HllWUrN 

iiNCdiid  iiiid 
J  uoiiU)  liffht 
I  itiuli  ttiiok, 
MMIltN.  Tlio 
iiiff  tluiy  lire 
kiiiiutl  MunloH, 
up  tip;  1111(1 
i!(i,  ligtit  r«il- 
;litly  coiiPiive 
loiiNJy  trtitiH- 
il  iiliovH  the 
ike  iiKuirved 
the  hninu'iies 
I  townni  the 
iiiiiirly  hhiok, 
iiiihlh)  of  the 

iiieloMid  by 
k1  npux,  and 

H  (»f  wiMtem 
itid  from  the 
Noiithwiird  to 
to  itit  largest 
loiiwiiid  feet, 
ten  tlie  moHt 
itM  long  pale 
Mtiiiid  out  in 

not  durable ; 
very  rettinons 
grouM  olmuure 
uighiiig  .'i0.16 


imann. 


The 


ori'ti  III  Hhii  Vrnti* 
nvitalliti,  itiirHiitliiB, 
I  itiiil  iilliiir  iitninil 
iiiMiittliililn  mill  la 
irtlxM,  nltliiiiigli  Hi) 
111,  (Hiin  WntiMill, 
VwdcAmi  |,  —  HniU- 
i/i;iic,  aiirm,  .V»C. 
lUrllimnrfi  nf  Af- 
Jinir,  (Jhim.  Soe, 
W.) 


CONIFEIU!;. 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


97 


large  sweet  slightly  resinous  seeds  were  an  important  article  of  food  for  the  Indians  of  California,  who 
gathered  them  in  great  quantities.' 

Pinua  Sabiniana  was  discovered  in  1831  on  the  mountains  near  Monterey  by  David  Douglas,  who 
introduced  it  the  following  year  into  Europe  and  named  it  in  honor  of  Joseph  Sabine,^  secretary  of 
the  Horticultural  Society  of  London,  in  whose  garden  at  Chiswick  it  was  first  cultivated.^  Finus 
Sabiniana  may  be  occasionally  seen  in  European  collections,  whsre  it  has  attained  considerable  size,* 
but  the  rich  soil  of  the  California  ''oothills  and  the  long,  hot,  Jry  summers  of  California  are  evidently 
required  to  develop  its  characteristic  and  peculiar  beauties. 


'  Newberry,  Popular  Science  Monthly,  xxxil.  .TS  {Foixl  and  Fihre 
Plants  of  the  North  American  Indians),  — Muir,  The  Mountaitis  of 
California,  148. 

'  Joseph  Sabine  (1770-1837)  was  born  In  London,  and,  although 
a  lawyer  by  profession,  devoted  much  attention  to  natural  history. 
In  1810  he  was  made  secretary  of  the  Ilortioultural  Society  of 
London,  filling  this  position  during  the  years  when  the  society  wis 
more  acti"  aud  successful  in  introducing  and  cultivating  exotic 
plants  in  iu  garden*  at  Hammeramith  and  Chiswiok,  established  by 


him,  than  at  any  other  period  of  its  history.  He  was  the  author  of 
a  number  of  papers  on  botany  and  zoology  published  in  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  Ilortioultural  Society  and  of  the  Linntean  Society, 
including  several  devoted  to  the  early  history  of  the  Chrysanthe- 
mum. Sabinea,  a  genus  of  trees  and  shrubs  of  the  I'ea  family, 
natives  of  the  West  Indies,  was  named  for  him  by  De  CaodoUe. 

'  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  iv.  2246,  f,  2138-2147. 

'  Fowler,  Qard.  Chron.  1872,  IWS.  —  Gard.  Chron.  ser,  3,  v.  44, 
f.6. 


i        ! 


I'< 


! 


!        I 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

Plate  DLXIX.    Pinos  Sabiniana. 

1.  A  branch  with  staminate  flowers,  natural  aize. 

2.  An  involncre  of  a  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

3.  A  bract  of  a  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

4.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  staminate  flower. 
6.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 

6.  An  anther,  side  view,  enlarged. 

7.  End  of  a  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  size. 

8.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  side,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 

9.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  its  bract,  enlarged. 

10.  A  cone  one  year  old,  natural  size. 

11.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

12.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  magnifled  flfteen  diameters. 

13.  Winter  liranch-buds.  latural  size. 


Plate  DLXX.    Pinus  Sabiniana. 

1.  A  cone,  natural  size. 

2.  A  seed,  natural  size. 

3.  A  wing  of  a  seed,  natun<i  size. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  natural  size. 
6.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 


i;i'„«     -r    *' 


7/        / 

/ 


// 


1? 


^ 


C  E  Fi 


%         * 


=.^8,.' 


Inw  J  Titn^ttr,  J-aru 


KXPI.,V.N\n;>>    OF  THE   I'LATRS. 

Pl*t»  DLXIX-     Pim's  SAittniA.vA. 

1.  A  )>ruirh  w-lk  iit«raiiwt«  llounn.  nslnral  rice. 

2.  An  inV(iIcii<Tfl  of  »  <uuniuati>  flower.  iirl«r)!«i. 
.'«.  A  bnwt  of  u  rluiiiniklu  (lower.  iiiiliu\;i«l. 

4.  IhikiTuiii  uf  llie  invi>l>:^»  of  tlin  «ttuii!nau>  lin'^r. 

•I.  An  luitiier,  front  fiew,  culu<-gtMl. 

H.  An  anther.  *\i»  view,  enlitrijptt. 

■'    (mI  iif  •  lirwK'h  wHlt  pist^Uitt*)  rtuwin.  imuiral  tite. 

'  '  witli  il«  oriiUs,  cnliiriji'd 


«i,  notara!  i; 
.'.   A  wiiin  iii  a  safii.  nriiiuai  aire. 
"1     ^'-I'lical  nfclion  of  a  »ae  '.  iiatnrij  niie. 

'mbryu^  enlarged. 


■,4  ■'- 


Silva  of  North  America 


Tab,  DLXIX. 


u 


f  E  A'iiJ^n.  tifll 


PINUS    SABINIANA,  D. 


Km,  ffirfxe^i^  si>. 


AJitocreu.-r  t^irr-jr ' 


Jnw  J-  Tan^ur,  J^aru 


II ;  i 


il'Uf    ..».  ju*it:u/;  t  UfU 


Wt\Om  MMfJfalw «"■ 


; '"L.  j-j.±ffismt^ 


■iiiiii^7^'iifiTi-f*^***""i"  - ' 


iU»  of  Morih  Amefici 


■J. 


f\ 


f  iii 


f.  /■.i.n'ft  M 


PINUS    SABINIANA,  .\.iurl 


Km-  /fwia^u  -fJ 


A  lUiu  f  fiw  •&/i\. 


Imp  .  '  Tan4'ur.  Parw 


f  i 


«.     i 


CONIfKBiB. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


99 


I  ! 


PmUS  OOULTERI. 


Pltoh  Pine. 


r  V- 


Leaves  in  S-leaved  clusters,  stout,  rigid,  dark  blue-green,  fror:.  6  to  12  inches  in 
length.  Cones  oval,  acute,  from  10  to  14  inches  long,  thei**  scales  much  thickened  into 
stout  elongated  umbos  armed  with  thick  spur-like  incurved  spines. 


Pinus  Coulterl,  D.  Don,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  440 
(1837).  —  Forbes,  Pinetum  Wobum.  67,  t.  25,  26.— 
Antoine,  Cnnif.  31,  t  12,  13.  —  Link,  Linncea,  zv. 
510.  —  Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Voy.  Beecltey,  393.  — 
Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii.  112.  —  Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  160.  — 
Lawson  &  Son,  List  No.  10,  Abietinece,  31.  —  Dietrich, 
Syn.  V.  398.  —  Carri^re,  Traiti  Conif.  335.— Torrey, 
Ives'  Rep.  pt.  iv.  28.  — Courtin,  Fam.  Conif.  77.— 
Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Syn.  Nadelk.  76.  —  Bolander, 
Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  iii.  318.  —  S^n&lauze,  Conif.  1^fi  - 
Farlatore,  De  Candolle  Prodr.  xyi.  pt.  ii.  392.  —  Gor- 
don, Pinetum,  ed.  2,  266.  —  Engelmann,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  \v,  182 ;  Brewer  &  Watson  Bot.  Cal.  ii. 
127.  —  Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit.  i.  23,  f.  1-5.  —  Kellogg, 
Trees  of  California,  59.  —  Sargent,  Forest  Trees  N.  Am. 


XOth  Census  U.  S.  ix.  195. — Laache,  Deutsche  Dtndr. 
ed.  2,  111.  —  Schubeler,  Virid.  Norveg.  i.  393.  —  Lem- 
mon,  Bep.  California  State  Board  Forestry,  ii.  76, 103, 
t  (Pines  of  the  Pacific  Slope) ;  West-American  Cone- 
Bearers,  38,  t.  6.  —  Steele,  Proc.  Am,  Pharm.  Assoc. 
1889,  240  (The  Pines  of  California).  —  Mayr,  Wald. 
Nordam.  332,  t.  7,  f.  —  Beissner,  Handb.  Nadelh.  257.  — 
Masters,  Jour.  R.  Hort.  Soc.  xiv.  227.  —  Hansen,  Jour. 
R,  Sort.  Soc.  xiv.  357  (PiTietum  Danioum).  —  Koehne, 
Deutsche  Dendr.  36. 
Pinus  macrocarpa,  Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  xxvi.  Misc.  61 
(1840).  — Knight,  Syn.  Conif  30.  — Lindley  &  Gordon, 
Jour.  Sort.  Soc.  Land.  v.  216.  —  Gordon,  Pinetum, 
201.  —  (Nelson)  Senilis,  Pinacece,  117.  —  Hoopes,  Fver- 
greens,  115.  —  Veitch,  Man.  Conif.  166. 


A  tree,  from  fifty  to  seventy  feet  in  height,  ^th  a  trunk  sometimes  four  feet  in  diameter, 
although  generally  smaller,  and  stout  limhs  covered  \nth  dark  scaly  bark,  which  are  long  and  mostly 
pendulous  below  and  short  and  ascending  above,  the  whole  forming  a  loose  unsymmetrical  and  often 
exceedingly  picturesque  head  of  stout  branches  sweeping  upward,  and  clothed  at  the  extremities  with 
great  tufts  of  erect  rigid  leaves.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  nearly  two 
inches  in  thickness,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  rounded  connected 
ridges  covered  with  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  The  winter  branch-buds  are  ovate,  acute  or  abruptly 
contracted  into  short  points,  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long  and  from  one  half  to  two  thirds 
of  an  inch  broad,  with  lanceolate  outer  scales  dark  orange  below,  chestnut-brown  above,  scarious  and 
fimbriate  on  the  margins,  and  much  narrower  than  the  dark  chestnut-brown  scales  of  the  inner  ranks, 
which  are  often  an  inch  long,  and  soon  becoming  refiexed  and  falhng,  leave  their  thickened  persistent 
bases  to  roughen  the  branches  for  several  years.  The  branchlets  are  often  an  inch  in  diameter,  and 
when  they  first  appear  are  dark  orange-brown,  but  gradually  g^rowing  darker,  they  sometimes  become 
nearly  black  at  the  end  of  three  or  four  years.  The  leaves  are  borne  in  clusiers  of  three,  with  sheaths 
which  at  first  are  about  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length,  with  thin  light  chestnut-brown  lustrous  scales 
scarious  and  fringed  on  the  margins,  and  at  maturity  are  thin,  dark  brown,  half  an  inch  long,  loose  and 
ragged  above,  and  persistent  with  the  leaves,  which  usually  fall  in  their  third  or  fourth  season ;  the 
leaves  are  stout,  rigid,  serrulate  above  the  middle,  mostly  entire  below,  acuminate  with  long  callous 
points,  dark  blue-green,  from  six  to  twelve  inches  in  length,  and  frequently  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in 
width,  and  contain  two  fibro-vascular  bundles,  from  four  to  ten  resin  ducts  variable  in  size,  sometimes 
internal,  and  usually  surrounded  with  strengthening  cells,  which  also  occur  under  the  epidermis  in 
many  layers  broken  into  thick  bundles  by  the  numerous  bands  of  stomata  which  conspicuously  mark 
the  three  faces  of  the  leaf.'     The  staminate  flowers,  which  are  produced  in  crowded  clusters,  are 

>  Coulter  &  Rose,  Bot.  Oazette,  xi.  306. 


Ii; 


il 


100 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


COMIFEItS. 


i'^  I 


I 


cylindrical  and  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  with  yellow  anthers  terminating  in  orbicular  obscurely 
denticulate  crests,  and  are  surrounded  by  involucres  of  eight  or  ten  bracts.  The  pistillate  flowers  are 
oblong-oval,  and  from  one  half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  length,  with  ovate  dark  reddish  brown 
glaucous  scales  contracted  into  long  incurved  tips,  and  are  raised  on  stout  peduncles  often  an  inch 
and  a  half  long  and  covered  by  ovate  acuminate  scarious  bracts.  The  young  cones  grow  rapidly, 
soon  becoming  horizontal  or  pendent,  and  in  the  autumn  they  are  oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the 
apex,  about  two  inches  long  and  an  inch  and  a  half  thick,  with  broadly  ovate  incurved  light  yellow- 
brown  scales  rounded  on  the  back  and  gradually  narrowed  into  long  rigid  points ;  when  fully  grown  a 
year  later  the  cones  are  oval,  acute,  from  ten  to  fourteen  inches  long,  four  or  five  inches  thick,  short- 
stalked  and  pendent,  with  thick  wide  scales  which  are  rounded  above,  their  exposed  portions  being 
much  thickened  into  transversely  flattened  elongated  knobs  straight  or  curved  backward,  and 
terminating  in  robust  flattened  more  or  less  incurved  spines  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in 
length ;  they  are  light  yellow-brown  on  the  outer  surface  and  dark  dull  purple  on  the  covered  parts  of 
the  scales,  and,  partly  opening  in  the  autumn  and  slowly  losing  their  seeds,  often  remain  for  several 
years  on  the  branches.  The  seeds  are  oval,  compressed,  half  an  uich  long,  from  one  quarter  to  one 
third  of  an  inch  wide,  and  dark  chestnut-brown,  with  a  thick  coat  produced  into  narrow  lateral  ridges ; 
they  contain  a  sweet  oily  albumen  and  an  embryo  with  from  eleven  tc  fourteen  cotyledons,  and  are 
surrounded  by  their  wings,  which  are  thickened  on  the  inner  rim,  thin  and  firm  above,  broadest  above 
the  middle,  oblique  at  the  apex,  nearly  an  inch  longer  than  the  seeds,  about  five  eighths  of  an  inch 
wide,  and  lustrous  and  light  chcRtnut-brown,  with  dark  longitudinal  stripes. 

Pinu9  Coultcri  is  scattered  singly  or  in  small  groves  through  the  coniferous  forests  oj  the  dry 
slopes  and  ridgfes  or  the  gravelly  benches '  of  the  coast  ranges  of  California  at  elevations  from  three  to 
six  thousand  feet  above  the  sea  from  Mount  Diabolo  and  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains  to  the  Cuyamaca 
Mountains,  being  most  abundant  on  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  ranges,  growing  to  its  largest 
siz-^  at  elevations  of  about  five  thousand  feet  on  their  forest-elad  ridges  with  P'tmis  ponderosa,  Pinus 
Lumhertiana,  and  Abies  concolor,  and  on  dry  southern  slopes,  where  it  is  smaller  but  more  abundant, 
with  Pimis  attenuata. 

The  wood  of  Pinus  Coulferi  is  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  and  coarse-grained ;  it  is  light  red, 
with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contains  broad  conspicuous  very  resinous  bands  of  small  summer 
cells,  few  large  resin  passages,  and  numerous  prominent  medullary  rays.  The  specific  gravity  of  the 
absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.4133,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  25.76  pounds.''     It  is  occasionally  used  for  fuel. 

The  seeds  were  gathered  and  eaten  by  the  Indians  of  southern  California.' 

Pinus  Coulteri  was  discovered  in  1832  by  Thomas  Coulter*  on  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains,  and 
was  introduced  into  English  gardens,  probably  in  the  same  year,  by  David  Douglas.^  Valuable  as  an 
ornamental  plant  only  for  the  beauty  of  its  massive  cones,  which  are  heavier  than  those  of  any  other 
Pine-tree,  Pinus  CottHcri  is  perfectly  hardy  in  western  and  central  Europe,  where  it  has  already  giown 
to  u  large  size  and  produced  its  frnit." 


'  S.  B.  Pariah,  Zoi,  iv.  381. 

'  Piuus  CouUfri  grows  rnptdly,  at  least  while  young.  The  log 
specimen  in  tlie  .Jesup  Collection  of  North  American  WoodR,  in  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  is  twenty  and 
one  half  inches  in  diameter  inside  the  bark,  and  only  one  hundred 
and  eleven  years  old.  The  sapwoo<l  of  this  specimen  is  six  and  a 
quarter  inchea  in  thickneu,  with  seventy-nine  layers  of  annual 
growth. 


'  Newberry,  Popular  Science  Monthly,  xum.  35  (Food  and  Fibre 
Planti  of  the  Sorlh  American  Indiam). 
<  See  iii.  84. 

»  Undon,  Arb.  Bril.  iv.  2250,  f.  2144,  2147. 
•  Gard.  Chron.  u.  ser.  xxiii.  416,  f.  74  ;  478  ;  scr.  3,  iv.  70-1,  f. 

loe. 


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EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

Plate  DLXXL     Pinus  Coultkri. 

1.  A  branch  vitli  staminate  flowers,  natural  size. 

2.  Alt  inv      ere  of  a  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

3.  Diagram  of  tlie  involucre  of  the  staminate  flower. 

4.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 

5.  An  anther,  side  view,  enlarged. 

6.  An  end  of  a  branch  with  pistillato  flowers,  natural  size, 

7.  A  Dcole  of  a  pistillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  its  hiact,  eulurKed. 

8.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  side,  with  its  ovules,  unUrgvil, 

9.  A  cono,  one  year  old,  natural  size. 

10.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

11.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  magnified  fifteen  diameters. 

12.  A  seedling  plant,  natural  size. 

13.  A  winter  branch-bud,  natural  size. 


Platb  DLXXIL     Pinus  Coultebi. 

1.  A  cone,  natural  size. 

2.  Seeds,  natural  size. 

3.  A  seed-wing,  natural  size. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

5.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 


A."  ''^' 


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i:Xl'l  .VN'MTON  OF  TliK   IM.ATKS. 

ri.ATK    OlA.l.       TlMiS   (ill  l.TKNl. 

1.  A  Ix'uncli  witli  (Djuuiiiaie  tlowcra,  natural  she. 

2.  All  inyoliins-  o(  li  atamin  ' ^  fluwor,  erlitrgcJ. 

0  Diik;;rani  uf  lUv  tuTiiluctc  uf  tifc  vtkniinatu  tlrmi'r. 

1  All  1  ■■liH-    fn.i.i  view,  i'nUl')jw.t. 

\  .  ••rilarpitj. 

'   vii^iiUnt"  il"wer»,  imtaml  iiuie, 

with  it»  brnct.  eiiiurguil. 


'J.  S(-,^ls.  iiatursi  sire. 

^  A  secil  uidi;.  natural  niriv 

4-  Vfirticai  Kci'iiiin  in*  u  seed.  ci>l»rB(>il. 

"  \i.  emliryo,  i^nlurgwl. 


"ilva  of  North  Amcnca 


Tab  DLXXI 


'  K  Fa.fcn  tiei 


Ha.pifir 


PINUS    COULTERl,  D.lJon 


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A  liirrmw  dirf^r 


Imp  J.  J'an^ur.Paf'u. 


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CONIFBaS. 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


103 


PINUS  RADIATA. 
Monterey  Pine. 

Leaves  usually  in  3-leaved  clusters,  slender,  bright  green,  from  4  to  6  inches  in 
length.  Cones  oval,  oblique,  from  3  to  6  inches  long,  their  scales  mammillate  on  the 
outer  side,  especially  below  the  middle,  furnished  with  minute  incurved  prickles. 


PinuB  radiata,  D.  Don,  Trans,  Linn.  Soe.  xtu.  441 
(1836).  —  Lambert,  Pinua,  iii.  t  —  London,  Arb.  Brit, 
IT.  2270,  f.  2182.  — Antoine,  Conif.  33,  t.  14,  f.  3.— 
Hooker  &  Amott,  Bot,  Voy,  Beechey,  392,  393  (in 
part).  —  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii.  116.  — Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif. 
161.  —  Hartweg,  Jour.  Hort.  Soe.  Land.  iii.  226.  —  Law- 
son  &  Son,  List  No.  10,  Abietinem,  33.  —  Giordon,  Jour, 
Hort.  Soe,  Lond,  iv.  214,  f. ;  Fl.  det  Serres,  vi.  43,  f . ; 
Pinetum,  206.  — Knight,  Syn,  Conif.  30.  — Lindley  & 
Gordon,  Jour,  Hort,  Soe.  Lond.  v.  216.  —  Dietrich, 
Syn,  V,  398.  — Carrifere,  Traiti  Conif.  337.  —  Courtin, 
Fam.  Conif,  79.  —  (NeLon)  Senilis,  Pinaeecs,  127.  — 
Hoopes,  Evergreens,  118.  —  S^n^lauze,  Conif,  128.  —  K. 
Koch,  Dendr.  ii.  pt  ii.  307.  —  Lauche,  Deutsche  Dendr, 
(A,  2,  110.  — Sudworth,  Rep.  U.  S.  Dejat.  Agric.  1892, 
328.  —  Lemmon,  West-American  Cone-Bearers,  40. 

7  Pinus  Californiana,  Loiseleur,  Notiveau  Dultamel,  v.  243 
(1812  ?).  —  Loudon,  Arb,  Brit,  iv.  2268.  —  NuttaU,  Sylva, 
iii.  117. 

Pinus  adunoa,  Poiret,  Lamarck  Viet,  Suppl.  iv.  418 
(1816). 

PinuB  insignis,  London,  Arb.  Brit.  iv.  2265,  f.  2170-2172 
(1838).  —  Forbes,  Pinetum  Wobum.  61, 1. 18.  —  Antoine, 
Conif.  27,  t.  8,  f.  1.  —  Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Voy. 
Beechey,  393.  —  Spach,  Hist.  Vig.  xi.  389.  —  Bentham, 
Bot.  Voy.  Sulphur,  55.  —  Endlicher,  Syn,  Conif.  163.  — 

Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii.  115.  —  Knight,  Syn.   Conif.  30 

Lawson  &  Son,  List  No.  10,  Abietinece,  31.  —  Lindley 
&  Gordon,  Jour.  Hort,  Soe.  Lond.  v.  217.  —  Dietrich, 
Syn.  V.  398.  —  Carri^re,  TraitS  Conif.  339.  —J.  M.  Bige- 
low,  Paciftc  R.  R.  Rep.  iv.  pt.  v.  25.  —  Torrey,  Pacific 
R.  R.  Rep.  iv.  pt  v.  141 ;  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  209, 
t.  55  i  Ives'  Rep.  pt.  iv.  28.  —  Newberry,  Pacific  R.  R. 
Rep.  vi.  pt.  iii.  90.  —  Gordon,  Pinetum,  197.  —  Courtin, 
Fam.  Conif.  78.  —  A.  Murray,  Edinburgh  New  Phil. 
Jour,  n.  ser.  xi.  222 ;  Trans.  Bot.  Soe,  Edinburgh,  vi. 
347.  — Henkel  &  HochBtetter,  Syn.  Nadelh.  69.  — Bolan- 
der,  Proc.  Col.  Acad.  iii.  262,  t  317.  —  (Nelson)  Senilis, 
PinacecB,  114.  — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  143.  —  S^n^lauze, 
Conif.  126.  —  Parlatore,  De  CandoUe  Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii. 


395.  — Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit.  i.  37,  t.  1,  5,  f.  1-14. — 
Engelmann,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv.  182 ;  Brewer  & 
Watson  Bot.  Cal.  ii.  127.  —  Veitch,  Man,  Conif.  163,  f. 
39.  —  Kellogg,  Trees  of  California,  60.  —  Sargent,  Forest 
Trees  N,  Am.  \Oth  Census  U,  S.  ix.  196.— Lemmon, 
Rep.  California  State  Board  Forestry,  ii.  76,  112,  t. 
{Pines  of  the  Pacific  Slope) — Steele,  Proc.  Am.  Pharm, 
Assoc.  1889,  242  {The  Pines  of  California).  —  Mayr, 
Nordam.  Holz.  273,  t.  7,  f.  —  Beissner,  Handb,  Nadelh, 
271. — Masters,  Jour,  R.  Hort.  Soe.  xiv.  230.  — Hansen, 
Jour,  R.  Hort.  Soe.  xiv.  364  {Pinetum  Danieum).  — 
Koehne,  Deutsche  Dendr,  34. 

Pinus  rierida  ?  Hooker  &  Amott,  Bot.  Voy.  Beechey,  160 
(not  Miller)  (1833). 

Pinus  Sinolairii,  Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Voy.  Beechey, 
392,  393,  t.  93  (in  part)  (1841).  —  NuttaU,  Sylva,  iu. 
141. 

Pinus  tuberoulata,  D.  Don,  Trans.  Linn.  Soe.  xvii.  441 
(1836)  ;  Lambert  Pinus,  iii.  t.  —  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  iv. 
2270,  f.  2181.  —  Antoine,  Conif  33,  t.  14,  f.  2.— 
Hooker  &  Amott,  Bot.  Voy.  Beechey,  394.  —  Endlicher, 
Syn.  Conj/.  162.— Carriiire,  Traiti Conif. 'i^%  (in part).— 
Parlatore,  De  CandoUe  Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  394  (in  part). 

Pinus  Californioa,  Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Voy.  Beechey, 
393  (1841).  — Endlicher, /Syn.  Conif  162. —  Lawson  & 
Son,  List  No.  10,  Abietineoe,  31.  —  Dietrich,  Syn,  v. 
398.  —  Carribre,  Traiti  Conif.  353.  —  Courtin,  Fam. 
Conif.  77.  —  Sdn^clauze,  Conif.  124. 

Pinus  insignis  maoi-ooarpa,  Hartweg,  Jour.  Hort,  Soe, 
Lond.  iii.  226  (not  Pinus  macrocarpa,  Lindley)  (1846).  — 
Carrifere,  Traiti  Conif,  ed.  2,  440. 

Pinus  Sinolairiana,  Carri^re,  Traiti  Conif.  356  (1855). 

Pinus  insignis,  var.  (a)  radiata,  Lemmon,  Rep.  California 
State  Board  Forestry,  ii.  76,  114  {Pines  of  the  Pcuifte 
Slope)  (1888). 

Pinus  insignis,  var.  (b)  laevigata,  Lemmon,  Rep.  Califor- 
nia State  Board  Forestry,  ii.  76,  114  {Pines  of  the  Pa- 
cific Slope)  (1888). 

Pinus  radiata,  var.  (a)  tuberoulata,  Lemmon,  West- 
American  Cone-Bearers,  41  (1895). 


i 


11 


i  p 


A  tree,  from  eighty  to  one  hundred  feet  in  height,  with  a  tall  trunk  usually  two  or  three  but 
occasionally  five  or  six  feet  in  diameter,  and  think  spreading  branches  which  form  an  irregular  narrow 
open  round-topped  head.     The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  in  thickness, 


H 


i'-  ;# 


i  '  -. 


i 


,'■ 


101 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIFEUiE. 


dark  red-brown,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  flat  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  thick  appressed 
plate-like  scales.  The  winter  branch-buds  are  ovate,  acute,  from  one  third  to  one  half  of  an  inch  long, 
and  one  quarter  of  an  inch  thick,  with  acuminate  bright  chestnut-brown  scales  only  slightly  fimbriated 
on  the  margins,  their  thickened  persistent  bases  roughening  for  years  the  slender  branchlets,  which 
when  they  first  appear  are  light  >t  dark  orange-color,  often  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  and 
gradually  grow  dark  red-brown.  The  leaves  are  borne  in  clusters  of  three  or  rarely  of  two,  with 
persistent  sheaths  which  at  first  are  thin,  loose,  scarious,  and  from  one  half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch 
long,  but  soon,  losing  their  inner  scales,  become  thick,  firm,  dark  brown,  and  about  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  in  length ;  they  are  closely  serrate,  acute  with  short  callous  tips,  bright  rich  green,  from  four  to 
six  inches  long,  about  one  twenty-fourth  of  an  inch  wide,  and  stomatiferous  on  the  three  faces ;  they 
contain  two  fibro-vasculur  bundles  and  usually  a  single  parenchymatous  resin  duct  surrounded  by 
strengthening  cells,  which  also  occur  generally  in  a  single  interrupted  layer  under  the  epidermis ; '  they 
mostly  fall  during  their  third  season.  The  staminate  flowers  are  produced  in  dense  spikes  from  an  inch 
to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  and  are  oblong  and  half  an  inch  in  length,  with  yellow  anthers  terminating 
in  orbicular  denticulate  crests,  and  ten  involucral  bracts.  The  pistillate  flowers  are  lateral,  clustered, 
raised  on  short  stout  peduncles  covered  by  broadly  ovate  acute  chestnut-brown  bracts  scarious  on 
the  margins,  and  are  dark  purple,  with  ovate  scales  gradually  contracted  into  slender  incurved  tips, 
and  conspicuous  orbicular  bracts.  The  cones  at  the  end  of  their  first  year  are  ovate,  horizontal,  or 
slightly  ascending,  purple,  more  or  less  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  armed  with  minute  incurved 
spines,  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  long  and  about  two  thirds  of  an  inch  wide ;  and  when 
fully  grown  in  the  autumn  they  are  short-stalked,  deflexed,  oval,  pointed  at  the  apex,  vnry  oblique  at 
the  base  by  a  greater  development  of  the  scales  on  the  outer  than  on  the  inner  side,  from  three  to  five 
inches  long  and  from  two  to  three  inches  thick,  with  thin  nearly  flat  scales  deep  purple  below  and 
rounded  at  the  afjex,  their  exposed  portions,  which  are  much  thickened  and  mammillate  toward  the  base 
on  the  outer  side  of  the  cone,  and  are  thin  and  obscurely  transversely  keeled  on  its  inner  side  and  at 
its  apex,  terminating  in  small  dark  four-sided  umbos  furnished  with  minute  thickened  incurved  or 
straight  prickles ;  the  cones  are  deep  chestnut-brown,  lustrous,  and  persistent,  often  remaining  closed 
on  the  branches  for  many  years.  The  seeds  are  oval,  compressed,  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long, 
with  a  thin  brittle  tuberculate  black  coat  and  an  embryo  with  from  five  to  seven  cotyledons ;  their 
wings  are  thin,  light  brown,  longitudinally  striped,  broadest  above  the  middle,  gradually  narrowed 
and  obhque  at  the  apex,  an  inch  long  and  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  wide. 

Pinna  radlata,  which  is  most  abundant  and  grows  to  its  largest  size  on  Point  Pinos  south  of  the 
Bay  of  Monterey,  inhabits  a  narrow  strip  of  the  California  coast  from  Pescadero  to  the  shores  of  San 
Simeon  Bay,  forming  an  interrupted  forest  extending  inland  from  the  summits  of  sea  cliffs  and  the 
margins  of  beaches  and  sand  dunes  for  a  distance  only  of  a  few  miles,  and  grows  also  in  a  peculiar 
form '  on  the  islands  of  Santa  Rosa  and  Santa  Cruz  of  the  Santa  Barbara  group,  and  on  Guadalupe 
off  the  coast  of  Lower  California,  on  which  great  forests  of  this  tree  formerly  existed  at  elevations 
between  two  and  four  thousand  feet  above  the  sea-level. 

The  wood  of  Pinna  nidiata  is  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  and  close-grained ;  it  is  light  brown, 
with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contains  narrow  conspicuous  resinous  bands  of  small  summer  cells 
and  inconspicuous  meduUary  rays.     The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.4.'>74,  a  cubic 


114    • ' 


'  Coulter  &  Rose,  Hnl.  Gmette,  x\.  307. 

'  Hnw  rniliala,  var.  (h)  hinata,  Lcininun,  Wetl-Ameriran  Cone- 
Btarer»,U  (ISM). 

I'inus  ituignu,  var.  binata,  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x\.  119 
(1870).  —  KiiKclm.inn,  lireuvr  If  Watfon  Bot.  Cat.  ii.  l'.>8.  —  Sar- 
gont,  Fore!<l  Tren  N.  Am.  lOlh  Cennu  U.  S.  ix.  196.  —  Masters, 
Jour.  It,  Horl.  Soc.  liv.  'A'il.  —  Kmnccschi,  Zw,  iv.  138. 
The  insular  form  of  Pinui  railiata,  ftr»t  disiovcreJ  liv  Dr.  Kd- 


waril  Palmer  in  1875  on  the  Islnnil  of  Gunilalupe,  wliere  it  is  a 
larp^  tree  uanally  about  seventy  feet  liigli,  witli  wide-spreading 
branches,  differs  only  in  the  number  of  the  leaves,  which  are  usu- 
ally produced  in  clusters  of  two  and  sometimes  on  the  same  branch 
in  clusters  of  two  and  of  three,  the  cones  appearing  identical  with 
those  borne  by  the  mainland  tree.  In  .Tune,  1888,  this  form  was 
found  on  Santa  liosa  by  Mr.  T.  S.  nrandcgeo  {Proc.  Cal.  Acad. 
set.  2,  i.  pt.  ii.  217). 


.  •! 


CONIFE&fi. 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


106 


foot  weighing  28.50  pounds.     Formerly  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber,  it  is  now  only  used  as 
fuel. 

Pinus  radiata  was  introduced  into  English  gardens  in  1833  by  David  Douglas,  who  found  it  near 
Mouterey.'  The  light  green  of  its  dense  foliage  and  its  compact  bushy  habit  while  young  at  once 
attracted  the  attention  of  planters;  and  one  of  the  least  beautiful  of  North  American  Pines  as  it 
grows  imturally,  it  has  been  extensively  used  for  the  decoration  of  parks  in  western  and  southern 
Europe,  where,  although  rather  tender  except  in  favorable  positions,  it  has  already  attained  a  great  size 
and  produced  noble  specimens,  with  wide-spreading  lower  branches,  often  resting  on  the  ground,  and 
shorter  and  erect  upper  branches  forming  dense  masses  of  bright  green  foliage.-  Easily  and  cheaply 
raised  from  seeds  and  growing  with  remarkable  rapidity,^  the  Monterey  Pine  has  been  more  generally 
planted  in  the  coast  region  of  the  Pacific  states  from  Vancouver  Island  southward  than  any  other 
conifer  with  the  exception  of  the  Monterey  Cypress,  and  it  has  been  successfully  introduced  into  the 
southeastern  states,  Mexico,  Australia,'*  New  Zealand,  and  other  regions  with  temperate  climates. 


>  CoUigon,  a  gardener  who  accompanied  La  P^rouse  on  hia  ill- 
fated  Tojrage  o{  discovery,  in  1787  sent  to  the  Museum  d'Histoire 
Naturelle  in  Paris  a  Fine  cone  believed  to  have  been  gathered  at 
Monterey,  and  said  to  resemble  that  of  the  Maritime  Pine  of 
Europe,  but  with  the  large  seeds  of  Pinua  Cemhra,  Twelve  plants 
were  raised  from  these  seeds,  and  were  described  about  1812  by 
Loiseleur  de  Longchamps  as  Pinua  Cali/omiana.  Judging  by  the 
locality  where  CoUigon  is  supposed  to  have  obtained  his  cone,  it 
might  well  belong  to  the  Monterey  Pine  ;  but  the  large  seeds  sug- 
gest another  species,  while  the  description  of  the  plants  raised  from 
them  might  apply  as  well  to  several  other  trees  as  to  this.  It  is 
necessary,  therefore,  to  pass  over  what  is  perhaps  the  earliest  name 
of  this  tree  as  well  as  the  specific  name,  adunca,  published  in  1816, 
and  supposed  to  refer  to  the  cultivated  plants  raised  from  Colli- 
gon's  seeds.  (See  Nouveau  Duhamel,  v.  243.  —  Lemmon,  Erythea, 
i.  S24.) 

Pinu*  Sinclairii  (Hooker  &  Amott,  Bot.  Voy.  Beechey,  392,  t. 
93),  published  in  1840  or  1841,  was  founded  on  a  cone  of  Pinua 
Manlnumce  from  Tepic  in  Mexico  and  on  foliage  of  Pinua  radiata, 
while  Pinua  radiala  of  these  authors  is  made  up  from  the  leaves  of 
the  former  species  aud  the  cone  of  the  latter.  (See  Engelmami, 
Bnuitr  ir  Wataon  Bot.  Cat.  a.  128.) 


"  Fowler,  Gard.  Chron.  1872,  1070.  —  ffarrf.  Chron.  n.  ser.  ix. 
108,  f .  22,  23  i  xviii.  492,  ser.  3,  ix.  337,  f.  77  ;  xiv.  723,  757,  808  ; 
XV.  21.  —  The  Garden,  xxxvi.  47,  f.  —  J.  G.  Jack,  Qardm  and  For- 
est, vi.  14. 

^  Pinus  radiata  grows  with  great  rapidity  even  in  the  most  ex- 
posed positions  and  on  apparently  barren  soil.  The  log  specimen 
in  the  Jesup  Collection  of  North  American  Woods  in  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  is  seventeen  and  three 
quarters  inchp<t  in  diameter  inside  the  bark,  and  twenty-eight  years 
old  ;  the  sapwood  of  this  specimen  is  six  and  one  eighth  inches 
thick,  with  eighteen  layers  of  annual  growth.  Many  of  the  trees 
covering  that  part  of  Point  Pinos  called  Pacific  Grove  had  trunk 
diameters  of  two  feet  in  1888,  when  they  were  only  from  twenty  to 
thirty  years  old  ;  and  the  largest  trees  on  this  point,  with  trunks 
from  four  to  six  feet  in  diameter,  are  not  more  than  one  hundred 
years  old,  some  of  their  layers  of  annual  growth  being  an  inch  in 
thickness.  (See  Lemmon,  Rep.  California  State  Board  of  Forestry, 
ii.  114  {Pines  uf  the  Pacific  Slope}.) 

*  F.  Mueller,  Select  Plants  Readily  Eligible  for  Induttrial  Culture 
or  NaluralizaUon  in  Victoria,  176. 


u, 


I  li' 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE   PLATES. 

Platk  DLXXIII.     Piyus  radiata. 

1.  A  branch  with  ataminate  flowen,  natural  aize. 

2.  A  staminatc  f)on-er,  enlarged. 

■f.  An  antlicr,  front  view,  enlarged. 

4.  An  anther,  side  view,  enlarged. 

C.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  staminate  flower. 

15.  An  end  of  a  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  size. 

7.  A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  its  bract,  enlarKml, 

9.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  side,  with  its  OTulus,  enlarged 
lU.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

11.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf  magnilied  fifteen  diameters, 

12.  A  loedUDg  plant,  natural  size. 


Plate  DLXXIV.    Pwus  radiata. 

1.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

2.  A  cone-scale,  upper  side,  with  its  seeds,  natural  size. 

3.  A  seed,  natural  size. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 
6.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 


■^i 


C  E  Fii^kfn  , 


A    'tiot'rt*ii.r  (iirf\r . 


f/ 


'm// 


<ii,. 


Imp  ./.Ttifletif-,  Parur. 


'ill 


m 


X 

11 


I  ■• 


i\ 


l;ii 


m 


r 


)  ■', 


il 


H 


KXPLANATION   OF  THE   {^I,A  f ES. 

V'^n    '  -      :.:..       1'..:  .  ..: 

V    .t.iul:  A    '•    LtwiHst*  fiowem,  uiUral  <ii>c 


!|      1 

li 


•i   ' 


i.' 


i 


'I  \ 


'2.  A  cone-ocsle,'  nppcr  tide,  vith  iu  neiU.  <»mr«l  riie. 

3.  A  9«*(},  natunl  4ie. 

4.  V     t  jal  iitctiun  uf  II  sued,  Rnlitrgeti. 
■"i  An  imbryo  fiU«i»;o<l 


T-. 


SiWa  of  North  America 


Tab    DLXXIII, 


I  :  .1 
,1 
ii 

. .     ,  /I 


§ 


■m 


J  i 

Ii 


a 


t 


J:i 


ai;: 


C  E  F,i.,;i-l  fM 


PINUS   RADIATA.D  Don. 

A-Riorrtiiu-  t&rtwf  Imp  JTaneur.  Parur 


B^pinB 


'lifi 


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J 

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^iirfh  Aiaoricn 


Tab    niYXIV 


-5fi^ 


W.A 


'^icrt'it.r  (nrt\r. 


irripj  Tafit'Hr  Paru. 


\ 


It ;' 


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i 

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ft 


Silva  of  Norl}i  America 


C  £.  -Fiia'ttn  >M . 


Tab    DI.XXIV 


^rrt   ffunely   .re 


PmUg   RADIATA.D  Don 


^:l 


.,4  ?i*4't'reii^r  i/,/m 


Trzp  S  TafWAU-  PartJ 


•I  I 


t'ONIlricHi*'.. 


SUVA   OF  NORTH  AM  KHIVA. 


107 


PINU8   ATTENUATA. 
Knob-oone  Pine. 

X.v.wvM  in  3-lciivcd  clusters,  Htout,  rigid,  pale  yellow-grccn,  from  5  to  7  inches  in 
length.  ConcM  elonguted-conical.  obliiiue  at  the  base,  clustered,  from  •')  to  5  incheN 
long,  their  hcuIch  unequally  emboMsed,  urmed  with  stout  priokles. 


Piaua  nttsnuata,  Lemmon,  Mining  fi:>i/  Srient{fie  I'rett, 
ilmi,  ID,  IHU'J  I  Uanlen  a  ml  Fureit,  v.  tiTi ;  Krythen,  i, 
'i'AX  J  Welt- American  Cone- fie  ireri,  42,  t.  7.  —  Siidwortli, 
tlip.  U.  S.  Dtpi.  AgrU:  189'J,  .329.  —  Coville,  ftmtrib. 
V.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  Iv.  221  (But.  Veuth  Valley  Exptd.). 

PtniM  Calif ornioa,  Hartw«g,  Jonr.  Hort.  Soc.  Lond.  ii. 
\W  (not  Iluoker  &  Arnott)  (1847). 

Plnua  tuberoulata,  Gordon,  Jour.  Hurt.  Soc.  Lmul.  iv. 
218,  f.  (not  I).  Don)  (1849)  i  Fl.  den  Serrei,  v.  517', 
1. 1  Fiiittum,  211.  —  I^iwson  it  Son,  Li«l  No.  10,  Ahietin- 
mr,  3B.  —  Diotrioh,  Syu.  v.  HUM.  —  A.  Murray,  Rep. 
(hnjon  Kxptd.  2,  t.  2,  f.  2.  —  Henkel  &  Hoohitettur,  Syn. 
Nadelh.  78  (in  part).  —  Bolander,  Froe.  Cnl.  Arad.  iii. 
2(12,  'M7.  —  Uwson,  Finetum  lirit.  i.  911,  t.  IS,  f.  1-9.  — 
Carri^is,  Traiti  Conif.  eA.  2,  441  (in  part).  —  Hoopen, 
K)mrg-eent,\'l\\  (excl.  ayn.  Finua  Cali/oriiiea).  —  (Nel- 
•on)   8«nilli,   Finaeeie,    137.  —  Parlatore,   De    Candolle 


Frwir.  xvl.  pt.  li.  394  (in  p»rt).  —  K.  Kooh,  Pendr.  II.  pt 
11,  309.  —  KnK«linann,  Train.  St.  Loiitt  Acad.  iv.  183; 
Brewer  A-  fya/»on  Bot.  Col.  ii,  128.  —  VBitili,  Man. 
Coni/.  170.  —  KelloKK.  Treei  of  Cali/urnia.  62.  —  Sar- 
gent, Farett  Treet  N.  Am.  lOcA  Cenmiii  Lr.  S.  ix.  190.— 
Lauche,  Deiiljirhe  Detidr.  «1.  2.  110.  —  Maxlein,  Oanl. 
Chron.  n.  an-,  xxiv.  786,  t.  183.  184 ;  ,/niir.  K.  Hort.  Soe. 

xiv.  241 Uimnion,  Ue/i,  CaliJ'nrnlu  Slate  Board  For- 

ettry,  ii.  76,  116,  t.  (Finen  of  the  Furijir  Slope).  —  tStesle, 
Frm:  Am.  Fharm.  A»m,:  1889,  243  (TV  Finen  of  Cali- 
fornia).—  Mnyr,  WaU.  Nordam.  274,  .  .,,  7,  f.  —  Ueiaa- 
ner,    Handli.   Sjdr.lli.   270.  —  Hanaon,  •lour.    K.    Hort. 

Sor.  xiv.  399  ( Finetum  Danieum) Kochne,  Deuticke 

Dendr.  34. 
Plnua  tuberoulata,  var.  aouta,  Mayr,    Wald.  Nordam. 
275,  t.  6,  f.  (1890). 


A  tree,  usunlly  about  twenty  feet  high,  witli  u  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  often  fruitful  when 
only  four  or  Kve  feet  tiill,  but  oucitHiuuiiUy  from  eighty  to  one  hundred  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  two 
and  a  half  feet  in  tliickness  and  frequently  divided  above  the  middle  into  two  ascending  main  steniH. 
The  branches  are  comparatively  slender,  and  while  the  tree  is  young  sweep  out  from  the  stem  in  regular 
remote  whorls,  at  first  horizontally  and  tlien  in  graceful  upward  curves,  forming  a  compact  or  open 
broad-based  pyramid  which  in  old  age  becomes  a  narrow  round-topped  straggling  head  of  sparse  thin 
foliage.  The  bark  of  young  stems  and  branches  is  thin,  smooth,  and  pale  brown,  and  on  the  lower 
portions  of  old  trunks  it  is  from  a  quarter  to  a  half  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  dark  brown  often  tinged 
with  purple,  slightly  and  irregularly  divided  by  shallow  connected  fissures  and  broken  into  large  loose 
Hcales,  and  on  the  iqiper  part  of  the  tree  is  smooth,  close,  and  firm,  I'he  winter  branch-buds  are 
oblong-ovate,  acute,  from  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  and  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick, 
with  ovate  lanceolate  dark  chestnut-brown  scales  slightly  fringed  on  the  margins,  those  of  the  inner 
ranks  soon  becoming  rcflexed  and  faUing  away,  while  their  much  thickened  bases  roughen  the  branches 
for  years.  The  branchlets  are  slender  and  glabrous,  and  when  they  first  appear  are  dark  orange-brown, 
growing  darker  during  their  second  season.  The  leaves  are  borne  in  clusters  of  three,  with  thin  close 
flhcaths  at  first  bright  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous  below,  white  and  scarious  above,  and  about  five 
eighths  of  an  inch  long,  and  in  their  second  season  dark  chestnut-brown,  thick  and  firm  below,  loose 
and  often  reflcxed  on  the  margins,  and  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  length ;  the  leaves  are  slender, 
sharp-pointed  with  callous  tips,  coarsely  and  remotely  serrate,  finn  and  rigid,  pale  yellow,  or  bluish 
green,  stomatiferous  on  their  three  faces,  from  three  to  ssven  inches  but  usually  four  or  five  inches 
long  and  about  a  sixteenth  of  u"  inch  wide  ;  they  contain  two  fibro-vasculor  bundles  and  from  two  to 
five  small  resin  passages  surrc   :  ied  by  strengthening  cells,  which  also  occur  under  the  epidermis, 


il 


€ 


108 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIFERS. 


generally  in  a  single  layer.'  The  staminate  flowers  are  produced  in  elongated  spikes,  and  are 
cylindrical  and  about  half  an  inch  long,  with  orange-brown  anthers  teiminating  in  irregularly  toothed 
broad  crests,  and  are  surrounded  by  six  involucral  bracts.  The  pistillate  flowers  are  borne  in  fascicles 
of  from  two  to  four  flowei-s,  several  fascicles  often  appearing  on  the  sh  <ot  of  the  year,  and  are  raised 
on  short  peduncles  covered  by  broadly  ovate  dark  chestnut-brown  bracts  scarious  and  fimbriate  on  the 
margins;  they  are  oblong  and  about  one  half  of  an  inch  id  length,  with  ovate  scales  terminating 
in  kng  slender  recurved  points.  At  the  end  of  the  first  season  the  young  cones  are  erect,  slightly 
spreading  or  nearly  horizontal,  broadly  ovate,  and  about  an  inch  lung,  with  ovate  incurved  scales 
narrowed  into  slender  rigid  tips;  and  a  year  later,  when  fully  grown,  they  are  elongated-conical, 
pointed,  very  oblique  at  the  base  by  a  greater  development  of  the  scales  on  the  upper  side  than  on 
the  lower  side,  short-stalked,  strongly  reflexed  and  incurved,  from  three  to  six  inches  long,  from  an 
inch  and  three  quarters  to  two  inches  and  a  half  thick,  and  light  chestnut-brown,  with  thin  flat  scales 
rounded  at  the  upex,  those  on  the  outside  being  enlarged  into  prominent  transversely  flattened  knobs 
<trmed  with  thick  flattened  incurved  spines,  and  turn  upward  above  the  middle  of  the  cone,  and  are 
nearly  straight  below,  while  on  the  inner  side  of  the  cone  the  exposed  portions  of  the  scales  are  only 
slightly  thickened  and  transversely  keeled,  and  terminate  in  small  dark  umbos  armed  with  minute 
recurved  prickles.  The  cones  remain  on  the  stems  and  branches  for  thirty  or  forty  years,  often 
becoming  completely  imbedded  in  the  bark  of  old  trees,  and  usually  not  opening  until  the  death  of 
the  tree,  when  they  all  open  at  once  and  scatter  their  seeds,  although  occasionally  some  of  the  oldest 
cones  open  during  the  life  of  the  tree."  The  seeds  are  nearly  oval,  compressed,  rather  acute  at  the 
apex,  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  thin  black  coat  produced  into  a  uarrow  margin,  and  an 
embryo  with  from  five  to  eight  cotyledons ;  their  wings  are  broadest  at  the  middle,  gradually  narrowed 
to  the  ends,  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long  and  a  third  of  an  inch  wide,  light  brown,  lustrous,  and  marked 
with  longitudinal  narrow  dark  stripes. 

P'ums  (lUcmmt  grows  on  dry  generally  sun-baked  mountain  slopes  and  is  distributed  from  the 
valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River  in  Oregon  over  the  mountains  of  southwestern  Oregon,  where  at 
elevations  between  one  and  two  thousand  feet  above  the  sea-level  it  is  most  abundant  and  grows  to  its 
largest  size,  often  forming  open  nearly  pure  forests  over  large  areas ;  it  ranges  southward  along  the 
western  slopes  of  tlie  Cascade  Mountains  and  over  tho  cross  ranges  of  northern  Calit'ornia  and  tlie 
western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  growing  usually  at  elevations  between  fifteen  hundred  and  three 
thousand  feet  on  dry  southern  chaparral-covered  slopes  and  ascending  on  Mt.  Shasta  to  five  thousand 
feet ;  over  the  California  coast  ranges  it  is  scattered  from  the  Santa  Cruz  to  the  southern  slopes  of  the 
San  Bernardino  Mountains,'  where  it  forms  a  nearly  continuous  belt  several  miles  long  between  two 
thousiuid  five  hundred  and  four  thousand  feet  above  the  sea,  mingling  toward  the  upper  limits  of  its 
growth  with  Pinus  Coulteri  and  I'seudot^ufja  macrocarpa,  and  below  forming  open  groves  of  small 
stunted  trees  of  loose  pyramidal  habit,  with  wide-spreading  lower  branches.* 

The  wood  of  Pinus  altcnnuta  is  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  and  coarse-grained;  it  is  light 
brown,  with  thick  white  sapwood  sometimes  slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  contains  very  broad  rather 


-  Coulter  &  Rose,  Biit.  (lazelte,  li.  ;)08. 

^  The  closed  conea  of  this  tree,  preserving  the  vitality  of  the 
seeds  for  yi'iirs,  seem  an  admirable  adaptation  to  the  peculiarly 
severe  conditions  of  its  surroundings,  enabling  it  to  survive  the 
fires  which  constantly  sw(»ep  over  the  dry  slopes  where  alone  it 
grows.  When  the  trees  are  killed  by  fire,  as  is  almost  invariably 
the  case  every  few  years,  all  the  seeds  produced  during  their  lives 
are  scattered  at  the  sui^ic  time  over  the  ground,  and,  growing 
rapidly,  soon  prtMluce  an  abundant  'Top  of  seedlings  ;  in  the  same 
groves  the  trees  ar(>  almi>st  invariably  of  the  same  age  and  si^e, 
there  being  no  seedlings  or  younger  plants  among  them  to  perish 
with  the  older  trees  and  thus  to  diminish  the  chances  of  reproduc- 


tion and  peri)etuity.  (Muir  The  Mnunlaim  of  California,  148,  as 
Pinm  tuherfulaln.) 

'  S.  H.  Parish,  Xou  iv.  3,51. 

*  Considering  the  dryness  and  exposure  of  the  slopes  it  inhabits, 
Pinus  attenuatn  grows  with  remarkable  rapidity.  The  log  speci- 
men in  the  .Icsup  Collection  of  North  American  Woods,  in  the 
American  Museum  of  Naturil  History,  New  York,  is  twelve  and 
a  half  inches  in  diameter  inside  the  bark  ami  only  fifty-four  years 
<ild.  The  sHjiwood  on  this  specinu'ii  is  one  and  seven  eighths  inches 
thick,  with  seventeen  layers  of  annual  growth.  Young  trees  grow- 
ing on  the  most  arid  slopes  often  make  teimiual  shoots  from  two 
to  three  feet  long. 


ni^ 


CONIFER*. 

I,  and  are 
•ly  toothed 
in  fascicles 
[  are  raised 
late  on  the 
erminating 
ct,  slightly 
rved  scales 
ted-conical, 
le  than  on 
5,  from  an 
1  flat  scales 
mei  knobs 
ae,  and  are 
les  are  only 
vith  minute 
i^ears,  often 
ae  death  of 
f  the  oldest 
icute  at  the 
gin,  and  an 
ly  narrowed 
and  marked 

ed  from  the 
n,  where  at 

grows  to  its 
d  along  the 
nia  and  the 
id  and  three 
ive  thousand 
slopes  of  the 
between  two 

limits  of  its 
ives  of  small 

I;  it  is  light 
broad  rather 

California,  148,  as 


slupcB  it  iuhabita, 
.  The  log  spcci- 
in  WootU,  ill  tlic 
irlc,  is  twelve  mid 
ly  Hfty-four  years 
veil  eighths  inches 
Ifoiiiig  tree*  grow- 
sboots  from  two 


CONIFERJE. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


109 


inconspicuous  bands  of  small  summer  cells,  numerous  large  prominent  resin  passages,  and  many  thin 
medullary  rays.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.3499,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  21.81 
pounds. 

Pinu8  attenuata  was  discovered  in  1847  by  Karl  Theodor  Hartweg,'  about  twenty  miles  north  of 
Monterey  on  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains,  and  was  introduced  by  him  into  European  plantations  in  which 
it  is  still  occasionally  cultivated,  althc-gh  as  an  ornamental  plant  it  has  little  to  recommend  it. 

•  See  ii.  34. 


11  Ii 


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EXPLANATION  OF  THK   PLATES. 

PliATK   DLXXV.      PiStJS   ATTENUATA. 

1.  A  branch  with  xtamiiiate  flowers,  natural  size. 

2.  A  staminate  flower,  enlargml. 

3.  A  bract  of  a  ataminate  flower,  enlarged. 

4.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  staniinate  flower. 

5.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 

6.  An  ii.....^r.  side  view,  enlarged. 

7.  A  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  size. 

8.  A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

9.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  side,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 

10.  A  scale  of  a  piKtillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  its  bract,  enlarged. 

11.  A  cone  one  year  old,  natural  si/.e. 

12.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

13.  Cross  section  of  a  lex',  niagnifled  fifteen  diameters. 


Plate  DLXXVI.     Pi.vus  attknuata. 

1.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

2.  A  scale  from  the  inner  side  of  a  cone,  side  view,  natural  size. 

3.  A  cone-scale,  upper  side,  with  its  seeds,  natural  size. 

4.  A  seed,  natural  size. 

5.  A  ncale  from  the  outer  side  of  a  cone,  side  view,  natural  size. 

6.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

7.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 


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tA  PLAN  A  now    OF    (HK    IM  \  TF.-i 

T'l^ai!    I'LXXV.       I'lOUK    ATrBMl'VlJ, 

1.   A  1  1  tiicll  vrlth  MAraitiattt  fluTrr-.  -ri'iis!  •<i/,c. 

.'.    \  4t»in!iialo  flowci.  on'jvrjjuU. 

.'v   ii.  Iirwl  <"i  »  Ktwoii'-ite  H"«i  r,  .mUr^a.;. 

4.   UinyMni  (if  the  involunr*  of  vh*  ntnn. inure  flower. 

■?    Afi  itntbrr,  from  Yiuor.  cuUrgrii. 


I      i' 


4.  A  *<>«!    ,■    ■  ii-il  •!/.!•. 

A.  A  MB.  .iter  fide  of  a  cone,  iiill'  viow  iiaUir«t  •ire 

6.  Verji.  •!  c-'w.!,  ■  1  a  (tncil,  c;iUr(»»Ht. 

7.  All  einbiyo,  enlarged. 


Silva  of  !io:tV    AmTir.a 


Talj.  DLXJCv' 


t'/*/li/v>/i  Jai. 


Itapine 


PINUS   ATTENUATA,  _\(-mTnc: 


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PINUS   ATTENUATA,  l.^-mmor 


y4  lUrcri'ii.r  i/i/t'.r ' 


Imp  ./.  Trineur  Park': 


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A',]  of  North  Arnerici 


Tab    1M.XXV1 


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r.xfj^,':i  iUi 


PINUS    ATTENUATA,  Lemmon. 


Em.Hir'teiif  jr 


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tiJlVA   uy  NOUTff  AMKRWA. 


Hi 


PINU8  TiSlDA. 

Loblolljr  FiM,    Old  f\»\A  Pine. 

Leaves  in  li-Lavod  clustorH,  HlciidDr,  Hgid,  palo  green,  fn  m  6  to  9  inches  in  length. 
Cones  UHually  ovute-obh)ng,  from  JJ  to  fl  liiehen  long,  their  Hcalb'  iirmed  with  Htout 
recurved  pricklcH. 


Pious  TeBda,  Liimnuii,  Spte.  lUUO  (atnl.  lutb,  (.'miimU), 
(17n;<).  —  Muenclihauaen,  Uauiu.  v,  VIU.  —  I)h  Mm). 
Harhk.  BaiimK.  ii.  48.  —  Wanguiilutiui,  llfi<lifi»li.  Niffit' 
am.  /Mm.  210;  Nonlam.  IluU.  41.  — Evulyit,  Nllt'H,  ml, 
Hunter,  i.  277.  —  Schoepf,  Mat.  Mtnl.Aiiwr.  \Vi,  -  \U»%i^ 
dorf,  AnUit.  pt.  ii.  162.  —  CHti|;Uiiui,  yiny.  imyli  hliHl 
Uniti,  ii.  312.—  Moench,  Meth.  .'MW.  —  WillilolMiw,  IM. 
Baiimn.  210;  S/wo.  iv.  pt.  1.  498.  —  MinlmiiK,  A*/.  //"/•• 
Am.  ii.  206.  —  Lambert,  /'/««.,  I.  «,'<,  t,  )l>,  17,  ==.|W- 
aoon,  Sj/n.  ii.  578.  —  DeifoiiUiaoi,  ///V,  v^W/,  il,  lUU, '-^ 
Du  Mont  de  Courset,  Bot.  Cult.  ad.  2,  vi.  Wt,  —  Minltwtll, 
f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i.  98,  t.  9.  —  Noimaiu  JJiihinntt,  *,  IWfl, 
t.  75,  f.  2.  — Pu..h,  ri.  Am.  He/it.  Ii.  1)44  —  NhMhII, 
Qen.  ii.  22a.  — Hayne,  Z>tn<if.  AV.  174.  —  Klllfrtt,  ^/r,  II, 
636.  —  Sprengel,  (Sy<^  iii.  887.  —  Lawmm  *  Hum,  /1(/W«/ 
Jfan.  351;  iwt  No.  10,  Aliietineit,  ;i4.~  ift)t\mii,  IHliif 
turn.  Wohttm,  43,  1 14.  —  Antoiuo,  Vunl/,  'if),  i,  7,  (,  |,  =. 
Linlc,  Linmia,  xv.  503.  —  S|«cl.,  7//*/.  VtU'  »*.  iWI,~ 
Griffltli,  Med.  Bot.  («)4.  —  Gihcml,  .4cA.  Hit,  ',VI==¥mU 
licher,  Syn.  Com/.  104.  —  Kuiglil,  Hyn-  t'niii/,  JMt,  — 
Lindley  &  Gordon,  Jour.  Hort.  Soo.  J.nml.  v.  'i\1,  =.  IH«m 
trich,  Sijn.  v.  399.  —  Carri^re,  Truiti  Coiiij;  ',\H,  --  iUit' 
Aon,  Pinetum,  210.  —  Courtin,  Fum.  Voiii/,  Nl,^(;iw|»' 


man,  AY,  4.33.  — Curtii,  Kep.  Otolmj.  Sun:  N.  Car.  1860, 
III.  22.  —  Henlcel  &  HocliitotUr,  Syn.  Nadelh.  66.  — 
(N«lmiii)  Henilia,  /'iniirea;  130.  —  lloopea,  Everijreeni, 
(22.  —  H(<iidclauze,  Co>i{f'.  l.'U).  —  Parlatorv,  />«  CuitdoUe 
t'riiilr.  xri.  pt.  ii.  393.  —  K.  Kucli,  Demlr.  ii.  pt.  ii,  304.  — 
Nllrdlln({er,  Fortaliot.  .".99.  —  Uentley  A.  Trimeii,  .W<</.  W. 
It.  259.  t.  259.  —  Kngelmann,  Tnim.  St.  LouU  Arail.  iv. 
183.  —  Veitcli,  Mtui.  Conif.  172.  —  LawMiii,  Pinetum 
Brit.  I.  89,  t.  12.  — Sargent,  Fnre»t  Trees  K.  Am.  lOM 
Census  I'.  S.  ix.  197.  —  Lauclie,  Veutsrhe  Demlr.  ed.  2, 
109.  —  Hclillbclor,  Virid.  Norneij.  i.  393.  —  WaUon  & 
Coulter,  Gray's  Man.  ed.  6,  490.  —  Mayr,  tt'ald.  Nardam. 
1 16,  t.  7,  f.  —  Heissiier,  Handh.  Nadelh.  265.  —  Maateri, 
ifoiir.  II.  Ilorl.  Soo.  xiv.  241.  —  llanaen.  Jour.  K.  Hort. 
floe.  xiv.  397  {Pinetum  Danimm).  —  Coulter,  Contrib. 
V.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  ii.  554  (Man.  PI.  W.  Texas) — Koehne, 
btutsehe  Dendr.  35.  —  Brittoii  &  Brown,  III.  Fl.  i.  53,  f. 
118.  —  Molir.  Bull.  No.  13,  Div.  Forestry  U.  S.  Dept. 
Ayrie.  105,  t.  17-20  (The  Timber  Pines  of  the  Southern 
I'.  S.). 
fldUH  Teda,  a  tenuifolia,  Aitun,  Hort.  Kew.  iii.  368 
(1789). 


A  tree,  with  a  stout  tap-root,  uiul  tltidk  litf«rnl  foots  descemling  deeply  or  spreading  near  the 
surface  according  to  the  nature  ut  thu  Mtili  UMIIitlly  from  eiglity  to  one  hundred  feet  in  height,  with  a 
tall  straight  trunk  ahout  two  feet  in  diuiiit«l«r,  (itid  in  wet  ground  often  tapering  gradually  from  the 
slightly  thickened  base,  or  occasiuiiiiljy  oim  iMllMlnid  liiid  seventy  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  live  feet  in 
diameter  free  of  limbs  for  seventy  or  ti\f(\iiy  f«<(«t  nliove  tlie  ground,  and  with  short  stout  much 
divided  branches,  the  lower  spreading  hoi'i/.<)Mtf(lly,  the  upper  ascending  and  forming  a  coniiiact  round- 
topped  head.  The  bark  of  the  truuk  U  from  tliri'P  qunrters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in 
thickness,  bright  red-brown,  and  irreKul'tl'ly  )livid«d  by  shallow  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges  covered 
with  large  thin  closely  appressed  Bcalun,  TIim  wilit«<f  liratich-buds  are  widened  from  the  base  to  above 
the  middle,  .icute  or  acuminate  at  the  n\w%,  covori'd  with  ovate  bright  chestnut-browu  scales  contracted 
into  long  slender  darker  colored  tips  iiidI  M'pftCfit^'d  on  the  margins  into  short  filaments,  the  terminal 
bud,  which  is  often  twice  as  large  iiit  llii*  li)((<ml  limis,  being  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  an 
inch  in  length  and  an  eighth  of  an  iiuli  tlii(!|«.  The  liranchlets  are  slender  and  glabrous,  and  during 
their  first  season  are  brown  tinged  with  yMllow,  (covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  and  clothed  with  the 
strongly  reflexed  ovate  acute  light  elutstllMt--l»h»Wli  inner  scales  of  the  branch-buds,  which  usually  fall 
during  the  autumn  and  winter,  leaving  l\w'\f  llii('I«'ned  bases  to  roughen  for  many  years  the  branches, 
which  grow  gradually  darker  in  their  Mt(Jt»ii4  yi'iif.     The  leaves  are  borne  in  clusters  of  three,  with 


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112 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIFEiLK. 


-!  •! 


close  thin  sheaths  at  first  pale  chestnut-brown  below,  scarious  above,  and  about  an  inch  in  length, 
and  in  their  second  year  about  half  an  inch  long,  dark  below,  and  loose  and  lacerate  on  the  margins, 
and  are  persistent  with  the  leaves,  which  fall  during  their  third  year;  the  leaves  are  slender,  stiff, 
slightly  twisted,  sharp-pointed  with  callous  tips,  closely  serrulate,  pale  green  and  slightly  glaucous,  from 
six  to  nine  inches  long,  about  one  sixteenth  of  an  inch  broad,  and  stomatiferous  with  from  ten  to 
twelve  rows  of  large  stomata  on  each  face ;  they  contain  two  fibro-vascular  bundles,  from  three  to  five 
peripheral  resin  ducts  placed  irregularly,  mostly  near  the  angles  of  the  leaf,'  and  surrounded  by  small 
strengthening  cells,  which  also  occur  under  the  epidermis,  usually  in  several  interrupted  layers  and  in 
clusters  at  the  angles.  The  staminate  flowers  are  crowded  in  short  spikes  and  are  cylindrical,  incurved, 
from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  long  and  about  three  eighths  of  an  inch  thick,  with  yellow 
anthers  terminating  in  nearly  orbicular  denticulate  crests,  and  are  surrounded  by  involucres  of  from 
eight  to  ten  ovate  lanceolate  lustrous  dark  chestnut-brown  fimbriate  involucral  bracts,  those  of  the 
lower  pair  being  much  shorter  than  the  others  and  strongly  keeled.  The  pistillate  flowers  are  lateral 
below  the  apex  of  the  growing  shoot,  which  is  often  five  or  six  inches  long  before  they  appear,  and  are 
oblong,  from  one  third  to  one  half  of  an  inch  in  length,  solitary,  in  pairs  or  in  clusters  of  three,  with 
ovate  lanceolate  yellow  scales  gradually  narrowed  into  long  slender  straight  or  incurved  tips  and  minute 
orbicular  bracts,  and  are  raised  on  short  peduncles,  covered  by  broadly  ovate  dark  chestnut-brown 
acuminate  bracts  pale  and  scarious  on  the  margins.  The  flowers  open  from  the  middle  of  March  on 
the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  the  first  of  May  in  the  middle  Atlantic  states.  The  young  cones, 
after  the  pollination  of  their  ovules,  increase  rapidly  iu  size  for  a  few  days  and  then  slowly  during 
the  remainder  of  the  season ; '  in  their  first  winter  they  are  erect  or  spreading,  ovate-oblong,  light 
reddish  brown,  about  an  inch  in  length  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  breadth,  with  broadly  ovate 
thickened  scales  rather  abruptly  narrowed  into  acicular  incurved  tips,  and  when  fully  grown  the 
following  October  they  are  lateral,  nearly  sessile,  ovate-oblong  or  broadly  conical,  usually  about  three 
but  sometimes  four  or  five  inches  in  length,  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  in  breadth,  and 
light  reddish  brown,  with  thin  slightly  concave  scales  rounded  at  the  apex  and  dark  red  or  purple  below, 
their  exposed  parts  being  thickened  into  low  knobs  transversely  keeled  and  armed  with  short  stout 
straight  or  reflexed  prickles ;  they  open  slowly,  discharging  their  seeds  during  the  autumn  and  winter, 
and  usually  remain  on  the  branches  until  the  end  of  another  year.  The  seeds  are  rhomboidal,  full  and 
rounded,  with  a  thin  dark  brown  tuberculate  coat  blotched  with  black  and  produced  into  broad  thin 
lateral  margins,  ati  <^  an  embryo  with  six  or  seven  cotyledons,  and  are  surrounded  to  tlie  base  by  the 
narrow  border  of  their  wings,  which  are  thin  and  fragile,  pale  brown  and  lustrous,  broadest  above  the 
middle,  an  inch  long  and  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  wide. 

Pinus  Tc^da  finds  its  most  northerly  home  near  Cape  May  in  New  Jersey,^  and  is  common  in  the 
lower  part  of  Newcastle  County,  Delaware,  extending  thence  to  the  District  of  Columbia  and  southward 
through  the  maritime  part  of  Virginia,  and  through  eastern  and  middle  North  Carolina  to  Cape  Malabar 
and  the  shores  of  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  westward  through  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  and  the 
eastern  Gulf  states  to  the  bottom-lands  of  the  Mississippi  River,  spreading  north  a  few  miles  beyond 
the  boundary  of  Alabama  and  Mississippi  into  southern  Tennessee ;  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  it 
ranges  from  southeiistern  Arkansas,  where  the  northern  limit  of  its  distribution  is  near  Little  Rock  on 
the  Arkansas  River,  and  the  southwestern  part  of  the  Indmn  Territory,  through  western  Louisiana  to 
the  shores  of  tlie  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  through  eastern  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  finding 
its  most  southwesterly  station  in  an  isolated  forest ''  in  Bastrop  County. 


'  Coulter  &  It.)«e,  liot.  flatette,  xi.  307. 

"  Mohr,  /full.  No.  13,  OiV.  Foreslry  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  115  (T/ie 
Timber  Pinen  of  the  Smithem  U.  5.). 

'  S.  siiiglc  tree  of  /'ini«  Taiia  WM  found  by  Gifford  Pinohot  and 
H.  C.  GravcH  in  the  sprinf;  of  1807,  on  the  Price  farm  at  Town 


naiik,  on  the  west  nide  of  Cape  May,  about  three  miles  from  the 
bcaoh.     (See  Garden  and  Forest,  x.  192.) 

*  Fifty  years  ago  low  hills  in  BiiHtrop  County,  central  Texas, 
went  covered  with  forests  of  Pinti:*  T^eda,  which  also  spread  into 
the  adjacent  counties.     Extensive  lumbering  operations  were  car- 


COMIFERfl. 

ih  iu  length, 

the  marg^ing, 
slender,  stiff, 
laucous,  from 

from  ten  to 
I  three  to  five 
ided  by  small 
layers  and  in 
ical,  incurved, 
I,  with  yellow 
icres  of  from 

those  of  the 
ers  are  lateral 
ppear,  and  are 
of  three,  with 
ps  and  minute 
hestnut-brown 

of  March  on 
I  young  cones, 

slowly  during 
i-oblong,  light 
broadly  ovate 
lly  grown  the 
ly  about  three 
n  breadth,  and 
r  purple  below, 
ith  short  stout 
mn  and  winter, 
boidal,  full  and 
iito  broad  thin 
lie  base  by  the 
adest  above  the 

common  in  the 
,  and  southward 
o  Cape  Malabar 
reorgia  and  the 
iw  miles  beyond 
iissippi  River  it 
r  Little  Rock  on 
em  Louisiana  to 
[o  River,  finding 


Ihrpo  miles  from  the 

»unty,  oentml  Texas, 
hich  also  spread  into 
operations  were  oa^■ 


CONIFEBiB. 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


118 


On  the  Delaware  peninsula  the  Loblolly  Pine  generally  inhabits  low  lands  adjacent  to  tUk^tltorf 
rarely  forming  continuous  forests  and  growing  in  small  colonies  associated  with  Pinut  eehlnnlnf  and 
with  Oaks,  Hickories,  and  other  deciduous-leaved  trees;  in  Virginia,  restricted  to  the  tertiftry  oiHMt 
strata,  it  does  not  occur  west  of  Richmond,  but  in  the  maritime  districts  it  is  often  the  prevftiliiiDf  iteo} 
springing  ap  on  lands  exhausted  by  agriculture,  where  it  grows  very  rapidly  and  now  lurntNlmH  tllfi 
principal  lumber  supply  of  the  region.  It  is  exceedingly  common  over  all  the  coast  plain  mA  inAt'itiiiie 
region  of  North  Carolina,  where  it  is  frequently  mixed  with  the  Long-lenved  Pine,  espeoiully  wmth  tA 
Cape  Fear ;  and  in  the  swamps  along  the  streams  flowing  into  Albemarle  and  Pamlico  SouiuIm  And  OH 
the  low  ridges  adjacent  to  them  it  attained  its  greatest  size  and  perfection  before  its  nobleot  H)»0(titneNM 
fell  a  prey  to  the  axe  of  the  lumberman.  In  the  coast  region  of  South  Carolina  and  Qmv^h,  and  in 
the  eastern  Gulf  states,  the  Loblolly  Pine  is  mostly  confined  to  the  sandy  borders  of  Pine  Imrreiiif 
where  it  is  scattered  through  forests  of  Magnolias,  Bays,  and  Grm-trees,  appearing,  however,  an  it  Am# 
in  many  other  districts,  wherever  its  seeds  are  left  undisturbed ;  and  in  the  interior  it  is  HPAttered 
over  the  high  rolling  Pine  uplands  to  the  foot  of  the  eastern  and  southern  slopes  of  the  AppntA^jltiflH 
Mountains,  attaining  sometimes  an  elevation  of  fifteen  hundred  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sen.  It  JM 
less  common  in  the  Florida  peninsula,  where  Pinua  clauaa  and  Pinua  heterophylla  mfve  often  eov^f 
worn-out  and  abandoned  fields.  In  southeastern  Arkansas  and  the  Indian  Territory  it  is  uao  of  tim 
most  important  timber-trees,  growing  in  great  nearly  pure  forests  on  rolling  uplands  mil  low  tertiHry 
plains ;  and  in  western  Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas  it  forms  considerable  forests  north  of  the  I'etrioii 
occupied  by  the  Long^leaved  Pine,  and  is  scattered  through  the  low  woods  which  border  tl>#  HiACMllM 
of  the  coast.' 

The  wood  of  Pinus  Tceda,  which  usually  grows  very  rapidly,'  varies  muoh  in  quAllty  in  tlt§ 
different  regions  which  it  occupies  and  under  differing  conditions  of  growth.  That  of  tite  (fceut  tre^l* 
wliiuh  once  grsw  on  Pamlico  Sound  and  were  valued  in  naval  construction,  and  espeoially  for  tlie  m^^in 
of  large  vessels,  is  said  to  have  been  very  close-grained  and  durable,  with  thin  sapwood,*  A  \»f^vi  \)Hfi 
of  the  trees  of  original  growth  and  the  oldest  and  best  matured  second-growth  trees  now  pcodin^'e 
coarse-grained  wood,  nearly  one  half  the  diameter  of  the  trunk  being  sapwood,  while  tlie  wood  of  itmt 


ried  on  here,  all  tbe  towns  of  the  central  and  western  parts  of  the 
state,  before  the  building  of  the  Texas  railroads,  being  constructed 
from  timber  cut  in  these  pineries,  which,  however,  are  now  ex- 
hausted as  sources  of  commercial  prosperity. 

I  L.  F.  Ward,  Bot.  Gazette,  xi.  33. 

'  Much  of  this  information  relating  to  the  distribution  of  Pinm 
Tada  is  derived  from  Dr.  Charles  Mohr's  excellent  monograph  of 
this  species  quoted  above. 

'  From  the  study  of  forty-seven  trees  made  under  tbe  direction 
of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  of  the  United  States,  it  appears 
that  during  its  first  ten  years  this  tree  reaches  a  height  of  from 
eighteen  to  twenty  feet,  and  that  it  attains  its  maximum  rate  of 
upward  growtli  of  rather  more  than  twenty-four  inches  between 
its  Itfteenth  and  twentieth  years,  while  during  its  third  decade  its 
annual  growth  is  reduced  to  flftoen  or  sixteen  inches.  Trees  thirty 
and  lifty  years  old  were  found  to  have  an  average  height  of  fifty 
feet  and  of  seventy  feet ;  those  ninety  years  of  age  were  about 
uiucty-Hve  feet  high,  later  growing  slowly  with  shoots  only  three 
or  four  inches  long.  One  tree  bad  attained  a  height  of  seventy- 
seven  feet  in  thirty-six  years,  and  another  a  height  of  seventy-six 
feet  in  forty-four  years  ;  and  two  trees  one  hundred  years  old 
were  each  one  hundred  and  eighteen  feet  tall.  The  diameter 
accretion  was  found  to  decreiuie  with  age,  while  tbe  area  accretion 
remained  nearly  the  same.  The  average  trunk  diameter  at  forty 
years  of  age  was  about  ten  inches,  and  at  eighty  years  seventeen 
inches.     (Mlodziansky,  Garden  and  Forest,  ix.  03,) 


*  These  trees  of  eastern  North  Carolina,  wlliob  VAff  mmfkll\ii^ 
from  all  others  of  the  species  in  the  character  uf  Uwit  Witit4  Itiui 
especially  in  the  thinness  of  tbe  sapwoud,  were  PftlMft  lUitHHtiUfV 
Pines,  and  also  Great  Swamp  Pines,  Naval  Tilllllxr  IHimHi  ttlWl 
Slash  Fines.  According  to  Edmund  KufHn,  who  jl)  tH/)S  imMMlfA 
the  best  account  of  them  in  volume  iv.,  page  tlH',  iif  lliimiell'ii 
Magazine,  individuals  from  one  hundred  and  Hfty  U>  m»  hlliuil'l'li 
and  seventy  feet  in  height,  with  trunk  diauieturii  nf  tiv»  feet)  wi>ra 
not  uncommon.  He  describes  a  spar  out  from  n  tl'uu  of  (Ills  ¥Hf\H¥ 
in  Bertie,  North  Carolina,  wliicli  was  eighty  fust  )M  l»H|jfll  Itiui 
thirty-six  inches  square  at  the  butt ;  and  aiiit4iu||  nHoUn  itfHt  III  N»W 
York  in  1856  for  shipment  to  Amsterdam  fiip  uftVAJ  niimil^luitUtll, 
under  a  contract  with  tbe  Dutrli  governnieut,  wbJMll  ynfifli  hltlli 
forty-seven  to  eighty-eight  feet  in  length,  sqimriJl)  fnim  IlilWtPm 
to  thirty  inches  and  were  nearly  all  uf  lieartwnud,  Mf-  HllUnn 
also  describes  two  trees  in  Washington  County,  NMrtl)  Vnni\\mi 
one  of  which  was  one  hundred  and  forty-eight  fiiut  jij^h,  willt  It 
trunk  diameter  of  tbirty-flve  and  one  quartei'  Mlob«ii,  HIlA  iwil  IlIMM 
dred  and  eighty-three  years  old,  with  two  hundred  Hl|i|  WVMI  ffltfH 
of  heartwood  ;  while  tbe  other  was  one  huiulrMd  aiMl  m^Vl^tlt^i  fl'ttl 
high,  sixty  inches  in  diameter,  and  two  hundred  mui  f^jglity  y^HH 
old,  with  one  hundred  and  seventy  years  of  UemiwiHi4:  A  limH 
of  tbe  United  States  man-of-war  Roanoke,  out  In  HeptMi|  tin4  tllff^ 
hundred  and  two  layers  of  annual  growth,  one  iMMldwl  ttlld  I'jffht/' 
six  being  of  heartwood,  and  was  forty-oue  iimt^s  |h  Ai»IWtit¥: 


\    j|. 


: 


h 


.>■  -li 


(. ,, 


% 


I 


111 

i 


w 


114 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


coRirnR^. 


\ 


which  have  grown  rapidly  on  abandoned  fields  and  now  supply  an  iroportont  pAii  of  tb«  tiinW '  cut  on 
the  south  Atlantic  coast,  whence  it  is  shipped  in  large  quantities  to  tb«  north,  \t  v«fy  coarse^ained 
and  still  more  largely  composed  of  sapwood.  In  the  forests  west  of  tlis  Wmlmk\^  l{ir«r  it  is  of  better 
quality,  a  considerable  part  of  the  Yellow  Pine  lumber  shipped  from  m^i)mm  ArtiMtiMis  and  western 
Louisiana  to  northern  markets  being  of  this  species.  The  wood  Oow  »ttAinitbl«  i*  generally  rather 
weak,  brittle,  coarse^aiued,  and  not  durable ;  it  is  light  brown,  with  oriin||«*eMkM'«(l  or  often  nearly 
white  sapwood,  and  contains  broad  conspicuous  resinous  bands  of  sroftU  HHffim#r  (■'«11h,  few  inconspicuous 
resin  passages,  and  numerous  obscure  medullary  rays.  The  average  N|)tM}i(i(!  f(rAvity  of  the  absolutely 
dry  wocd  from  four  trees  cut  east  of  the  Mississippi  River  is  OJJ441,  A  mS^  foot  weighing  33.91 
pounds. 

Pimia  Tada  contains  large  quantities  of  resin,  but  it  does  not  flow  rA{*kiljr  when  the  trees  are 
boxed  and  soon  hardens  on  exposure  to  the  air,  and  this  ufacim  m  prolwhiy  not  mach  worked 
commercially  for  the  production  of  turpentine.' 

The  first  description  of  Pinus  Tceda'  was  published  by  Pluk«n«t  in  1(H>0(*  it  WM  introduced 
into  Europe  before  1713  by  Bishop  Compton,'  and  has  grown  to  »  htge  tim  itt  VMfttptmu  collections,' 
where,  although  less  commonly  cultivated  than  it  was  several  years  »go,  it  tmy  crtill  be  occasionally 


seen. 


■  Ashe,  Ball.  No.  6,  Nortk  Carolina  Geolog.  Sun.  41  (The 
Foratt,  Foral  Landt,  and  Forest  ProducU  of  Nortk  Carotina). 

*  Mohr,  Bull.  No.  13,  Div.  Forestry  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  112  (The 
Timber  Pines  of  the  Southern  U.  S.). 

*  Pinus  Virginiana  tenuifolia  tripilis  s.  temis  plerumque  ex  uno/olU- 
cuio  Mtis,  strobilis  majoribut.  The  Frankincense  Tree,  Aim.  Bot.  297.  — 
Ray,  Bist.  pL  iii.,  Dendr.  8. 


Pinus  conis  agmimUim  imivHtitmn,  /itliln  itmgis  lemis  ex  eadem 
Iheea,  Clayton,  Fl.  Virgin,  U(», 

*  Tada,  tba  i.'lawU'«l  mm*  l4  «  Cwrtttow*  Pint-ttee,  was  bestowed 
by  LiiiniBiu  on  tbu  nfmiUm, 

»  See  •  6. 

•  Alton,  Hort.  Hie,  iii,  Hm,  =  Imittm,  Afh.  Brit.  It.  2237,  f. 
2118-2222,  t. 

'  8w  Mmma  h,  4«  VllwwWK,  Uufiteti  unit  Foretl,  i.  112. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES, 


PtATE   DLXXVII.       PiNUB   T*I)A. 

1.  A  branch  with  staminate  flowers,  natural  si/^e, 

2.  An  involucre  of  the  staminate  flower,  enlari;ei|> 

3.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  staininota  f\owBf, 

4.  An  anther,  side  view,  enlarged. 
i5.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 

6.  A  branch  with  pistillate  flowers  and  yearling  em^*:  mt»riA  lAlM, 

7.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  )l«  \ifnHi  fltlHffjMl.' 

8.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  side,  with  \U  f>¥M'<<<>>  mUf^et\i 

9.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarge<{. 

10.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf  magnified  tifteeii  dianMt#M> 

11.  Winter  branch-buds,  natural  si/e. 


Pi,ATE  DLXXVII  r.     Pimm  T«»)4, 

1.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  si7.e. 

2.  An  expanded  cone,  natural  size. 

3.  A  seed,  natural  si/e. 

4.  A  seed,  enlarged. 

fi.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

G.  A  cluster  of  leaves,  natuml  eiu>. 


xf\ 


eitnbet'  cut  on 


r  it  is  of  better 
M  and  wefltern 
tmefalljr  rather 
tt  often  nearly 
V  inconapicuous 
the  abuohitely 
weighing  33.91 

in  the  trees  are 
t  ttioch  worked 

waa  introduced 

tean  collections,' 

be  occasionally 


atiffiii  Ifrnin  ex  eadem 
inr^tte,  WM  bertowed 

Afi.  BrU.  Iv.  2237,  t. 
t  fariil,  1. 112. 


w 


C^i 


•>'V 


*  ■■■i 


// ^  / 


m 


■^'W 


«-.<^...>v 


?; 


1,:^; 


I 


PINUS    TyEDA,  L^ 


^i  4'iu?iVMi.r  i/irr.v  ** 


Intp.  J  TanatiT.  I'arts. 


1i< 


^/AT/J 


cor  FEHJE. 


til 


tiMi  »ii-.  t>  AtlaiHit  ci^'W«,  wIk  1  '■A;|t()«N(  in  lar(;«  ijHuutitiM  to  tW  oriti,  w  fori-    i>i>«-i 

'mkI  n^jil.  »M»re  l««>p«ly  r«iaj»ii»nii  ot  iiAf»itt>o«].     In  th»*  Uir"»ilH  w«>it  of  tht*  Misiu^iit. 

<|iMtittv.  ^  «xiu«i<lon»bW  jiHrt  i>t'  the  \eJiow  Pinn  IuiuImt  .shi)Ji>i'il  from  8'>uthi.u  .<..  . 

LcnUKVUiu  ti»  noiilwrn  iiiarkutrt  b»-jiijjf  (if  tbw  i«|H>inei'.     Tho  wcnkI   nuw  alt;iiniiLIi    i- 

•fitk,  livittlo,  coitr/i«-j{nuund,  K.nl  not  dnnibli'.;  it  it*  lijjht  Urowii,  with  orange-ei>lorp«<    «    -^'nh 

vrJufp  s«pwoo<i,  (uid  contitiiis  l>r"i»<i  c()H8)'i<  iioii.j  roHinuiH  Ii/iikIh  of  gnmll  siimrnei  fclii»,  *•  ■ 

trsiii  pHssagPS,  and  nmncrutia  obwiire  luwInUai  v  rays       I'lif  avoraj^o  sjiwilic  jfravHy  <•! 

dr>'  w(>(h1  fron  fnur  true*  out  east  of  the  Missiwtij'pi   River  \n  0.5441,  a  cubic  foot  weigiuiti: 

IK'llllds. 

f'in'tf  I'li.iii:  niuuiii..  lai-jift)  qiumtilit-^  .n  losiu,  but  it  iloea  not  How  ra|iidiy  whim  {\\n  li  >  are 
boxid  ami  soon  hanlous  on  exposuru  to  the  air,  and  thin  ftp  eies  in  probpbly  u  t  loiu-h  wiuked 
cnnimeKi.v!)y  for  tho  production  of  tnrpcntiiio.- 

The  firxt  dt'Hcription  of  /'inim  Ttfda*  wa»  piibh»he<l  bj  rlnlrt-nnt  iu  It"'.'*;'  '.'  wa-.  iitiiMlu.jed 
i«u>  Europe  hpfore  17 1^3  by  Bwhoji  Coinptx)!!,"  and  '':'h  grown  to  a  largo  siw  in  Kiiropean  t<>)l«ti..nB,* 
where,  although  lews  ooinmonly  PuUivHted  than  it  wua  sevorftl  years  agi>,  it  luay  Mtili  be  oe«wi<m.illy 


ut  on 

ained 

'  «tter 

item 

ither 

iarly 

aou8 

itely 

1.91 


vn 


I     i 


ri  ...    DLXXVIl.     r. 

I;  A  bmii'-U  wivi  ataininaU!  llocers,  naiuial  iiic. 

2.  All  involucre  of  llie  stJiiui!'nte  Howor,  eiilartfixl. 

;'.   <>ia}ptini  of  tho  invnlucri  of  the  staniinate  tlowe- 

>.   All  niither,  «!.lo  view,  fiilarged. 

".    All  .tnihcT,  f.oiH.  view,  •'tilj'.i")."<'' 

fi.  A  tiraach  witli  j/'fillnl*  flowert  am)  yearliuj;  poncir,  nutiiral  iii?^. 

',.   A  hca!o  f'f  a  J>  ■I.iilate  flowi .-,  Inner  iiida,  witli  itn  liract,  r!ilarKCil 

M.  A  »c«li>  ui  »  pi<tiUat«  (lower,  upper  side,  witli  Ita  oviilos,  e»lnrgC4i 

9    'Itp  «f  n  Iwif .  anUrsoil- 

10.  ('r<«»  wvtiriii  of  a  loaf  nugnifiod  (iftwri  iHaniPt*!*-    > 

11.  W  Jcui  lii':ui<'ti-butl«,  iiat  iml  ahf. 


\ 


",  .i-B  OI,XXVril.     I'tNrs  T«DA. 

'<tiii){  briuii'ii,  iiuliirtti  aitc. 

«j>»iiiUil  com-,  natural  ai'.e- 
';.    A  »»*sl.  nntiii;'.'  »l»e. 
I.  A  ftti.  mli>r^<l. 

5.  A"  nintirjo,  oiilaiirii! 

6.  A  cl-^^Ur  of  lenvHB,  nntiiml  Kize. 


t.tn  ut  on 

;..>;.>  w-|.rained 

'.  •!<  <>:'  ''letter 
I,     ,.!.•  ^.  stern 
ither 
jarly 
aous 
Til  itely 

h-iL-;  ».91 

II  (he  ti  '     are 
iinu'li   milked 

wah  intDKluoed 

.rail  '  ■''uHUf.atf* 

be  oc>.-*iii<iii  Jly 


7,.    r  .  :.!em 

t.*    /Irlf    Iv.  2237,  (. 


Silva  of  Uonh  America. 


Tab   DUX VI I 


C K Fajcn  Je£ 


PIN  US    T/EDA,  L 


A  Hwrretw  liir^.v. 


Jffip. .    -  anatr,  i  aris. 


J^apin^  sr-. 


11 


-'l 


:     < 


•   I 


.''l' 


1^ 


ii 


m 


m 


•^. 


fi 


flonii  Ainirnc» 


%>!  ni.xxviii 


%:■: 


,Tt 


t' 


' 


'i] 


T.rl 


A HiiJc/etuz-  i/irf.r 


Inif) .  J.  Tnri^nr  Parts. 


'-'   it- 

,  i; 


-I: 


'i} 


lilva    il    ri^jrlli  Amenta 


Ub   DI.XXVIII 


I' 


s 


C  K  Fojvm  Jf'i 


MLnwJi^ 


! 


PINUS  T.CDA, 


A  HiocreiiT  litr^r  ^ 


Irnp  .  /  TtLn^tr  Farut. 


J 


I 


N 


covmnM. 


BILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


PINUS  RIOIDA. 
Pltoh  Pine. 


118 


Leaves  in  3-leavod  cluston,  stout,  rigid,  dark  ycUow-grcen,  from  3  to  fi  inchcH  in 
length.  Cones  ovoid-conical  or  ovuto,  otton  clustered,  their  Hcules  armed  with  short 
stout  recurved  prickles. 


Plnua  rlfflda,  MllUr,  Diet.  tA.  8,  No.  10  (1768).  —  Muinsh- 
hauMn,  Hautv.  v.  210.  —  Ou  Roi,  Harbk.  Baum:  il.  46.  — 
MuiluUl,  Arbutt.  Am.  101.—  Uuvwlorf,  AnUit.  pt.  U. 
163. —  Wuiganheim,  Nordam,  HuU.  41.  —  BorkhauMn, 
Handh.  Fonitul.  I.  43S.  —  Uml»rt,  Piniu,  i.  2A,  t  18, 
19.  —  WiUdcnow,  Spte.  iv.  pt.  i.  4tt8  i  £num.  B88  i  Berl. 
BauMM.  rd.  2,  268.  —  Penoon,  Si/n.  ii.  678.  —  Datfon- 
Uinei,  Hilt.  Arb.  ii.  612.  — Du  Mont  <le  Coanct,  Bot. 
Cult.  ad.  2,  y\.  460.  —  MIchaux,  f.  JfUi.  Arb.  Am.  i.  89, 
t,  8.  —  Souveau  Duhamtl,  v.  244,  t.  74.  —  Aitoit,  Hort. 
Kew.  ad.  2,  v.  317.  —  Bigelow,  Ft.  Botton.  23:).  — 
Punh,  n.  Am.  Sept.  ii.  643.  —  Poiret,  Lamartk  JHct. 
Suppl.  It.  417.  —  NutUU,  Oen.  ii.  223.  —  Hayne,  Vendr. 
Fl.  174.  — EUiott,  Sk.  ii.  634.  —  Spnngel,  Sytt.  iU. 
887.  —  Uwwn  db  Son,  Agric.  Man.  .'U2 ;  LUt  Nn.  10, 
Abietinto),  33.  —  Forb«i,  I'inetiim  Wobitm.  41,  t.  13.  — 
Antoina,  Con{f.  26,  t.  7,  (.  2.  —  Liiili,  Lintuta,  xv. 
603.  —  Spaeh,  ^ii<.  Vig.  xi.  388.— Tomy,  Fl.  N.  Y. 
ii.  227.  — Orifflth,  Med.  Bot.  604.— Glhoul,  Arb.  Ri$. 
31.  —  Eudlicliar,  Syn.  Conif.  164.  —  Kniglit,  Syrt.  Conif. 
30.  —  Lindlay  &  Gordon,  Jotir.  Hort.  Soc.  Land.  v. 
217.  —  Dietrioli,  Syn.  r.  399.  —  Carrikre,  Traiti  Conif. 
342.  —  Darlington,  Fl.  Cettr.  ed.  3,  290 Gordon,  Fine- 


tum,  207.  —  Courtin,  Fam.  Con\f.  79.  —  Chapman,  Fl. 
433,  —  Curtiii,  Ak/i.  Oeolog.  Sitrv.  iV.  Car.  1800,  iii. 
21.  —  lUnkal  &  Huchatattar,  Syn.  Nadelh.  67.  —  (NeUon) 
Manilla,  t'intietm,  128.  —  Hoopaa,  Bvi-rgretnt,  119.  — 
S^n^lauxa,  Con{f.  128.  —  Parlatora,  lie  Candolle  Prodr. 
xvi.  pt.  ii.  394.  —  K.  Koch,  Dendr.  ii.  pt.  ii.  307.  —  Nord- 
linger,  Foritbot.  300.  —  Engalmann,  Tram.  St.  Louie 
Acad.  It.  183.  —  Veitch,  Man.  Con\f.  160.  —  Sargent,  For- 
est Trees  N.  Am.  lOth  Census  V.  S.  ix.  197.  —  Laueha, 
Dmttsrhe  Dendr.  ed.  2,  109.  —  Schubaler,  Virid.  Norveq. 
i.  393.  —  Willkomm,  Font.  Ft.  190.  —  AVation  &  Coulter, 
Oray'i  Man.  ed.  6,  490.  —  Mayr,  Watd.  Nordam.  188,  t. 
8,  f.  —  BeiHner,  Handb.  Nadelh.  266,  f.  03,  64.  —  Hai- 
tan,  Jou.:  R.  Hort.  Soe.  xiv.  239.  —  Hanien,  Jour.  R. 
Hort.  Soe.  xiv.  389  {Pinetum  Danienm).  —  Koehne, 
Deutsche  Deiulr.  36.  —  Britton  A  Brown,  III.  Fl.  i.  63,  f. 
119. 

Plnvw  Teeda,  fi  rigida.  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii.  368 
(1789).  —  CwtigUoni,  Ffcjr.  negli  Stati  Uniti,  ii.  313.  — 
Willdenow,  Berl.  Baiimx.  210. 

PinuB  Tnda,  rar.  A,  I'oiret,  Lamarck  Diet.  t.  340  (1604). 

Pinua  rigida,  var.  lutaa,  Kellemian,  Dot.  Oaitette,  xrii. 
280  (not  Pinus  lutea,  Walter  nor  Gordon)  (1892). 


A  tree,  fifty  or  sixty  or  rarely  eighty  feet  in  height,  with  a  short  trunk  occasionally  three  feet  in 
diameter,  frequently  fruitful  when  only  a  few  feet  high,  and  often  producing  freely  from  the  stump  or 
from  the  stem  and  branches  after  injury  by  fire  many  vigorous  shoots '  clothed  with  primary  leaves 
from  an  inch  to  an  iuch  and  a  quarter  in  length,  about  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  wide,  serrate  with  remote 
callous  teeth,  and  pale  glaucous  green.  The  branches  of  young  trees  are  rigid  and  produced  in  regular 
remote  whorls  and,  spreading  horizontally,  form  an  open  narrow  pyramid;  in  old  age  they  become 
stout,  contorted,  and  often  pendulous  at  the  extremities,  and  covered  with  thick  much  roughened  bark, 
and  form  a  round-topped  thin  head  usually  occupying  about  three  quarters  of  the  height  of  the  tree,  or 
when  an  individual  standing  alone  has  enjoyed  light,  and  space  for  lateral  development,  a  broad  low 
round-topped  and  often  exceedingly  picturesque  crown  .^  The  bark  of  young  stems  is  thin  and  broken 
into  plate-like  dark  red-brown  scales,  and  on  old  trunks  it  is  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  nearly  an 
inch  and  a  half  in  thickness,  deeply  and  irregularly  fissured  and  divif^ed  int*)  broad  flat  connected 
ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  many  thick  dark  red-brown  scale  o<  'en  tinged  with  purple.  The 
winter  branch-buds  are  ovate  or  obovate-oblong,  rather  obliquely  narrow.  <  I  >nd  acute  at  the  apex,  from 
one  half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  length  and  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  with  loosely 
imbricated  ovate  lanceolate  dark  chestnut-brown  lustrous  scales  scarious  and  fringed  on  the  margins, 

'  Pinchot,  Garden  and  Foral,  i.  192,  f.  24.  •  Garden  and  Forest,  iv.  397,  f.  66. 


'     i 


■i 


■lit 


h    I 


'\ 


116 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIFEIt*. 


those  of  the  inner  ranks  soon  becoming  reflexed  on  the  lengthening  shoots  and  falling  from  their  bases, 
which  become  much  thickened  and  dark  browu  or  often  nearly  black  and  roughen  the  stout  branches 
for  years.  The  branchlets,  which  when  they  first  appear  are  glabrous  and  bright  green,  during  their 
first  winter  are  dull  orunge-color,  and  then  gradually  growing  darker,  especially  on  the  upper  side, 
become  dork  gray-brown  at  the  end  of  four  or  five  years.  The  leaves  are  borne  in  clusters  of  three,' 
and  when  they  first  emerge  from  the  sheaths  these  are  half  an  inch  long,  thin  and  close,  pule  chestnut- 
brown  below  and  white  and  scarious  above,  but  soon  losing  their  inner  scales  become  from  an  eighth  to 
a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length,  thick,  close,  and  dark  brown  or  often  almost  black,  and  fall  with  the 
leaves  during  their  second  year ;  the  leaves  stand  out  stifily  niid  at  right  angles  with  the  brunches  and 
are  firm,  sharply  and  closely  serrulate,  acuminate  with  callous  tips,  dark  yellow-green,  stomatiferous  on 
the  three  faces  with  many  rows  of  deep-set  stomata,  and  from  three  to  five  inches  in  length ;  they  contain 
two  fibro-vascular  bundles,  from  three  to  seven  resin  ducts,  several  being  often  smaller  than  the  others 
and  internal,  surrounded  by  small  strengrthcning  cells,  which  also  occur  under  the  epidermis  in  bundles 
or  in  a  single  layer,  and  are  numerous  and  clustered  in  the  angles  of  the  leaf.'  Tht;  stiuuinate  flowers 
are  produced  in  sliott  crowded  spikes  and  are  cylindrical,  flexuous,  and  about  three  quarters  of  an  inch 
long,  with  yellow  anthers  terminating  in  nearly  orbicular  entire  crests,  and  are  surrounded  by  from  six 
to  eight  involucral  bracts.  The  pistillate  flowers  are  lal oral,  often  clustered  and  raised  on  short  stout 
peduncles  covered  with  ovate  oblong  acute  dark  chestnut-brown  bracts  scarious  on  the  margins,  and  are 
subglobose  and  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long,  their  ovate  light  green  scales  being  more  or  less 
tinged  with  rose-color  and  contracted  into  long  slender  slightly  spreading  tips.  The  young  cones 
grow  slowly  during  their  first  season,  and  in  the  winter  they  are  erect  or  spreading  and  about  half 
an  inch  long,  their  much  thickened  scales  terminating  in  long  thin  straight  or  reflexed  spines ; 
beginning  to  grow  the  following  spring  before  the  expansion  of  the  brunch-buds,  they  turn  dark  gi'een 
with  the  exception  of  the  light  brown  umbos,  and  attain  their  full  size  in  the  early  autumn;  when  they 
are  ovate-conical  or  ovate,  nearly  sessile,  often  clustered,  from  one  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long,  wiih 
thin  flat  scales  rounded  or  slightly  narrowed  at  the  apex,  their  exposed  portions  being  somewhat 
thickened  and  conspicuously  transversely  keeled,  with  small  dark  elevated  umbos  terminating  in  slender 
recurved  rigid  prickles ;  slowly  opening  luid  shedding  their  seeds  throughout  the  autumn  and  winter, 
they  turn  from  green  to  light  brown  on  the  exposed  portions  and  upper  side  of  the  scales,  and  dull 
mahogany-red  on  the  lower  side,  often  remaining  on  the  branches  and  on  the  stems  of  young  trees  for 
ten  or  twelve  years.  The  seeds  are  nearly  triangidor,  full  and  rounded  on  the  sides  and  about  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  thin  dark  brown  mottled  tuberculute  coat  and  an  embryo  with  from  four 
to  six  cotyledons ;  their  wings  are  broadest  below  the  middle,  graduoUy  narrowed  to  the  very  oblique 
apex,  three  quarters  of  an  inch  long  and  a  third  of  an  inch  wide. 

Pinus  rifjida  is  distributed  from  the  valley  of  the  St.  John's  River  in  New  Brunswick  to  the 
northern  shores  of  Lake  Ontario,^  where  it  is  not  abundant,  southward  through  the  Atlantic  states  to 
northern  Georgia,  crossing  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  their  western  foothills  in  West  Virginia, 
Kentucky,  and  Tennessee.  An  inhabitant  of  sandy  plains  and  dry  gravelly  uplands,  or  less  frequently 
of  cold  deep  swamps,  the  Pitch  Pine  is  very  abundant  on  the  New  England  coast  south  of  the  Bay  of 
Massachusetts,  in  southern  New  Jersey,  where  ii  forms  extensive  forests,*  on  the  Delaware  peninsula," 
through  the  middle  districts  of  Virginia  and  of  North  and  South  Carolina,  and  in  the  interior  wherever 
it  finds  the  barren  soil  on  which  it  is  able  to  maintain  itself  against  trees  requiring  more  generous 
nourishment  for  the  development  of  their  full  vigor,  often  ascending  to  the  upper  slopes  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  of  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia. 


1 


i  \ 


'  On  vl);oroiih  stuinp  ahooU  the  flmt  folisge  leavca  arc  occaaiun-  ^  Brunei,  Cat.  Veg.  I.ig.  Can.  57.  —  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Pt.  4l>7. 

ally  borne  in  clusters  of  two,  four,  or  five.  *  Sec  Garden  and  FurfKt,  i.  59.  —  Sargent,  Gtirthn  anil  Forest,  i. 

'  Coulter  &  Ko«e.  flol.  Oazelte,  xi.  307.  —  Bastin  &  Trmble,  Am.  KKl,  f.  —  Giffonl,  Rep.  Gentog.  Sunt.  New  Jmey,  1804,  '.'51. 

Jour.  I'harm.  iV>,  f.  S.  »  Ilothrock,  Forest  Leaves,  ii.  83.  f. 


SP" 


CUNIFERiK. 

their  bases, 

Lit  branches 

luring  their 

upper  aide, 

rs  of  three,' 

lie  chestnut- 

an  eighth  to 

all  with  the 

iranches  and 

atiferoua  on 

they  contain 

u  the  others 

IS  in  bundles 

nate  flowers 

uf  an  inch 

by  from  six 

n  short  stout 

gins,  and  are 

more  or  less 

young  cones 

d  about  half 

exed   spines ; 

rn  dark  green 

n.  when  they 

les  long,  wiih 

ng  somewhat 

ug  in  slender 

in  and  winter, 

ales,  and  dull 

ung  trees  for 

and  about  a 

dth  from  four 

B  very  oblique 

IS  wick  to  the 
intic  states  to 
'^est  Virginia, 
388  frequently 
)f  the  Bay  of 
re  peninsula," 
srior  wherever 
lore  generous 
xlopes  of  the 


:'n(.  Can.  /'/.  407. 
•iltn  and  Forest,  i 
18!M,  a-ii. 


COHUBRX. 


8IL7A   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


117 


The  wood  of  Pinus  rigida  is  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  and  very  durable ;  it  is 
light  brown  or  red,  with  thick  yellow  or  often  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contains  broad  bands  of  small 
summer  cells,  many  conspicuous  resin  passages,  and  numerous  obscure  medullary  rays.  The  specific 
gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.5151,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  32.10  poundc.  It  is  largely  used 
for  fuel  and  in  the  manufacture  of  charcoal,  and  is  occasionally  sawed  into  lumber ;  in  the  middle  states 
it  was  employed  in  early  times  for  the  sills  and  beams  of  buildings. 

The  wood  contains  large  quantities  of  resin,  and  before  the  products  of  the  richer  pineries  of  the 
south  reached  northern  markets  it  furnished  considerable  quantities  of  turpentine  and  of  tar,  which 
in  New  England  and  the  middle  states  was  of  some  commercial  importance  up  to  the  time  of  the 
Revolution.' 

The  earliest  account  of  Plmis  rigida  was  published  in  1743,''  and  it  was  cultivated  in  England  a 
few  years  later.^  The  ease  and  cheapness  with  which  it  can  be  raised  from  seeds,  and  its  rapid  growth 
in  the  northern  states  on  soil  tea  sterile  to  produce  crops  of  other  wood,  g^ve  special  silvicultural  value 
to  the  Pitch  Pine,  and  large  areas  of  barren  sands  on  Cape  Cod  and  on  the  island  of  Nantucket, 
Massachusetts,  have  been  successfully  covered  with  forests  of  this  tree.^  In  recent  years  it  has  been 
tried  in  forest-planting  in  Germany,  where,  however,  it  gives  little  promise  of  surpassing  the  indigenous 
species  in  any  useful  quality." 


1  "  The  Firre  and  Pine  trees  that  grow  in  many  places,  shooting 
up  exceeding  high,  especially  the  Pine  :  they  doe  afford  good 
masts,  good  board,  Kozin  and  Turpentine.  Out  of  these  Pines  is 
gotten  the  oandle-woo<l  that  is  so  much  spoken  of,  which  may  serve 
for  a  shift  amongst  poore  fulkes  ;  but  I  cannot  commend  it  for  sin- 
gular gooil,  because  it  is  something  sluttish,  dropping  a  pltchie 
kiude  of  substance  whore  it  stands."  (Wood,  New  England's  Pros- 
pect, pt.  i.  chap.  ii.  IQ.) 

The  Pines  alluded  to  here  are  probably  both  Pinui  Strobus  and 
Pinm  rigida,  the  former  supplying  the  masts  and  boards,  and  the 
Utter  resin,  turpentine,  and  kindling-wood. 

At  the  first  meeting  of  a  company,  held  in  Plymouth,  Massachu- 
setts, on  the  10th  of  March,  1679,  which  bad  recently  acquired 
lands  on  Buzzard's  Bay,  where  Pinus  rigida  is  still  common,  it  was 
agreed  that  those  who  "  first  settell  and  are  Livers  shall  be  allowed 
to  make  ten  Barrells  of  tarr  a  price  for  a  year."  (See  Bliss,  Colo- 
nial Times  on  Buzzard's  Bay,  5.) 

"The  Trade  in  Glocester-County  consists  chiefly  in  Pitch,  Tar, 
ami  liosin  ;  the  later  of  which  is  made  by  Robert  Styles,  an  excel- 
lent Artist  in  that  sort  of  Work,  for  he  delivers  it  as  clear  as  any 
Gum  Arabick."  (Rabriel  Thomas,  An  Historical  and  Geographical 
account  of  the  Province  and  County  of  Pennsytcania  and  of  West- 
New-Jersey  in  America  [TAe  History  of  West-Nem-Jersey,  32].) 


'  Pinus  foliit  longissimis  ex  una  theca  temis,  Golden,  Act.  Horl. 
Ups.  1743,  230  (PI.  Novebor.). 

Pinus  Canadensis  Iri/olia  conis  aculeatis,  Dnhamel,  Traile  des 
Arhres,  ii.  120  (excl.  syn.  Fl.  Virgin.). 

Pinus  A  mericana  foliis  pralongis  subinde  temis,  conis  plurimis  con- 
fertim  nascentibus,  Duhamel,  Traite  dcs  Arbres,  ii.  120. 

•  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  iv.  2239,  f.  2123-2126. 

♦  Bowditch,  Pep.  Sec.  Connecticut  Stale  Board  Agric.  1877-78, 
235.  —  Garden  and  Forest,  iv.  442. 

The  trees  in  these  plantations,  raised  from  seeds  sown  in  shallow 
furrows  on  barren  land  covered  only  with  grasses  and  sedges  and 
fully  exposed  to  ocean  gales,  and  in  the  aggregate  covering  several 
thousand  acres,  represent  one  of  the  ost  interesting  and  success- 
ful silvicultural  experiments  made  in  the  United  States,  although 
the  trees  have  suffered  from  the  attacks  of  the  larvae  uf  Belinia 
frustrana,  a  small  lepidopterous  insect  which  has  nearly  extermi- 
nated those  planted  many  years  ago  on  Nantucket  (Seudder,  The 
Piw  Molh  of  Nantucket). 

K   Uartig,  Forst.-Nat.  Zeil.  i.  430. 

I:  .eceut  years  great  quantities  of  the  seeds  of  Pinus  rigida  have 
been  imported  into  Europe  for  forest-planting  in  the  belief  that  it 
was  this  tree  which  produced  the  pitch  pine  largely  exported  from 
the  United  States  and  the  wood  of  Pinus  palustris. 


I  , 


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11  w. 


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EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 


Plate  DLXXIX.    Pinus  biqida. 

1.  A  branch  with  staiuinate  flowers,  natural  size. 

2.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  staniinnte  flower. 

3.  An  involucre  of  a  staniinate  flower,  enlarged. 

4.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 

5.  A  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  size. 

6.  A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  side,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 

8.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  its  bract,  enlarj^ed. 

9.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

10.  A  cone,  natural  size. 

11.  A  seed,  natural  size. 

12.  Portion  of  a  stump  shoot  with  primordial  leaves,  natural  size. 

13.  Cross  section  of  a  primordial  leaf,  enlarged. 

14.  A  cluster  of  foliage  leaves,  natural  size. 

15.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

16.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf  magnified  fifteen  diameters. 

17.  Winter  branch-buds,  natural  8i2.e. 

18.  A  see<'i!ing  plant,  natural  size. 


i 


, 


Silvi 


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"V, 


fcrf**  I*'  /  r.iH\VL  ,/W- 


4 


A  Hwcr^i.i    Jirt\r 


PINUS    RIGIDA,  Mi 


"»>fciii  nil  i,^m  Jm' 


•i-Htl,ti    jr> 


t^ur  /'..-rfv 


ill 


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KXI^i  ^N'ATfON    dV    I  UK    I'l.AlK 

Pme:  ULXXIX      PiNii.  niui).*. 

1.  \  ttranoh  u>tb  i>taiaiu»ie  liiiwarii,  iittUU'iil  «i(« 

2.  l>i«);ram  of  lh«  invluure  at  III*  nUiuiimu  tUiwaf 

3.  An  inroluarc  of  a  ti^inioaU-  ilovnt,  viilargwl. 

.-((Ufti  MM, 


14.  A  il'i.ftor  of  ('>li»jj*  1". 

Ji»  ^  t  >*■«  !i«!t<lra[)  of  It  l#h!  T.i..'.'  >i'*'u  *ti'- 

17.  WiiiUr  l-rancli-buds,  nalmul  ni/«. 

15.  A  sefttlliiig  pUuit.  natiu'ol  aiK. 


fi 


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Silva  of  North  America 


--rfftP" 


Tab,  DLXXIX. 


/'//  Fuj-cn  lief 


Muf. 


ne<iua>   .TO 


PINUS   RIGIDA.Mill 


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COMIFKItB. 


8ILVA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


PINUS  SEROTINA. 


Pond  Fine.    Marah  Pine. 


119 


Leaves  mostly  in  S-leaved  clusters,  slender,  dark  yellow-green,  from  6  to  8  inches 
in  length.  Cones  subglobose  or  obovate-oblong,  from  2  to  2^  inches  long,  serotinous, 
thbir  scales  armed  with  slender  incurved  deciduous  prickles. 


Pinua  serotina,  Michauz,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii.  206  (1803).  — 
Willdenow,  Spec.  iv.  pt  i.  499.  —  Penoon,  Syn.  ii.  578.  — 
Du  Mont  de  Counet,  Bot.  Cult.  ed.  2,  vi.  461.  —  Micbauz, 
f.  Hitt.  Art.  Am.  i.  86,  t.  7.  —  Nouveau  Duhamel,  v. 
246,  t.  75,  t.  1.  —  Purah,  M  Am.  Sept.  ii.  643.  —  Poiret, 
Lamarck  Diet.  Snppl.  iv.  417.  —  Nuttall,  Oen.  ii.  223.  — 
D.  Don,  Lambert  Finns,  iii.  t.  —  Elliott,  Sk.  ii.  634.  — 
Sprengel,  Syit.  iii.  8K7.  —  Lawson  &  Son,  Agric.  Man, 

353 ;   Li»t  No.  10,  AbieHneip,  34 Forljea,  Finetum 

Wolmm.  47,  t.  16.  — Antoine,  Conif.  27,  t.  8,  f.  2.— 
Link,  Linneea,  xv.  504.  —  Spach,  Hitt.  Vtg.  xi.  389.  — 
Gilioal,  Arh.  Ria.  32.  —  Endlicher,  Sijn.  Conif.  163.  — 
Lindley  &  Gordon,  Jour.  Hort.  Sac.  Land.  y.  217. — 
Dietrich,  Syn.  v.  399.  —  Carriire,  Traiti  Conif.  341.  — 
Gordon,  Finetum,  209.  —  Courtin,  Fam.  Conif.  80.  — 
Chapman,  Fl.  433.  —  Cartii,  Rep.  Oeolog.  Surv.  N.  Car. 


1860,  iii.  21.  — Henkel  &  Hochitottor,  Syn.  Nadelh. 

70.  —  (Nelwn)    Senilia,    Finaeeat,    129.  —  SdnMauze, 

Contf.  129.  —  Parlatore,  Ve  Candolle  Prodr.  xvi.  pt  ii. 

394 —  K.  Koch,  Dendr.  ii.  pt.  ii.  305 Sargent,  Foreit 

Trees  N.  Am.  10th  Census  U.  S.  ix.  198.  —  Mayr,  WaW. 

Nordam.  116,  t,  8,  f.  —  Maatera,  Jour.  R.  Hart.  Soe.  xiv. 

239.  —  Hanaen,  Jour.  R.  Hort.  Soc.  xiy.  392  (Finetum 

Danicum). 
?  Pinua  Tceda,  8  alopeouroidea,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii. 

368  (1789).  —  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  iv.  2237. 
?  Pinus  alopeouroidea,  Da  Mont  de  Courset,  Bot.  Cult.  iii. 

763  (1802). 
Pinua  rigida,  var.  aerotina,  LorJon,  Arb.  Brit.  iv.  2242, 

f.  2127-2130  (1838).  — Hoopea,  Evergreens,  120.  —En. 

gelmann.   Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv.  183.  —  Beiaaner, 

Handb.  Nndelh.  269. 


A  tree,  usually  forty  or  fifty  or  occasionally  seventy  or  eighty  feet  in  height,  with  a  short  trunk 
sometimes  three  hut  generally  not  more  than  two  feet  in  diameter,  and  stout  often  contorted  branches 
more  or  less  pendulous  at  the  extremities,  forming  an  open  round-topped  head,  and  when  injured  by 
fire  often  producing  from  adventitious  buds  on  the  stem  and  branches  numerous  vigorous  shoots,  which 
are  also  developed  from  the  stumps  of  cut  trees.'  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  from  one  half  to  three 
quarters  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  is  dark  red-brown  and  irregularly  divided  by  narrow  shallow 
fissures  into  small  plates  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  The  winter 
branch-buds  are  broadly  ovate,  gradually  tapering  and  acute  at  the  apex,  from  one  third  to  one  half  of 
an  inch  long,  and  covered  by  ovate  acute  scales  pale  chestnut-brown  below,  darker  above  the  middle, 
and  fimbriate  on  the  margins,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  being  lanceolate,  long-pointed  and  reflexed  on 
the  lengthening  shoot,  from  which  they  soon  fall,  leaving  their  thickened  dark  bases  to  roughen  for 
many  years  the  slender  glabrous  branches ;  these  when  they  first  appear  are  dark  green,  and  during 
their  first  winter  are  dark  dull  orange-color ;  then  gradually  growing  darker,  they  become  at  the  end 
of  four  or  five  years  dark  brown  or  often  nearly  black.  The  leaves  are  borne  in  clusters  of  three,  or 
occasionally  of  four  on  vigorous  young  shoots,  with  sheaths  which  .at  first  are  thin,  white  and  scarious, 
or  pale  chestnut-brown  below,  and  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  nearly  an  inch  in  length,  but  after 
losing  their  inner  scales  become  thick,  firm,  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  and  nearly  black,  falling 
with  the  leaves  during  their  third  and  fourth  years ;  the  leaves  are  flexuous,  serrulate  with  minute  close 
tcoth,  acuminate  with  callous  tips,  stomatiferous  with  many  rows  of  deep-set  stomata  op.  the  three 
faces,  dark  yellow-green,  from  six  to  eight  inches  long  and  about  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  wide ;  they 
contain  two  fibro-vascular  bundles,  from  five  tc  seven  resin  ducts  unequal  in  size,  some  of  them  being 
often  internal,  and  strengthening  cells  in  bundles  or  in  a  single  layer  under  the  epidermis  and  in 
clusters  at  the  angles  of  the  leaf.^     The  staminate  flowers  are  produced  in  crowded  spikes  from  two 

'  Femow,  Garden  and  Foreit,  x.  209.  ■  Coulter  &  Roae,  Bol.  Gazette,  xi.  307. 


; 


|.,  5 


ill 


i 


120 


^ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMEBIC  A. 


cotannm. 


to  t\/o  and  a  half  inches  in  length  and  are  obloug,  cylindrical,  and  nearly  an  inch  long,  with  dark 
orange-volored  anthers  termbating  iu  orbicular  denticulate  crests,  at:d  arp  surrounded  by  from  six  to 
eiglit  involucral  bracts.  The  pistillate  flowers  are  lateral,  clustered  or  in  pairs  on  stout  pedunciea 
three  eighths  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  covered  ly  broadly  ovate  acute  dark  cnestnut-brown  bracts 
sciirious  and  lacerate  on  the  margins,  especially  these  of  t'.e  inner  ranks,  and  are  ovute-oblong,  with 
scales  gradually  narrowed  into  slender  incurved  tipe.  The  young  conea  are  horizontal  during  their  first 
winter,  and  from  one  half  to  five  eighths  of  an  inch  long,  w-'^h  thickened  light  brown  scales  armed  with 
stout  incur >ed  spines;  when  fully  grown  they  ave  subglobose  or  obovate-oblon^,  full  and  rounded  or 
pointed  at  the  apex,  bright  green-  from  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  horizontal  or  slighily 
declinate,  and  subsessile  or  short-stalked,  with  thin  ne°.!"  flat  scales  rounded  at  the  aprx,  their  ervcsed 
portions,  which  are  conspicuously  transversely  kei.ed  .^nd  slightly  thickened,  terminating  in  small 
oblong  dark  umbos  armed  with  slender  incurved  mostly  deciduous  prickles;  thoy  turn  light  yellow- 
brown  and  remain  closed  until  the  end  of  one  or  two  yearc  more,  and  then  remain  on  the  branches  for 
seveial  years  longer.  The  seeds  are  ntarly  triangular,  often  ridged  below,  full  and  rounded  on  th; 
sides,  and  ubout  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  thin  nearly  black  tuberculate  coat  produced  into  a 
wide  marginal  border,  and  an  embryo  with  from  four  to  six  cotyledons;  their  wings  are  thin  and  fragile, 
dark  brown,  striate  and  lustrous,  V  -oadest  at  the  middle,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  ends,  three  quarters 
of  an  inch  long  and  one  quartet     .  an  inch  wide. 

Finns  xerotiita  is  distributed  from  North  Carolina  southward  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  to 
the  shores  of  the  St.  John's  River  in  northern  Florida,  growing  on  low  flats  with  Pinus  palustria,  or 
in  sandy  or  peaty  swamps,  where,  associated  with  Magnolias,  Bays,  and  Gum-trees,  it  is  the  only  Pine 
of  large  areas,  oi  is  mingled  with  Pimtn  Tada. 

The  wood  of  Pinus  serotina  is  very  resinous,  heavy,  soft,  brittle,  and  coarse-grained ;  it  is  dark 
orange-color,  with  thick  pale  yellow  sapwooa,  and  contains  broad  bands  of  small  summer  cells,  often 
constituting  nearly  one  half  the  annual  growth,  large  conspicuous  dark-colored  resin  passages,  and 
numerous  obscure  medullary  lays.  The  iipecific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.7942,  a  cubic 
foot  weighing  49.49  pounds.  It  is  said  m  furnish  now  a  considerable  part  of  the  lumber  cut  on  the 
coast  of  North  Carolina,  t/here  this  tree  is  alfio  tapped  for  the  production  of  turpentine,'  and  formerly 
was  used  for  the  mast^  of  small  vessels.' 


Feniow,  Garden  and  Foral,  x.  209. 


'  KutBn,  Ru»teW$  Magazine,  ir.  144. 


CONIFERJI. 


long,  with  dark 
by  from  six  to 
ittout  peduncieB 
ut-brown  bracts 
iite-oblung,  with 
luring  their  first 
tales  armed  with 
and  rounded  or 
nta!  or  slightly 
'X,  their  exvosed 
iiating  in  small 
rn  light  yellow- 
the  branches  for 
rounded  on  th  i 
produced  into  a 
thin  and  fragile, 
Is,  three  quarters 

1  of  the  coast  to 
jM«  paluBtria,  or 
is  the  only  Pine 

lined;  it  is  dark 
nmer  cells,  often 
iin  passages,  and 
B  0.7942,  a  cubic 
amber  cut  on  the 
oe,*  and  formerly 

ir.  144. 


ill  ! 


I 


I( 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE   PLATE. 


Plati  DLXXX.     Pinui  ibbotina. 

1.  An  and  of  a  branch  with  lUiniiiate  tfowcn,  natural  aiie. 

2.  An  involucre  of  a  itaminate  flower,  enlarged. 

3.  Dingnm  of  the  involusre  of  the  itaminate  flower. 

4.  An  anther,  aide  view,  enlarged. 

6.  An  end  of  a  branch  witli  piitillate  flowera,  natural  iIm. 

6.  A  piatillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  A  Hcale  of  a  piatillate  flower,  under  aide,  with  iti  bract,  enlarged. 

8.  A  scale  of  a  piatillate  flower,  upper  aide,  with  it«  ovulea,  enlarged. 

9.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  aize. 

10.  A  eone^cale,  lower  aide,  natural  alte. 

11.  A  aeed,  with  iti  wing,  natural  aixa. 

12.  Vertical  aeetion  of  a  aee<l,  enlarged. 

13.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

14.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

16.  Croia  aeetion  of  a  leaf,  magnifie<l  flfteen  diameters. 


^,1..,   ,r  Vnrth   Awtr^i 


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Inif^  .  ^  Tiintiir,  I'ttris. 


♦ 


I 


(*■. 


^;x^I.ANATU)^  or  thk  pi.atk 

I  An  (!n<l   >f  •  Itnuich  with  •taiAit.air  tl» '"t*.  n«lura)  •)•». 

2,  An  invalurr*  <••  «  utMniluiix  flovf.  »  >'Vy«l 

8.  DUyrMa  »f  tint  iuTiil^cr.'  irf  tk*  him  ui>*t«  rit>«>r. 

i  Ap  aiitKor.  kuJ*  vUw.  •hl«?«*4 


,    ii«M  MHira  iti— ««■>» 


Silvt  of  North  America 


r  xy.,x,-n.M 


PIN  US     SEROTINA,  Michx 


fitmt-ttf 


A  /}'{i'irii4.r  i/u-i'.r  ' 


Imp..  '  I'ufitHif:  /\irt.r 


1     H 


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CONIFERS. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


123 


PINUS  VIRQINIANA. 
Jersey  Pine.    Scrub  Pine. 

Leaves  in  2-leaved  clusters,  stout,  gray-green,  from  1^  to  3  inches  in  length. 
Cones  oblong-conical,  often  more  or  less  curved,  from  2  to  3  inches  long,  their  scales 
armed  with  slender  straight  or  recurved  prickles. 


PinuB  Virginiana,  Miller,  Diet.  ed.  8,  No.  9  (1768).— 
Du  Eoi,  Obs.  Bot.  43  ;  Harbk.  Baumx.  ii.  35.  —  Mueuch- 
hausen,  Hausv.  v.  218.  —  Marshall,  Arbust,  Am.  102. — 
Burgsdorf,  Anleit,  pt.  ii.  161.  —  Wangenheim,  Nardam. 

Holz.  74.  —  Poiret,  Lamarck  Diet.  v.  339 K.  Koch, 

Dendr.  ii.  pt.  ii.  299.  — Britten  &  Brown,  lU.  Fl.  i.  52, 
f.  115. 

Pinna  inopB,  Aiton,  Bort.  Kew.  iii.  367  (1789).— Willde- 
now,  Berl.  Bauvix.  208 ;  Spec.  iv.  pt.  i.  496 ;  Enum. 
988.  —  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii.  204.  —  Lambert,  Pinua, 
i.  18,  t.  13.  —  Persoon,  Syn.  ii.  578.  —  Du  Mont  de  Cour- 
«et,  Bot.  Cult.  ed.  2,  vi.  459.  —  Micliaux  f.  Hist.  Arb. 
Am.  i.  58,  t.  4.  —  Nmweau  Zhihamel,  v.  236,  t.  69,  i. 

1.  —  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii.  641 Nuttall,  Gen.  ii. 

223.  —  Hayne,  Dendr.  Fl.  173.  —  Elliott,  Sk.  ii.  633.  — 
Sprengel,  Sytt.  iii.  886.  —  Lawson  &  Son,  Agric.  Man. 
3'16j  List  No.  10,  Abietinece,  36. — Audubon,  Birds,  t 
97.  —  Forbes,  PinetuM  Woburn.  15,  t  4.  —  Hooker,  Fl. 
Bar.-Am.  ii.  161  (in  part).  —  Antoine,  Conif.  17,  t.  5, 
f.  3.  —  Link,  Linnwa,  xv.  500.  —  Spacb,  Hist.  Vig.  xi. 
386.  — Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  167.  —  Kniglit, Syn.  Conif. 


26.  —  Lindley  &  Gordon,  Jo^ir.  Hort.  Soc.  Land.  v. 
217.  —  Dietrich,  Syn.  v.  399.  —  Carribre,  Traiti  Conif. 
360.  —  Darlington,  Fl.    Cestr.    ed.   3,   290.  rdon, 

Finetum,  167.  —  Courtin,  Syn.  Conif.  83.  -  lan, 

F2.  433. —  Curtis,  Bep.  Geolog.  Siirv.  N.  (  1860, 
iu.  20.  —  Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Si/n.  Nadelh.  22.  — 
(Nelson)  Senilis,  Pinacece,  113.  —  Hoopes,  Evergreens, 

84 Sdndclauze,  Conif.  136.  —  Parlatore,  De  CandoUe 

Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  380  (exd.  syn.  Pinus  variabilis).  — 
Nordlinger,  Forstbot.  397.  — Veitch,  Man.  Conif  158.— 
Sargent,  Forest  Trees  N.  Am.  lOth  Census  U.  S.  ix. 
198.  —  Lauche,  Deutsche  Dendr.  ed.  2,  108.  —  SchUbeler, 
Virid.  Norveg.  i.  390.  —  Willkomm,  Forst.  Fl.  242.  — 
Watson  &  Coulter,  Gray's  Man.  ed.  6,  491.  —  Mayr, 
Wuld.  Nordam.  191,  t.  8,  f .  —  Beissner,  Handb.  Nadelh. 
215.  —  Masters,  Jour.  It.  Hort.  Soc.  xiv.  230.  —  Hansen, 
Jour.  R.  Hort.  Soc.  xiv.  363  {Pinetum  Danicum).  — 
Eoehne,  Deutsche  Dendr.  36. 
Pinus  sylvestria,  y  Novo-Ceesariensis,  Castiglioni,  Viag. 
negli  Stati  Uniti,  ii.  313  (1790). 


A  tree,  usually  thirty  or  forty  feet  in  height,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  more  than  eighteen  inches 
in  diameter  and  long  horizontal  or  pendulous  branches  in  remote  whorls,  forming  a  broad  open  often 
flat-topped  pyramid,  or  toward  the  western  limits  of  its  range  frequently  one  hundred  and  ten  feet 
tall,  with  a  stem  from  two  and  a  half  to  three  feet  in  diameter.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  from  one 
quarter  to  one  half  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  is  broken  by  shallow  fissures  into  flat  scale-like  plates 
separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  closely  appressed  dark  brown  scales  tinged  with  red.  The  winter 
branch-buds  are  ovate,  acute,  and  from  one  third  to  one  half  of  an  inch  in  length,  with  ovate  acute 
dark  chestnut-brown  scales  scarious  on  the  margins  and  soon  refiexed  on  the  growing  shoots,  from 
which  they  fall  during  the  summer,  leaving  their  slightly  thickened  bases  to  mark  for  several  years  the 
branches.  Thar-e  itre  slender,  glabrous,  tough  and  flexible,  and  when  they  first  appear  are  pale  green 
or  green  tinged  with  purple  and  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  becoming  purplish  at  the  end  of  their 
first  season.,  and  a  year  later  light  gray-brown.  The  leaves  are  borne  in  two-leaved  remote  clusters,  with 
sheaths  which  at  first  are  thin,  close  and  scarious,  and  about  a  third  of  an  inch  long,  becoming  before 
the  end  of  the  first  season  thick,  dark  brown,  and  not  more  than  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long,  with 
loose  fringed  margins ;  the  leaves  are  twisted,  soft  and  flexible,  fragrant  with  a  balsamic  odor,  closely 
serrulate,  acute  witli  hort  callous  points,  lustrou.s,  pale  yellow-green  when  they  first  emerge  from  the 
buds,  but  dark  gray-green  during  their  first  summer,  stomatiferous  with  many  rows  of  minute  stomata, 
from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  three  inches  but  itsually  about  two  inches  in  length  and  a  twelfth  of  an 
inch  in  breadth ;  they  contain  two  fibro-vascular  bundles,  usually  two  resin  ducts,  and  strengthening 


il 


1 


'\ 


m 


M  i 


; 


I.    VI 


Ii 


!  i     » 


124 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIFEItA:. 


cells  in  one  or  two  layers  under  the  epidermis,'  and  fall  gradually  and  irregularly  dnring  their  third 
and  fourth  years.  The  staminate  flowers  are  produced  in  crowded  clusters,  and  are  oblong  and  about 
one  third  of  an  inch  in  length,  with  orange-brown  anthers  terminating  in  semiorbicular  fimbriate  crests, 
and  are  surrounded  by  eight  involucral  bracts.  The  pistillate  flowers  are  produced  near  the  middle  of 
the  shoot  of  the  year,  generally  a  little  below  and  alternate  with  one  or  two  lateral  branchlets,  and  are 
borne  on  long  opposite  spreading  or  somewhat  ascending  peduncles  covered  by  ohestnut-brown  bracts, 
those  of  the  inner  ranks  being  scarious  on  the  margins  and  much  reflexed ;  they  are  subglobose,  with 
ovate  pale  green  scales  narrowed  into  long  slender  sUghtly  recurved  tipn  tinged  with  rose-color,  and 
with  large  orbicular  bracts.  The  cones  during  their  first  winter  are  oblong,  dark  red-brown,  and  from 
one  half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  when  fully  grown  are  oblong-conical,  often 
curved,  dark  green  and  lustrous,  with  the  exception  of  the  bright  red-brown  umbos  and  prickles,  and 
from  two  to  three  inches  but  usually  about  two  inches  and  a  half  long  and  from  an  inch  to  an  inch 
and  a  quarter  thick,  with  thin  nejtily  flat  scales  rounded  at  the  apex,  their  exposed  portions  being 
only  slightly  thickened  and  conspicuously  transversely  keeled,  with  small  dark  elevated  umbos  armed 
with  stout  or  slender  persistent  prickles ;  opening  in  the  autumn,  the  cones  slowly  shed  their  seeds, 
and,  turning  dark  reddish  brown  on  the  exposed  portions  and  dull  red  on  the  others,  often  remain  on 
the  branches  for  three  or  four  years  longer.  The  seeds  are  nearly  oval,  full  and  rounded,  slightly 
ridged,  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length,  with  a  thin  pale  brown  rugose  coat  and  an  embryo  usually 
with  five  cotyledons ;  their  wings  are  broadest  at  the  middle,  dark  chestnut-brown,  lustrous,  striate,  one 
third  of  an  inch  long  and  about  one  eighth  of  an  inch  wide. 

Pinus  Virginiana  is  distributed  from  Middle  Island,  Long  Island,  and  Clifton,  Staten  Island, 
New  York,  southward  generally  near  the  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Savannah  River  in  central  Georgia 
and  to  northeastern  Alabama,'  and  through  eastern  and  middle  Tennessee  and  Kentucky '  to  south- 
eastern Indiana.*  Usually  smaU  in  the  Atlantic  states,  where  it  grows  only  on  light  sandy  soil  and, 
especially  in  Maryland  and  Virginia,  spreads  rapidly  over  fields  exhausted  by  agriculture,  it  attains  its 
greatest  size  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  frequently  rising  on  the  low  hills  or  knobs  of  southern 
Indiana  to  the  height  of  over  one  hundred  feet. 

The  wood  of  Pimis  Viryiniana  is  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  and  durable  in 
contact  with  the  soil ;  it  is  light  orange-color,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contains  broad 
conspicuous  resinous  bands  of  small  summer  cells,  few  resin  passages,  and  many  thin  medullary  rays. 
The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.5309,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  33.09  pounds.  In  the 
country  wp.tered  by  the  lower  Potomac  and  James  Rivers  it  is  generally  employed  for  fuel,°  and  in 
Kentucky  and  Indiana  it  is  sometimes  manufactured  into  lumber  and  is  also  largely  used  for  water-pipes 
and  pump-logs ;  in  Indiana  tar  was  formerly  obtained  by  burning  the  wood  of  this  tree. 

The  earliest  account  of  Phms  Virgimana  °  was  published  by  Plukenet  in  1696 ; '  and  in  1739  it 
was  cultivated  by  Philip  Miller"  in  the  Physic  Garden  in  Chelsea  near  London."  It  is  hardy  and 
ripens  its  seeds  in  eastern  Massachusetts,  but  as  an  ornamental  tree  Pinus  Virginiana  has  nothing  to 
recommend  it,  its  chief  value  consisting  in  its  ability  to  cover  rapidly  sterile  and  worn-out  soils  in  the 
middle  Atlantic  states. 


I  Coulter  &  Rose,  ISot.  (iauUe,  xi.  308. 

'  In  July,  1881,  Pinus  Virginiana  was  found  by  Dr.  Charles 
Mohr  on  rocky  heights  and  hillsides,  at  an  elevation  of  one  thoti- 
Hand  and  xixty-three  feet  aliove  the  sea,  near  Gadsden,  Etowah 
County,  Alabama. 

*  In  Tennessee  Pinui  Virginiana  ranges  west  to  the  valley  of 
the  TennesHce  River  in  Hardin  County,  and  occurs  on  the  elevated 
rolling  hills  of  Stewart  County  ;  and  in  Kentucky  it  is  common  in 
Boyle  and  Mercer,  Barren  and  Kdmonson  Counties,  in  tl:  "^  northern 
part  of  Christian  Cnunty,  and  on  Piney  Creek  in  Trigg  County. 

*  In  Indiana  Pinun  Virginiana  eitends  northward  to  the  Silver 
Hills  in  the  southwestern   part  of  Scott  County,  near  the  line  of 


Clarke  County  and  about  twenty-five  miles  north  of  the  Ohio  River, 
and  spreads  along  all  the  crests  of  the  knobs  almost  to  Vienna  in 
Scott  County. 

*  Ruffin,  RwrntWx  Afagtizinfi^  iv.  37. 

*  Pinuti  Virginiana  is  also  sometimes  called  Cedar  Pine  and 
Kiver  Pine.     (See  Ruftin,  /.  c.) 

'  Pinus  Virginiana  hini»  hrerioribun  A"  crassiorilnt,^  sttis,  minori 
rtno,  singulis  itfjuamarum  capitibus  aculeo  donatis,  Aim.  BtA.  297. — 
Ray,  Hist.  PI.  iii.  ;  Dmdr.  8. 

«  See  i.  ;i8. 

»  Loudon.  Arb.  lirit.  iv.  lilOi,  f.  2008-2071. 


CONIFERS. 

ing  their  third 
long  and  about 
imbriate  crests, 
,r  the  middle  of 
ichlets,  and  are 
it-brown  bracts, 
ubglobose,  with 

rose-color,  and 
rown,  and  from 
g-conical,  often 
id  prickles,  and 
inch  to  an  inch 

portions  being 
d  umbos  armed 
bed  their  seeds, 
often  remain  on 
ounded,  slightly 

embryo  usually 
rous,  striate,  one 

,  Staten  Island, 
central  Georgia 
;ucky'  to  aouth- 
t  sandy  soil  and, 
ure,  it  attains  its 
Dobs  of  southern 

and  durable  in 
1  contains  broad 

medullary  rays, 
pounds.  In  the 
for  fuel,'  and  in 
jd  for  water-pipes 
e. 

;'  and  in  1739  it 
It  is  hardy  and 
in  has  nothing  to 
rn-out  soils  in  the 


lorth  of  the  Ohio  River, 
obs  almost  to  Vienna  in 


!alled  Cedar  Pine   and 

ransiorilm.^  setit,   minori 
onalia,  Aim.  Bo(.  297. — 


71. 


I'm  I  8' 


i; 


il 


I    I      I 


'J  In 


„.>' 


r 


EXPLANATION  OF  THB   FJvATK, 


' 


Platb  DLXXXI.     Hinuh  VnwiMum*, 

1.  A  flowering  branch  with  sUmiuato  Huwar*,  uiMflti  limi 

2.  A  ataniinate  flower,  enlarged. 

3.  An  antlier,  enlarged. 

4.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  itaiuiuatit  ttu¥»tr, 

5.  An  end  of  a  branch  with  iiistillate  flowera,  tmUifd  rii»i 

6.  A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  lower  sUls,  witl*  iu  ^trHH,  imhfffed. 

8.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  side,  w)tl»  i(«  mnUm,  tmUtgiHi. 

9.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  si7«. 

10.  A  cone-scale,  lower  side,  with  it*  bract,  anUtgml, 

11.  A  seed,  enlarged. 

12.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

13.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

14.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

IC.  Cross  section  of  a  loaf,  magnified  fifteen  dliumi«r»i 

16.  Expanding  branch-buds,  natural  size. 

17.  A  seedling  plant,  natural  size. 


bilva  of  North  Am 


.v-J" 


I 


f 


;^ 


10  DLXXri 


^m 


r 


,  f 


M 


■4 


C.K.Faj-vn  !■/<•/ 


PINUS    VlRGINlANA.Mill, 


A-Riocrt-iLi-  direcr. 


Imf)  J  Tirw.ur  Purij. 


M 


li^i 


KXPl-AiVATIO!?   OK    IHE    PI  ATK. 


' 


Plaw  UI.XXXl      Tim;*  Vi!i.iimjna. 

1.  A  Huweriug  bisaeb  witli  aUinomUi  Hnweni,  nitunU  nii>, 

2.  A  .lUmiitiaU)  rtowor.  uulai'V';!. 
;i  An  aiitlier,  «iilai)j«ni. 

4    Lhl^flsua  of  the  iiiTolurn!  of  the  •taiuiitaU;  riuwcr. 

.'      • -■       •(  ..t  «  i.nuudi  Willi  I'Urtillf'-  •!  ■<••• r«    •    inrs'  '■■■ 


1 1     A  iircniliiig  pluil.  i<»r.^»<  ^  «c 


m  I ; 


Silva  of  North  Amenci. 


Tab  DLXXXl. 


i 


■■: 


W 


'III 


(1 


f  K  FtLTon  (/-/ 


PINUS    VIRGINIANA.MiU. 


j^.BifcrfJU-  ihrifu- 


Imp  J  Taneur.  Paris. 


jLruJfimfi/y  xc. 


w 


^  1 

1: 

\^:- 

m 

\n 

*-■« 


r-  m 


i 

f 

K 

5 

-      E 

Itir 

1 

■il 

lUM 

L^ 

cumntas. 


SJLVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


127 


PINUB  OLAUBA. 

Sand  Pine.     Spruce  Pine. 

Leaves  in  2-leaved  clusters,  slender,  flexible,  dark  green,  from  2  to  3^  inches  in 
length.  Cones  ovoid-conical,  often  recurved,  serotinous,  persistent  for  many  years, 
their  scales  armed  with  short  stout  straight  or  recurved  i^pines. 


Pinua  olausa,  Sargent,  Farttt  Trett  N.  Am.  10th  Ceiitui 
U.  S.  ix.  199  (1884).  —  Mayr,  WiM.  Nardam,  116,  t.  8, 
f.  —  Sudworth,  OanUn  and  Forest,  v.  ICO,  f.  24.  —  Mat- 
ton,  Jour,  R.  Hart.  Soc.  xW.  227.  —  Hanien,  Jour.  B. 
Hort.  Soe.  xiv.  366  (Pinetum  Daniaum). 


Pinua  inops,  var.  olauaa,  Engelmann,  Bot.  Gaxetle,  ii.  126 
(1877) !  Tran:  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv.  18.3.  —  Cliapman,  Fl. 
ed.  2,  Suppl.  660.  —  Bsiuner,  HaruiO.  Nadelh.  216. 


I 


A  tree,  on  the  sandy  dunes  of  the  Florida  coast  usually  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  tall,  with  a  stem 
rarely  a  foot  in  diameter,  generally  clothed  to  the  ground  with  wide-spreading  slender  branches  which 
form  a  bushy  frequently  flat-topped  head,  or  sometimes  in  more  favorable  positions  rising  to  the  height 
of  seventy  or  eighty  feet,  with  a  trunk  two  feet  in  diameter.  The  bark  on  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk 
is  from  one  third  to  one  half  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  is  deeply  divided  by  narrow  fissures  into 
irregularly  shaped  but  generally  oblong  plates  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  closely  appressed 
bright  red-brown  scales,  and  on  the  upper  part  and  on  the  branches  it  is  thin,  smooth,  and  ashy  g;ray. 
The  winter  branch-buds  are  oblong-cylindrical  and  rather  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  full  and  rounded 
apex,  rarely  more  than  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  and  covered  by  dark  chestnut-brown  lustrous  scales 
clothed  on  the  margins  with  pale  matted  hairs,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  soon  becoming  reflexed  and 
separating  from  their  bases,  which  continue  for  three  or  four  years  to  mark  the  branches.  These  are 
slender,  tough,  and  flexible,  and  ^re  glabrous  and  pale  yellow-green  when  they  first  appear,  and  rather 
bright  red-brown  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  light  orange-brown  during  their  second  year,  and 
then  gradually  turning  ashy  gray.  The  leaves  are  borne  in  clusters  of  two,  with  sheaths  which  at  first 
are  loose,  light  chestnut-brown,  and  from  an  eighth  to  nearly  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  leng;th,  but  before 
the  end  of  the  first  season  become  thick  and  dark  brown,  with  loose  scarious  margins,  and  less  than  an 
eighth  of  an  inch  long ;  they  fall  with  the  leaves  during  their  third  and  fourth  years ;  the  leaves  are 
flexible,  serrulate,  acute  with  short  callous  tips,  stomatiferous  with  from  ten  to  twenty  rows  of  stomata, 
dark  green,  from  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  and  generally  not  more  than  one  thirty-second  but 
occasiondly  one  twenty-fourth  of  an  inch  wide ;  they  contain  two  fibro-vascular  bundles,  and  usually 
two  resin  ducts,  one  of  which  is  frequently  internal,  and  which  are  without  strengthening  cells,  although 
these  are  occasionally  scattered  in  the  epidermal  region.'  The  staminate  flowers  are  produced  in  short 
crowded  spikes,  and  are  cylindrical,  about  a  third  of  an  inch  long  and  an  eighth  of  an  inch  thick,  with 
dark  orange-colored  anthers  terminating  in  orbicular  nearly  entire  or  denticulate  crests,  and  are 
surrounded  by  involucres  of  tan  or  eleven  bracts.  Tlie  pistillate  flowers  are  lateral,  from  subglobose  to 
oblong,  with  ovate  acute  scales  gradually  narrowed  into  long  slender  straight  slightly  spreading  tips, 
and  are  raised  on  stout  peduncles  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  leng;th  and  covered  by  dark  chestnut- 
brown  lustrous  bracts  scarious  on  the  margins.  During  their  first  winter  the  cones  are  horizontal  on 
stout  peduncles,  and  are  about  half  an  inch  long  with  sharp  incurved  spines,  and  when  fully  grown  in 
the  following  autumn  they  are  ovoid-conical,  often  oblique  at  the  base,  usually  clustered  and  reflexed, 
dark  green  with  the  exception  of  the  dark  red-brown  umbos  and  spines,  from  two  to  three  and  a  half 

'  Coulter  &  Rose,  Bot.  Gatttle,  xi.  308. 


' 


I 

i 


I  ^'11 


if 


SILFA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONirBRA. 


k 


inches  lotif;,  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  quarter  wide,  and  nearly  aeMile  or  ahort^talked,  with  concave 
scales  rounded  at  the  apex,  their  exjioited  portions  being  conspicuously  transversely  keeled  and  thickened 
into  central  knobs  terminating  in  elevated  transversely  flattened  umlras  armed  with  short  stout  straight 
or  recurved  Hpines  which  mostly  disappear  before  the  cones  open  ;  turning  dark  reddish  brown,  some  of 
the  cones  open  as  soon  as  they  are  ripe,  some  remain  closed  for  three  or  four  years  before  liberating 
their  seeds,  ultimately  turning  to  an  ashy  gray  color,  and  others,  while  still  uno|)ened,  become  in  time 
enveloped  by  the  growing  tissues  of  the  trunk  or  brunches,  which  finally  cover  them  unless  fire  in 
killing  the  tree  opens  their  scales  and  scatters  their  seeds.  The  seeds  are  nearly  triangular,  compressed, 
and  about  a  cpiarter  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  black  sUghtly  tuberculate  coat  and  an  embryo  with  from 
four  to  six  cotyledons ;  their  wings  are  thin  and  fragile,  widest  near  or  below  the  middle,  dark  red- 
brown,  lustrous,  three  qiuirters  of  an  inch  long  and  about  one  quarter  of  an  inch  wide. 

PinuH  clauHii,  which  was  first  noticed  in  1840  near  Apalochicola,  Florida,'  by  Dr.  A.  W.  Chapman," 
is  distributed  along  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  from  southeastern  Alabama '  to  the  shores  of  Pease 
Creek,  Florida,  seldom  extending  thirty  miles  inland ;  and  in  east  Florida,  from  the  neighborhood  of  St. 
Augustine  to  Halifax  River,  it  occupies  a  narrow  belt  rarely  more  than  a  mile  wide  parallel  with  and 
not  far  from  the  coast,  and  ranges  southward  on  sandy  ridges  to  below  .Jupiter  Inlet,  where  it  covers 
sandy  wind-swept  plains.  On  the  Gulf  coast  it  is  common  on  the  sand  dunes  of  Pensacola  Bay,  on 
the  shores  of  Santa  Rosa  Sound  and  Choctawhatchee  Buy  and  on  Cedar  Keys,  and  flourishes  on  pure 
white  drifting  sands,  although  it  is  rarely  more  than  twenty  feet  high,  and  bent  low  in  the  direction  of 
the  prevailing  winds  is  often  nearly  prostrate ;  farther  inland,  on  the  dry  ridges  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Pensacola  and  on  uplands  of  better  quality,  where  it  grows  with  Magnolias,  Hickories,  Live  Oaks, 
and  Post  Oaks,  it  is  more  vigorous,  and  often  of  a  largo  size,  probably  attaining,  however,  its  greatest 
development  on  the  east  coast  near  the  head  of  Halifax  River,  where  trees  from  seventy  to  eighty  feet 
high,  with  trunks  two  feet  in  diameter,  are  abundant.* 

The  wood  of  Pintis  clausa  is  light,  soft,  not  strong,  and  brittle ;  it  is  light  orange-color  or  yellow, 
with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contains  broad  very  resinous  conspicuous  bands  of  small  summer 
cells,  numerous  prominent  resin  passages,  and  many  thin  medullary  rays.  The  specific  gravity  of  the 
absolutely  dry  wood  is  O.^^.'STG,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  34.7.')  pounds." 

The  stems  are  occasionally  used  for  the  masts  of  small  vessels.  The  chief  value  of  Pinus  clausa 
consists,  however,  in  its  abihty  to  grow  rapidly  on  the  barren  sands  of  the  hot  southern  coast,  and  this 
tree  will  probably  be  found  useful  if  it  ever  becomes  necessary  to  protect  their  shifting  surface  with  a 
forest-covering. 


>  The  Pinut  Abies  Virginiana,  ronit  pareia  fubrolundit,  or  the  balm 
of  Gilead  pine  which  Bernard  KomaiiB  »aw  on  the  coaat  of  West 
Florida  in  Uecember,  1771,  ia  perhaps  this  species,  (See  Nat. 
Hint.  F/onrfa,  317.) 

»  See  vii.  110. 

'  The  most  westerly  station  for  this  troo  noticed  hy  Dr.  Charles 
Mohr  is  between  Bon  Secour  and  Perdido  Bay  in  the  eitreme 
sontheutern  part  of  Baldwin  County,  Alabama. 


*  Hohr,  Garden  and  Foretl,  iii.  402. 

'  Piniu  elauta  grows  very  rapidly  even  in  pure  sand.  The  log 
specimen  in  the  Jesup  Collection  of  North  American  Woods  in  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  is  thirteen  inches 
and  a  half  in  diameter  inside  the  bark,  and  only  thirty-nine  years 
old,  its  8apwoo<l  boinf^  two  inches  and  one  eighth  in  thickness,  with 
sixteen  layers  of  annual  growth. 


''^ 


CONIVCBJB. 

ted,  with  concave 
ed  and  thickened 
ort  stout  straight 
h  brown,  some  of 
before  liberating 
I,  become  in  time 
em  unless  Are  in 
jTukr,  compressed, 
embryo  with  from 
middle,  dark  red- 

A.  W.  Chapman," 
lie  shores  of  Pease 
aighborhood  of  St. 
I  parallel  with  and 
et,  where  it  covers 
Pensacola  Bay,  on 
flourishes  on  pure 

in  the  direction  of 
le  neighborhood  of 
ikories,  Live  Oaks, 
Dwever,  its  greatest 
enty  to  eighty  feet 

iige-color  or  yellow, 
As  of  small  summer 
icific  gravity  of  the 

Lie  of  Pirns  clausa 
hern  coast,  and  this 
tting  surface  with  a 


It  t 


90  in  pure  sand.  The  log 
rth  American  Woods  in  the 
lew  York,  i«  thirteen  inches 
,  and  only  thirty-nine  years 
ne  eighth  in  thickness,  with 


li 


i 


KXPLANATION   OK  THK   PLATK. 


'U  ■  •   1 


Platb  ULXXXII.     I'inuh  (  i.auha. 

1.  A  branch  with  ■UiiiinstH  flowera,  natural  um. 

2.  A  •tuiniiiate  Hower,  enlargeil. 

9.  An  antliar,  front  vitw,  enlarged. 
4.  An  anther,  tide  view,  enlarged. 

6.  Diagram  u(  the  etaininatH  fluwer. 

tf.  A  brunch  with  piitillato  fluwem,  natural  aiie. 

7.  A  |iiillllat«  tlowcr,  enlarged. 

8.  A  ualn  of  a  piatillate  flower,  upper  aide,  with  ita  ovules,  enlarged. 

9.  A  iictili!  nf  a  pistilUte  Howrr,  lower  aide,  with  ite  bract,  enlarged. 

10.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  aire. 

11.  A  eiiiieHieale,  natural  aite. 

12.  A  rone-ncale.  upiier  aide,  with  itx  aecdii,  natural  aize. 
1.3.  Vertiral  aeetion  of  a  aced,  enlarged. 

14.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

15,  Section  of  an  imbedded  cone,  natural  aiu. 
10.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

17.  CruHK  neeticin  of  h  leiif,  mii);nifled  fifteen  diametera. 

18.  A  aeedling  plant,  natural  size. 


v 


N 


-<^^i 


AJtUurmtJ:  iiift\ri 


DI.XXXll 


\ 


"^l 


/ 


,/ 


,/ 


7  , 


.'  r.    ,  I 


^/ 


16 


Htrii*iif  St:. 


Imp.  J.  Tari^w,  PtifU. 


1  ( 


I  I   i  i 


'%  !' 


Pi-atb;  Dl  X.'iXlI.     Pisub  .lauiu. 

1.  A  lipancb  with  atainin.iU:  flowi>r«,  natural  ('170. 

2.  A  staitiirile  t!uw)>7,  uiil»r(;n1. 

'■'.  An  wither,  ipint  vie*.  vdIm^wI. 


iH 


15.  Sc«iiun  of  nil  huK-tld?*!  aunc  aAturnJ  M/v. 

10.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enUrged. 

1 7.  CruM  6t.>i'ti<ii)  of  u  li-u{,  niafnufieJ  fifteen  ilUmetei-a 

"18.  A  sticiUiiig  |)lnnt,  naturul  1117 


Silva  of  North   America. 


Tab.  DLXXXn. 


'i  j . ' 


1 1 


I    < 


i    :' 


*.  i. 


!■  ' 


/-'.£'. /ii.tim  dei . 


Hitfie<if  sc. 


PINUS   CLAUSA.Sarg. 


A.IUocrpu,r  liire^r. 


Imp.  J.  Tnfieur  Paris. 


% 


I      J 


i 


1 

If  T 

f  ^:^ 

y 

iiljL.M 

COMIFERiB. 


aiLVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


131 


PINUS  GLABRA. 
Spruce  Pine.    Oedar  Pine. 

Leaves  in  2-leaTed  clusters,  soft,  slender,  dark  greeu,  from  1^  to  3  inchow  in  lOngtli. 
Cones  subglobose  to  oblong-ovate,  from  \\  to  2  inches  long,  their  hcuI^jm  thiti,  ti])pod 
with  straight  or  incurved  short  often  deciduous  prickles. 


Pinus  glabra,  Walter,  Fl.  Car.  237  (1788).  — Poiret,  ia- 
marck  Did.  v.  342.  —  Chapman,  Fl.  433.  —  Hoopes, 
Evergreens,  82.  —  Engelmann,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 
iv.  184.  —  Sargent,  Forest  Trees  N.  Am.  10th  Census 
V.  S.  ix.  200.  —  Mohr,  Garden  and  Forest,  iii.  295 ; 


Bvll.  No.  13,  Div.  Forestry  U,  H,  Oept,  Ayflu,  IKfl  (fh» 
Timber  Pinea  of  the  Southern  U,  H,).  =  K»p,  Walil. 
Nordam.  117,  t.  8,  i.  -  ■  Ma«lar«,  Jonf,  H,  Uitrt,  Hur.  ai*. 
229. 
Pinus  mitis,  p  paupera,  Wood,  CI,  ffuoh,  mi  (\m). 


A  tree,  usually  from  eighty  to  one  hundred  or  occasionally  one  hundred  and  twenty  i^  \n  lieitfht, 
with  a  trunk  from  two  to  two  and  a  half  or  lurely  three  and  a  half  feet  in  diantetet',  Hiid  ftee  (it 
branches  for  fifty  or  sixty  feet,  comparatively  small  horizontal  limbs  divided  into  hmmhtm  unii  \itati(sh- 
lets  spreading  at  right  angles,  and  numerous  lateral  roots  extending  from  a  weak  iuit'toni  hit  nm.'ie 
distance  close  to  the  surface  before  they  penetrate  deep  into  the  soil.  The  barb  uC  t\m  trunk  in  from 
one  half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  thickness  and  slightly  and  irregularly  dividiid  by  ntmlttrw 
fissures  into  flat  connected  ridges,  and  is  broken  into  small  closely  appressad  lijy[lit  r^fklinh  brown 
scales.  The  winter  branch-buds  are  ovate,  acute,  about  one  quarter  of  an  inch  long  hhA  mm  fiikf<!(<rith 
of  an  inch  thick,  and  are  covered  with  ovate  lanceolate  dark  chestnut-brown  seahn  m\mtiitUiff  on  the 
margins  into  numerous  white  matted  shreds,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  mostly  diwtppmring  during  the 
first  winter  and  leaving  their  rather  prominent  somewhat  thickened  bases  to  roughen  the  hfAMihen  for 
several  years.  The  branchlete,  which  are  slender  and  glabrous,  when  they  first  appear  are  tla««id«  light 
red  more  or  less  tinged  with  purple,  and  during  their  first  winter  they  are  light  reddifih  bfuwn, 
and  then  gradually  grow  darker  and  are  often  furnished  with  short  lateral  leafy  hran(«lll«tA  ttinn 
adventitious  buds.  The  leaves  are  borne  in  clusters  of  two,  with  sheaths  wlwh  at  iitut  nte  light 
chestnut-brown  below,  scarious  above,  and  from  one  third  to  nearly  one  half  of  AH  intili  long;  but 
before  the  end  of  the  summer  become  close,  nearly  black,  and  about  an  eighth  of  an  indil  in  length, 
with  loose  ragged  margins,  and  are  persistent  with  the  leaves,  which  fall  partly  at  the  end  of  their 
second  season  and  partly  in  the  following  spring;  the  leaves  are  soft,  flexible,  ^rrulfite^  tteuminate 
with  long  sharp  callous  points,  dark  green,  and  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  three  ineiieti  long  Hud  Nearly 
one  sixteenth  of  an  inch  wide,  and  contain  two  fibro-vascular  bundles  and  usually  two  or  three  resin 
ducts,  one  being  often  internal,  and  strengthening  cells  scattered  under  the  ep)deru(ii«>'  The  stdtninnte 
flowers  are  produced  in  short  crowded  clusters  and  are  cylindrical,  from  one  half  to  three  (|Uftrter8  (;f 
an  inch  long  and  about  one  eighth  of  an  inch  thick,  with  yellow  anthers  ternunuting  in  ofbioular 
denticulate  crests,  and  are  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  ten  or  twelve  broets  nieutbranatjedUR  and 
lacerate  on  the  margins,  the  lowest  pair  being  much  smaller  than  the  others,  The  piHtillate  flowern  are 
lateral,  being  commonly  produced  at  some  distance  below  the  end  of  the  branohlet,  and  are  raised  on 
slender  slightly  ascending  peduncles  covered  by  dark  chestnut-brown  lustrous  braetti  w^ai  m  and  often 
torn  on  the  marg;ins ;  they  are  subglobose  and  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  lung,  with  i*r(mdly  ovate 
scales  gradually  narrowed  into  short  stout  tips,  and  elliptical  bracts.  The  cones  during  their  first 
winter  are  oblong,  erect  or  slightly  spreading,  not  often  more  than  one  third  of  ail  iliell  in  length*  and 

'  Coultpr  &  RoH.',  not.  Gazelle,  y.\.  TOS. 


'      !   I!. 


■i       i 


ja: 


r:i 


132 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMJCttlVA. 


CONIFERS. 


•  1;  i 


ditik  brown  and  lustrous,  their  scales  being  armed  with  slendur  straitfbt  or  incurved  spines ;  rhen  fully 
grown  in  the  autumn  v'^ey  are  single  or  in  clusters  of  two  or  of  i\\rtm,  rtttlMod  tm  short  stout  peduncles, 
from  subglobose  to  oblongHivate,  dark  green,  from  an  inch  au4  «  liMlf  Ut  two  inches  long  and  about 
three  quarters  of  an  inch  thick,  with  thin  sUghtly  concave  SL'tthw  fmmM  nt  the  apex,  their  exposed 
portions,  which  are  only  slightly  thickened  and  iucouspicuomtly  tritliNVersely  keeled,  terminating  in 
small  dark  flat  umbos  armed  with  minute  straight  or  incarvttd  uitiMlly  (l(«'idl<(nis  prickles ;  they  are 
reddish  brown  and  rather  lustrous,  and  dark  purple  on  the  up|H<r  nmIi*  i4  ilie  base  of  the  scales  whe  i 
they  open  and  shed  their  seeds  in  the  autumn,  and  remain  oh  i\ut  hfmvSum  fur  two  or  three  years 
longer.  The  seeds  are  nearly  triangular,  full  and  roundud  on  thtt  h'iiU^,  Mnnemhat  roughened  a.id 
ridged  below,  and  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  length,  witit  n  ihiit  dftrb  ((my  cont  mottled  with  black 
and  an  embryo  with  five  or  six  cotyledons ;  then-  wings  are  thill  (twl  frrt((il««,  broadest  below  the  middle, 
dark  brown  and  lustrous,  about  five  eighths  of  an  inch  long  uiiil  ti  i|Mfirt«tr  of  an  inch  wide.' 

Piniis  glabra  is  distributed  froui  the  valley  of  the  lower  Haiit««  Itivnr  in  Hotith  Carolina  to  middle 
and  northwestern  Florida  and  to  the  valley  of  Pearl  River  ill  m»tt<ru  fiOliisiAna,  being  usually  found 
only  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast,  where  it  grows,  singly  or  III  Miimil  I'liUmim,  on  low  terraces  wliich 
rise  above  rivei^swamps  subject  to  frequent  overflow,  and  wli«r0  it  iw  (U>mtmim\  with  Magnolias,  Gums, 
Hickories,  and  Beeches,  and  with  the  short-leaved  and  loblolly  I'iiiw,  flourishing  while  young  in  their 
dense  shade,  but  finally  pushing  its  stately  crown  into  the  light  n\»ivt>  itA  iiDMxiat^'t ;  it  is  comparatively 
rare  except  in  the  region  between  the  Chatahoochee  and  tlm  {ilm<Ui¥/UtiU;he«  ttivers  in  northwestern 
Florida,  where  it  piobably  attains  its  greatest  size  and  often  cov»r»  urmn  ttf  considerable  extent,  soon 
occupying  abandoned  clearings  in  the  forest. 

One  of  the  Lirgest  of  the  Pine-trees  of  eastern  North  Ai>w»ri<!tt,  /'iuun  yhiUrn  has  little  economic 
value,  although  it  is  occasionally  cut  for  fuel  and  the  sdw-iiiill,'  Tlip  wowl  in  light,  soft,  not  strong, 
brittle,  very  close-grained,  and  not  durable ;  it  is  light  brown,  with  iSiwV  (marly  white  sapwood,  and 
contains  broad  bands  of  small  summer  cells,  few  rp.ther  miiiilt  nm»  pftssHges,  and  many  obscure 
medullary  rays.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wimmI  i»  ^,\Mi\,  a  cubic  foot  weighing 
24.50  pounds. 

Pinus  glabra  appears  to  have  been  first  noticed  by  TlioiiMi*  Wflltw*  who  published  the  earliest 
description  of  it  in  1788.  Long  overlooked  by  later  botaiiist<*,  it  mi%  tioi  recognized  again  until  three 
quarters  of  a  century  later,  when  an  account  of  it  was  publiNli«d'  by  Mr.  JL  W.  Kavenel,^  who  found  it 
near  Walter's  original  locality. 


■  Pinus  glabra  begins  to  produce  flowers  and  seeds  at  the  age  of 
twelve  or  fifteen  years,  being  most  prolific  from  its  twentieth  to  its 
fortieth  year.  The  seeds  germinate  In  the  fall  or  at  the  beginning 
of  the  following  spring,  the  seedlings  being  often  six  inches  high 
early  in  April.  Trees  twenty  years  old  arc  Renerally  from  thirty 
to  thirty-five  feet  tall,  with  steins  from  four  to  four  and  a  half 
inches  in  diameter,  and  usually  attain  their  full  growth  at  the  age 
of  from  sixty  to  seventy-five  years  (Mohr,  Buil.  No.  13,  Div.  Fo.'eitry 
U.  S.  Depl.  Agric.  129  [The  Timber  Pina  of  the  Southern  U.  S.]). 

'  See  Mellichamp,  Garden  ami  Foreit,  ii.  15. 

•  I.ittle  is  known  of  Thomas  Walter,  the  author  of  the  Mora 
Caroliuiana,  publlshe<l  in  Ixindon  in  1788.  He  was  a  native  of 
Hampshire,  in  Kngland,  and  fur  many  years  a  resident  of  St.  John's 


Parish,  tiuulh  ('lifiilim,  wlM<f«  he  had  a  plantation  on  the  banks  of 
the  HnutBB  lUvH,  Hmi  ¥tliffi>  he  died  in  1788,  at  the  age  of  about 
forty-eight  fUMt,  ifillg  litlMfd  nt  his  own  request  in  his  garden, 
wliere  lui  h»4  wllifsM  IWiWir  id  the  plants  described  in  his  Flora. 
Tliesa  lusagrn  (miUt  WWc  isHthfteA  nearly  fifty  years  ago  by  Mr. 
Itttvauel,  (mm  his  UtHlimUum  erected  by  his  only  surviving  chil- 
dren, Ann  ami  Mw*.-  (>»c»  M**enel,  I'mr.  Elliott  Soc.  i.  53.  —  See 
also  V-  A-  t'linilff,  HiHilhnm  l/nntlerli/  Hmeir,  1854  [Iliatory  and 
Sociiil  lileiih  Iff'  Ci'iit^'ii  Ciniiili/,  So.  rarolina].)  Walter's  herba- 
rium io  pni««rvti4  JH  (Ik«  tttlljnli  Mnsenm. 

•  K«veM«l,  '■  /'■  fit, 

»  Nee  vii).  UH) 


ll^i 


H 


CONIFEKiE. 

ines;  rhen  fully 
t  stout  peduncles, 
a  long  and  about 
lex,  their  exposed 
i,  terminating  in 
irickles ;  they  are 
F  the  scales  whe  i 
fo  or  three  yeai-s 
t  roughened  aad 
iiottled  with  black 
below  the  middle, 
wide.' 

Carolina  to  middle 
ing  usually  found 
low  terraces  wjich 
Magnolias,  Gums, 
lile  young  in  their 
it  is  comparatively 
rs  in  northwestern 
arable  extent,  soon 


has  little  economic 
it,  soft,  not  strong, 
hite  sapwood,  and 
ind  many  obscure 
ibic  foot  weighing 

iblished  the  earliest 
id  again  until  three 
enel,"  who  found  it 


ilantation  on  the  banks  of 
1788,  at  the  age  of  about 
rn  request  iu  his  gardeUi 
its  described  in  his  Flora. 
ly  fifty  years  ago  by  Mr. 
r  his  only  surviving  chil- 
ir.  Kllioll  Soc.  i.  53.  —  See 
trrmc,  1854  [Hi»tory  and 
•oUna].)    Walter's  herba- 


I 


;  \ 


:): 


IM 


EXPLANATION  OF  THK   PLATE. 


J    ■ 


Platk  DLXXXIIL     Pinus  olahra. 
1  ■  A  cluster  of  ataminata  flowers,  natural  size. 

2.  Diagram  of  the  involacro  of  the  staiiiinate  flower. 

3.  An  involucre  of  a  staminate  Hower,  enlarged. 

4.  An  anther,  side  view,  enlarged. 

5.  An  end  of  a  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  size. 

6.  A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  its  bract,  enlarged. 

8.  A  fruitinfr  branch,  natural  size. 

9.  A  cone-scale,  lower  side,  with  its  bract,  natural  size. 

10.  A  seed,  natural  size. 

11.  Vertical  sec  ion  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

12.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

13.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

14.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  magnified  flfteen  diameters. 
16.  Winter  braoch-buda,  natural  size. 


xni 


^. 


4 


\ 


-^> 


.^■. 


,.--*'-"^' 


■> 


a 


^*j* tj-j  i\.iT. ,  .V  alt. 


/■/  AVr'.VfVA/-     ./v/V./;. 


/rip  ./  TaneuJ\  Paru*\ 


'I 


1 


r 


EXPJ.ANATrUK  OK  THK   TLATK. 


1*J,AT«   DLXXXhl.      PWUH  01  IhRA 
1.    A.  clusUT  of  •tamiitittr  f)«\r<>rB.  naliirnl*'<iM>. 
t;.    l>iiigi-wn  iif  I'l'    'oviJiicri'  of  Uic  4Uii>ii>mU-  rin\t.  r. 
',i    Au  inTuluri'0  of  a    lainin><»  flower,  riiliuv*'')- 

i     \ ■   ■  '■• 

=     t .  ■  ■'•   -.,itnr»l  :<i- 


Silva  of  North  Amenrri 


/    A'  J'liJ'c'n  ,ir/ 


PINUS   GLABRA, '.V.jlt 

A  h'w.-r^,.!-  .Iirr.r  '  /"V  J-  Tailfl.r,  Pun., 


Tab  DLXXXr. 


Sni  Ifu^ielif  -v 


!        V. 


% 


if  i 


!    ! 


f 


CONIFKRA. 


HJLVA    OF  NOHTU  AMERICA. 


135 


PINUS   PUNGEN8. 
Table-MouQtain  Pine,    Hickory  Pine. 

Leaveh  in  2-lcuvefl  cluHterH,  Htout,  blut'-green,  from  1^  to  2^  inchcH  in  length. 
Cones  oblong-conictil,  oblique,  from  2  to  3^  inches  lung,  their  sculeu  urmed  with  stout 
hooked  npincM. 


Pinus  pungena.  Miohauz  f.  IlUt.  Arh.  Am.  !.  61,  t.  5 
(1810).  —  Nouveaii   Duhamel.   v.  23(5,   t.   07,  f.  4.  — 

Punh,  Ft.  Am.  Sept.  ii.  643 Puiret,  Lamarck  Diet. 

Suppl.  !v.  416.  —  Elliott,  Sk.  ii.  63r*.  —  Sprengel,  Sytt. 
iii.  886.  —  Lawion  Ik  Son,  Aijrie.  Man.  347 ;  Litt  No. 
10,  Abietinece,  41.  —  D.  Don,  Lambert  P'miu,  iii.  t.  — 
ForbM,  Pinetum  }robum.  17,  t.  5.  —  Antoine,  Con{f.  18, 
t.  e,  f.  4.  —  Nuttall,  Sylua,  iii.  125.  —  Spx^h,  Hint.  Vig. 

si.  887 Enillicher,  Syv.   Conif.  166.  —  Knight,  Syn. 

Con\f.  27.  —  Lindiey  &  Gordon,  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  Land. 
T.  217.  —  Dietrich,  Syn.  v.  399.  —  Csrritre,  Traiti  Conif. 
359.  —  Gordon,  Pinetum,  181.  —  Courtin,  Fam.  Conif. 
87.  — Cliaprann,  Fl.  432.  — Curtis,  Rep.  Oeoloy.  Siirv.  N. 
Car.  1860,  iii.  20.  —  Henkel  «  Hochatetter,  Syn.  Nadelh. 
21.  —  (Nelaon)  Senilis,  Pinacew,  127.  —  Hoopcs,  £yer- 
^remi,  98,  f.  13.  —  S^n^Uuze,  Conif.  140.  —  Parlatore, 


De  Candolle  Prodr.  xy\.  pt.  ii.  379.  —  K.  Koch,  Dendr. 
ii.  pt.  ii.  i{()4.  —  Meelian,  Jieji.  Penn.  Fruit  Ormver$' 
Soe.  1877,  t —  Kngelmann,  I'raiu.  St.  Louin  Aeiul.  iv. 
183.  —  Veitirh,  Man.  Conif.  168.  — .Sargent,  Furett  Tre«$ 
N.Am.  lOM  Censiit  t/.  S.  ix.  199.  —  Lauche,  Deutiehe 
Dendr.  ed.  2,  109.  —  SchUbeler,  Virid.  Nurveg.  i,  393.  — 
WaUon  &  Coulter,  Gray's  Man.  ed.  6,  491.  —  MHyr, 
WaU.  Nordam.  192,  t.  8.  f.  —  Beinaner.  Ilandb.  Nadelh. 
214,  f.  56.  — Masters,  Jour.  R.  Hort.  Soc.  xiv.  238. — 
Hansen,  Jour.  R.  Hort.  Sor.  xiv.  385  (Pinetmn  Dani- 
cum).  —  Koehne,  Deutanhe  Oeiulr.  37.  —  Brittun  & 
Brown.  ///.  Fl.  i.  53,  f.  117. 
PinuB  montana,  Noll,  The  Botanical  Clasi-Rook  and 
Flora  of  Penn.  340  (not  Miller,  Lambert,  nor  Hoffman) 
(1852). 


A  tree,  when  crowded  by  its  neighbors  in  the  forest  occasionally  sixty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
two  or  three  feet  in  diameter,  and  a  few  short  branches  near  the  summit  forming  a  narrow  round-topped 
head;  or  in  open  ground  usually  twenty  or  thirty  feet  tall,  and  often  fertile  when  only  a  few  feet  high, 
with  a  short  thick  trunk  frequently  clothed  to  the  ground  with  long  stout  horizontal  branches,  the 
lower  pendulous  toward  the  extremities,  and  the  upper  sweeping  upward  in  graceful  curves  and  forming 
a  broad  open  flat-topped  and  often  very  irregular  head.  The  bark  on  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk  is 
from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  nearly  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  is  broken  into  irregularly  shaped 
plates  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  loose  dark  brown  scales  tinged  with  red ;  higher  on  the  stem 
and  on  the  branches  it  is  dark  brown  broken  into  thin  louse  scales.  The  winter  branch-buds  are 
narrowed  from  the  middle  to  the  ends,  and  rather  obtuse  at  the  apex,  the  terminal  bud  being  half 
an  inch  long  and  nearly  a  quarter  of  an  inch  broad  and  usually  two  or  three  times  larger  than  the 
lateral  buds;  their  scales  are  ovate,  lustrous,  dark  chestnut-brown,  and  scarious  on  the  margins,  and  soon 
becoming  reflexed  on  the  lengthening  shoots  gradually  disappear  and  leave  their  dark  buses  to  roughen 
the  branches  for  many  years.  The  branchlets,  which  are  stout  and  glabrous,  when  they  first  appear 
are  Hght  orange-color,  and  growing  darker  during  their  first  year,  become  tinged  with  purple,  especially 
on  the  upper  side,  in  the  following  season,  and  then  slowly  turn  dark  brown.  The  leaves  are  borne 
in  crowded  clusters  of  two,  with  sheaths  which  at  first  are  thin  and  scarious,  light  chestnut-brown,  and 
about  three  eighths  of  an  inch  long,  but  before  the  end  of  the  season  become  little  more  than  an  eighth 
of  an  inch  in  length,  thick  and  nearly  black,  with  a  loose  lacerated  margin,  and  are  persistent  with  the 
leaves,  which  fall  irregularly  during  their  second  and  third  years ;  the  leaves  are  rigid,  usually  twisted, 
finely  serrulate,  sharp-pointed  with  short  callous  tips,  dark  blue-green,  from  an  inch  and  a  quarter  to 
two  inches  and  a  half  Jong  and  about  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  wide ;  they  contain  two  fibro-vascular 
bundles,  from  two  to  five  parenchymatous  resin  ducts,  some  of  them  smaller  than  the  others  and  often 


? 


y      1 


i  J. 


v.m 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMKRWA. 


roNirsRA 


internal,  iiiici  iitr(«n)^l)«iiiii|f  cttlU  in  uniiill  bunillt*))  undor  the  npitlormiii  and  tietween  th«  numerouH  rowM 
of  Htomatit.'  Th«>  Htuniinutt)  Hitwertt  nr«  produced  in  fliin^fiitud  lixmtt  NpikvH,  iind  uru  oltiiih)^  und  aliout  a 
third  of  nil  incli  ionf;  and  itii  uighth  of  iin  inch  tliiuk,  with  yuliow  antliurii  terininutin)(  in  orhicuUr 
(h<ntii>uliit«>  rruMtti,  and  art)  Murronndcd  l>y  about  eight  invohirrul  l)ract«.  The  piHtillate  HowerM  ar« 
chiHttTiHl,  iat«>rai,  and  Huhgh)ho)tt)  or  ohh)nf(,  witii  ovattt  HcaloH  narrowed  into  ulongat<-d  Hlvndor  tipH,  and 
lar)(i>  orbiiMihir  hravtii,  and  aru  raiiwd  on  Htout  iwdiinchth  a  third  of  an  incii  in  lt>ngtli  and  covered 
hy  lirojidly  ovato  a('ut««  light  i-heHtniit-hrown  braetH  HcariuuH  on  thtt  inarginH.  The  roneN,  which  become 
hori/.ont4d  Moon  after  the  fertilization  of  their  ovuleH,  during  the  tirNt  winter  are  HubgloboHe  and  about  an 
inch  in  length,  with  elongated  stout  incurved  MiineH,  and  when  fully  grown  in  the  following  autumn 
they  are  oblong-conical,  oblii|ue  at  the  bane  by  the  greater  development  of  the  itcaleH  on  tiie  up{>er  than 
on  the  lower  Hide,  HeHMile,  deflexed,  in  cluHtem  usually  of  throe  or  four  or  rarely  of  seven  or  eiglit,  from 
two  to  three  and  a  half  inchcH  long  and  about  two  incheH  thick,  and  light  green,  turning  when  fully 
ripe  light  brown  luid  luHtrouH,  with  thin  tough  xcales ;  thefte  are  dark  dull  purple  on  the  lower  aide  and 
mahogany-red  on  the  upper,  their  ex|M)Hfld  portiouH,  which  are  armed  with  stout  hooked  spines  incurved 
above  the  middle  of  the  cone  and  recurved  below  it,  lieing  conspicuously  transversely  keeled,  on  the 
inner  side  of  the  cone  slightly  thickened  and  on  the  outer,  especially  near  the  base,  produced  into  much 
thickened  mammillate  knobs ;  the  cones  sometimes  oi>en  as  soon  as  they  are  ripe,  and  gradually  shed 
their  seeds,  or  often  remain  closed  for  two  or  three  years  longer,  and  fretpiently  do  not  fall  from  the 
branches  until  the  end  of  eighteen  or  twenty  years.  The  seeds  are  almost  triangular,  full  and  rounded 
on  the  sides,  and  nearly  a  (juarter  of  an  inch  in  length,  with  a  thin  conspicuous  rugose  light  brown  coat 
and  an  embryo  usually  with  six  cotyledons ;  their  wings  are  thin  and  fragile,  widest  below  the  middle, 
gradually  narrowed  to  the  ends,  pale,  lustrous,  and  marked  with  narrow  red-brown  streaks. 

I'iniiH  jiiiiKjiiin  usually  grows  on  dry  gravelly  slopjs  and  ridges  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains 
from  Pennsylvania'  to  North  Carolina  and  east«!rn  Tennessee,  sometimes  ascending  to  elevati<  s  of 
three  thousand  feet  above  the  sea-level,  with  isolated  outlying  stations  in  Virginia,^  eastern  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  western  New  Jersey,^  and  often  forms  tjward  the  southern  limits  of  its  range  nearly  pure 
forests  of  considerable  extent. 

The  wood  of  Phw»  jntiKjenn  is  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  and  very  coarse-grained.  It  is  pale 
brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contains  broad  conspicuous  resinous  bunds  of  small  summer 
cells,  numerous  large  resin  piissages,  and  many  prominent  medullary  rays.  The  specific  gravity  of  the 
absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.4!Kt5,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  30.7<>  pounds.'  It  is  somewhat  used  for  fuel,  and 
in  Pennsylvania  is  manufactured  into  charcoal. 

First  distinguished  by  the  French  botanist  Miehaux,'  Ptntis  jmnrjens  was  introduced  into  English 
gardens  in  1804.'  Although  as  an  ornamental  tree  it  has  little  to  recommend  it  but  the  beauty  of 
its  abundant  massive  cones,  it  is  sometimes  cultivated  in  the  United  States,  and  has  proved  hardy  as  far 
north  as  eastern  Massachusetts  and  as  far  west  as  central  Kansas." 


lit 


1  Cuiilter  &  R<j«e,  liot.  ilazette,  x\.  .')07. 

•  In  I'dinsylvaaia  /'i>ii«  /mngetit  hu  Iwen  observed  nl  Two  Top 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Hlne  Mountain  (Oose  to  the  Maryland  line, 
at  Fort  Carlion  on  the  Schuylkill  River,  and  in  the  central  part  of 
the  Htate,  where  it  is  abnndant  on  the  Tussey  and  Stoue  Mountain 
ranges  in  Iliair,  Huntingdon,  Centre,  Miflliu,  and  Union  Counties, 
and  in  an  isolate<l  station  at  MeCall's  Ferry,  Ijtncaster  County, 
where  it  was  found  in  1801!  hy  Mr.  A.  A.  Heller.  (See  Porter, 
Garilm  nml  Fiirml,  vi.  204.) 

'  In  Virginia  where  Pinug  pungerm  is  common  on  the  Blue  Uidge, 
near  Charlottesville,  and  on  the  Massanutten  Mountains,  it  waa 
found  on  .June  17,  17W,  between  Aleiander  and  Fredericksburg 
by  the  elder  Miehaux,  who  wrote  a  descrijitiun  of  it  in  his  .Journal, 
alluding;  to  the  fact  that  he  had  previously  seen  the  same  tree  on 
the  Schuylkill  Kiver  in  Pennsylvania.  (See  Miehaux,  Jmir.  in  Pror. 
Am.  Phil.  Snr.  xKvi.  1(M.) 


'  On  May  Ifi,  188fl,  R.  E.  Sohuh  and  (i.  N.  Kelt  discovered  a 
•mall  grove  of  Pinwi  pxinqmt  one  mile  cast  uf  Sergeantsville,  Dela- 
ware Township,  Hunterdon  County,  New  Jersey  (bull.  Torrry  liul. 
fVuA,  xiii.  Vl\). 

•  /'I'nUA  pungent  usually  growl  rapidly,  although  the  log  speci- 
men in  the  Jesup  Collection  of  North  American  Woods  in  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  which  is  eleven 
and  one  luilf  inches  in  diameter  inside  the  bark,  is  seventy-four 
years  old.  In  this  specimen  the  sapwood  is  two  and  seven  eigbtba 
inches  thick,  with  fifty-three  layers  of  annual  growth. 

•  See  i.  58. 

'  Alton,  Horl.  Km.  ed.  2,  v.  314.  —  Loudon,  Arb.  Bril.  iv.  2197, 
f.  2077-2080. 

•  Sears,  Garden  and  Forat,  ix.  462. 


cnninKM. 

the  iiumerouH  rowa 
)l)l(iiiK  uiid  nlxtiit  ■ 
Kiting  ill  orl)icular 
iNtillate  Howent  ar« 
■i\  Hluiiditr  ti|)H,  and 
KiiKtli  uiid  covured 
)iii>N,  which  bouome 
iih(iM>  uiid  about  an 

foMowing  nutuiim 
I  oil  thu  upiwr  than 
Bven  or  eiglit,  from 
;urniiig  when  fully 
the  hiwer  side  uiid 
ted  HpiiieH  incurved 
■sely  keeled,  on  the 
>roduoed  into  much 
mid  (gradually  shed 
I  not  fall  from  the 
r,  full  and  rounded 
He  light  brown  coat 

below  the  middle, 
rcaks. 

iilachian  Mountuins 
\g  to  elevatii  ^  of 
I,'  eastern  Pcnnsyl- 

raiige  nearly  pure 

rraiiied.  It  is  pale 
ds  of  small  summer 
cific  gravity  of  the 
t  used  for  fuel,  and 

duced  into  English 
;  but  the  beauty  of 
proved  hardy  as  far 


(i.  N.  Boat  discoTercd  a 
It  of  SergeauUville,  Dola- 
■  Jersey  (Bull.  Torrty  Hot. 

r,  although  the  log  iped- 
American  Woods  in  the 
few  York,  which  is  eleven 
the  bark,  i«  seventy-four 
I  ia  two  and  seven  eighths 
nual  growth. 

oudon,  Arb.  Brit.  iv.  2197, 


11 


i 


rh, 


Ill 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 


Plate  DLXXXIV.    Pints  punoens. 

1.  An  end  of  a  branch  with  Btaminate  flowers,  natural  size. 

2.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  Btaminate  flower. 

3.  An  involucre  of  a  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

4.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 

5.  An  end  of  a  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  size. 

6.  A  pistillate  flower,  enUrged. 

7.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  its  bract,  enlarged. 

8.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  side,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 

9.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

10.  A  seed,  natural  size. 

11.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

12.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

13.  A  cluster  of  leaves,  natural  size. 

14.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

15.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  magnified  fifteen  diameters. 

16.  Expanding  branch-buds,  natural  size. 


''J 


SUva  of  North   America. 


Tab.  ULXXXIV 


*i-  '" 


€ 


■--^M 


4 


,i 


4:,J. 


I    /f  iru^\\ 


\  ' 


■     'Li-  1* 


4'^ 


'  -I 


If 

p: 

^  ■ 
1 ' 

fi  \ 

EXPLANATION  OF  THK  VhhTK 

1'i.xrK  1(LXXXIV.     PisiN  t  .vohs-.. 
i.  Ail  i.iid  of  s  bnnirh  with  (Muuiiate  Howora,  nithtnil  (ire. 
2.   lyitgram  of  tlie  involm-rf  of  the  utmniii^U;  tt.iwer. 
y.    An  invnincre  'li  a  *)An'.LCiiUft  fldwtr,  tiUaryo^r 


I     '! 


»  UH 


(«        <lp    M 


VS.-  CrtiM  BMtion  u(  k  loaf.  aia^;trft«<1  Qft«H>ii  liinvinwt*. 
16.   Rxpiuu]in)4  braiieti-lHtd*.  natural  Kiuv 


Suva  of  North   Americi 


%h   Ul/XAVl 


■  Frn.r.'-.  ,M 


llimf/i,    „■ 


PINUS  PUNGiNS,  Mir.hx  F 


A  lh,-.n;..,    .!„■ 


Tnif  . '  Tiint^Uf   .''.//*/ 


>i 


I 


lit! 


% 


1i 


m 


CONIVEIUC. 


3ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


PINUS  MURIOATA. 


Priokle-oone  Fine. 


139 


Leaves  in  2-leaved  clusters,  rigid,  dark  green,  from  4  to  6  inches  in  length.  Cones 
ovate,  oblique,  serotinous,  persistent,  from  2  to  3i  inches  long,  their  scales  armed  with 
stout  incurved  spines. 


Pi3UB  murioats,  D.  Don,  Tram.  Linn.  Soe.  zvii.  441 
(1837);  Lambert  Pinus,  iii.  t  —  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  iv. 
2269,  f.  2180.  —  Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Voy.  Beeehey, 
393.— Antoine,  Con\f.  32,  t.  14,  £.  1.  — NuttaU,  Sylva, 
iii.  113.  —  Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  161.  —  Knight,  Syn. 
Conif.  20.  —  LawBon  &  Son,  LUt  No.  10,  Abietiiusoe, 
32.  —  Gordon,  Jour.  Uort.  Soe.  Land.  iv.  216,  {. ;  Fl.  des 
Serru,  v.  517  ^  f. ;  Pinetum,  173;  ed.  2,  246  (excl.  syn. 
Pitius  Murrayana).  —  Lindley  &  Gordon,  Jour.  Hart. 
Soe.  Land.  v.  217.  —  Dietrich,  Syn.  v.  398.  —  Carriire, 
Traite  Conif.  359.  —  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boutid.  Snru. 
209,  t  64  (Pinus  Edgariana  on  pUia).  —  Courtin,  Fam. 
Conif.  78.  —  Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Syn.  Nadelh.  60.  — 
(Nelson)  Senilis,  Pinacece,  121.  —  Hoopes,  Evergreens, 
92.  —  S^n^htuze,  Conif.  127.  —  Parlatore,  Le  CandoUe 
Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  379.  —  K.  Koch,  Dendr.  ii.  pt  ii. 
302.  —  Engeloiann,  Tram.  St.  Louis  Aead.  iv.  183 1 
Brewer  &  Watson  Bot.    Cal.  ii.   128.  —  Veitch,    Man, 


Conif.  161.  —  Kellogg,  Trees  of  CaLfomia,  64. —Mas- 
ters, Gard.  Chron.  n.  ser.  xxi.  49,  f .  7-9  ;  Jour.  R.  Hort. 
Soe.  xiv.  236 — Sargent,  Forest  Trees  N.  Am.  \Oth 
Census  U.  S.  ix.  199.  —  Lemmon,  Rep.  California  State 
Board  Forestry,  ii.  77,  118  {Pines  of  the  Padfle  Slope) ; 
West-Ameriean  Cone-Bearers,  43.  —  Steele,  Proe.  Am. 
Pham.  Assoc.  1889,  244  {The  Pines  of  California).  — 

Mayr,  Wald.  Nordam.  275,  t.  8,  f Beissner,  HarM. 

Nadelh.  213.  —  Hansen,  Jour.  R.  Hort.  Soe.  xiv.  378 
{Pinetum  Danicum).  —  Koehne,  Deutsche  Dendr.  37. 

Pinus  Edgariana,  Hartweg,  Jour.  Hort.  Soe.  Land.  iii. 
217,  226  (1848). 

Pinus  inops,  var.  ?  Bentham,  PI.  HaHweg.  337  (1857). 

Pinus  oontorta,  Bolander,  Proe.  Cal.  Acad.  iii.  227,  317 
(not  Loudon)  (1866). 

Pinus  murioata,  var.  ^Inthonyi,  Lemmon,  West-Amsrican 
Cone-Bearers,  43  (1895). 


A  tree,  usually  forty  or  fifty  feet  but  occasionally  ninety  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  from  two  to 
three  feet  in  diameter,  and  stout  spreading  branches  covered  with  dark  scaly  bark,  in  youth  forming  a 
regular  pyramid  and  at  maturity  a  handsome  compact  round-topped  head  of  dark  dense  tufted  foliage. 
The  bark  on  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk  is  frequently  from  four  to  six  inches  in  thickness  and  is 
deeply  divicled  into  long  narrow  rounded  ridges  roughened  with  closely  appressed  dark  purple  or  dark 
purplish  brown  scales.*  The  winter  branch-buds  are  ovate,  acute,  and  covered  with  scales,  which 
toward  the  apex  of  the  bud  are  Ught  red-brown  and  closely  appressed,  and  below  are  darker  with  free 
reflexed  tips,  and  are  clothed  on  the  margins  with  matted  pale  hairs,  the  terminal  bud  being  about  a 
third  of  an  inch  long,  an  eighth  of  an  inch  thick,  and  nearly  three  times  as  large  as  the  lateral  buds ; 
their  inner  scales,  which  are  somewhat  fimbriate  on  the  margins  and  often  an  inch  long  when  fully 
grown,  become  reflexed  on  the  lengthening  shoots  and  soon  fall  from  their  bases,  which,  growing  thick 
and  dark,  roughen  for  many  years  the  branches.  These  are  stout  and  glabrous,  and  when  they  first 
appear  are  dark  orange-green,  turning  orange-brown  during  their  first  summer  and  then  gradually 
brown  more  or  less  tinged  with  purple.  The  leaves  are  borne  in  crowded  clusters  of  two,  with  close 
firm  sheaths  at  first  pale  chestnut-brown  below,  scarious  and  white  above,  and  about  two  thirds  of  an 
inch  long,  and  in  their  second  year,  when  the  leaves  occasionally  begin  to  fall,  thick,  dark,  and  not 
more  than  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length  with  loose  broken  margins ;  the  leaves  are  rigid,  serrulate, 
acute  with  short  callous  tips,  dark  yellow-green,  from  four  to  six  inches  long  and  about  one  twelfth  of 
an  inch  wide,  and  contain  two  f  bro-vascular  bundles,  from  two  to  nine  resin  ducts,  and  strengthening 
cells  ui  ler  the  epidermis,  usually  in  two  layers,  interrupted  by  the  numerous  bands  of  stomata.'*  The 
staminate  flowers,  which  are  produced  in  elongated  spikes,  are  oval  and  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long, 

'  See  Garden  and  Forenl,  x.  f.  30,  where  the  character  of  the         '  Coulter  &  Rose,  Bot.  Gazette,  xi.  306. 
bark  of  thiH  tree  is  well  (liiiplayed. 


I 


I    1 

3 


=  ^  I 


'.f  : 


'■  I 

i  1 

\ 

\ 

1 

j 

1 

>  '■: 

i  % 


mm'^ 


140 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIFERS. 


with  dark  orange-colored  anthers  terminating  in  orbicular  denticulate  crests,  and  are  surrounded  by 
involucres  of  six  or  eight  bracts,  those  of  the  outer  rank  being  as  long  as  the  others.  The  pistillate 
flowers  are  lateral  and  whorled,  two  whorls  being  often  produced  on  the  shoot  of  the  year ;  they  are 
laised  on  short  stout  peduncles  furnished  with  ovate  acute  dark  chestnut-brown  bracts,  with  broad 
white  scarious  margins,  and  are  oblong  and  about  a  third  of  an  inch  in  length,  with  ovate  Bcales 
gradually  narrowed  into  long  slender  slightly  spreading  tips,  and  large  nearly  orbicular  bracts.  Thn 
cones  are  erect  during  their  Hrst  winter,  when  they  ;ue  nearly  tLree  quarters  of  an  inch  long,  with  lighf. 
brown  scales  narrowed  into  slightly  spreading  an!  incurved  tips,  and  on  attaining  their  full  size  in 
the  following  autumn  they  aro  ovate^blong,  obUriue  at  the  ba^e,  sessile,  in  clusters  of  three  or  five  or 
sometimes  of  seven,  from  two  to  three  and  a  halt  hut  usually  about  three  inches  in  length,  from  an 
inch  and  a  half  to  nearly  two  inches  in  thickness,  and  dark  orange-green,  with  lustrous  chestnut-browu 
umbos  and  spines,  later  becoming  light  chestuut-brown  and  lustrous ;  the  exposed  portions  of  the  scales 
on  the  outside  of  the  cone  are  much  thickened,  transversely  flattened,  and  produced  toward  the  base 
into  stout  mammillate  incurved  knobs,  or  sometimes  are  armed  with  stout  flattened  spur-like  spines 
incurved  above  its  middle  and  recurved  toward  its  apex,  and  on  the  inside  of  the  cone  are  slightly 
flattened,  the  small  dark  umbos  being  armed  with  stout  or  slender  straight  prickles ;  the  cones  often 
remain  closed  for  several  years  and  usually  persist  on  the  stem  and  branches  during  the  entire  life  of 
the  tree,  but  do  not  become  imbedded  in  the  wood,  ?s  their  stems  stretch  and  finally  separate,  leaving 
them  held  by  the  bark  to  be  carried  outward  with  the  enlargement  of  the  stem.'  The  seeds  are  nearly 
triangular,  somewhat  roughened  and  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  thin  nearly  black  rugose 
coat  and  an  embryo  with  four  or  five  cotyledons. 

Pinua  muricata  inhabits  the  California  coiist  from  the  neighborhood  of  Fort  Bragg  in  Mendocino 
County  southward,  in  locaUties  usually  widely  separated,  to  Tomales  Point  north  of  the  Bay  of  San 
Francisco,  and  from  Monterey  to  Sun  Luis  Obispo  County,  growing  also  i?:  Lower  California  on 
Cedros  Island'-'  and  on  the  coast  between  Ensanado  and  San  Quintan.^  Attaining  its  largest  size 
near  the  northern  limits  of  its  distribution,  it  is  the  characteristic  Pine-tree  of  the  Mendocino  coast, 
flourishing  on  steep  bluffs  and  bold  headlands  in  the  full  sweep  of  the  ocean  spray,  on  sandy  plains, 
which  it  covers  with  forests  of  slender  crowded  trees,  sometimes  ascending  on  the  better  soil  of  uplands 
to  elevations  of  nearly  two  thousand  feet,  and  growing  also  on  cold  clay  barrens,  which  it  disputes  with 
Plmts  cnntorta  and  Ciipresaus  Goveniana.  On  Tomales  Point  it  grows  on  the  most  barren  soil  close 
to  the  ocean,  and  a  mile  inland  forms  small  groves  on  the  summits  of  low  hills  and  ridges,  or  is  mingled 
in  more  sheltered  positions  with  Live  Oaks,  the  Douglas  Spruce,  the  Umbellularia,  and  the  Madroiia, 
attaining  here  a  height  of  forty  or  fifty  feet,  with  a  short  trunk  often  two  and  a  half  l^et  in  diameter. 

The  wood  of  Pinus  muricata  is  light,  very  strong,  hard,  and  rather  coarse-grained ;  it  is  light 
brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contains  broad  resinous  bands  of  small  siimmt.  cells,  few 
inconspicuous  resin  passages,  and  many  thin  meduUary  rays.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely 
dry  wood  is  0.4942,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  38.80  pounds.*  In  Mendocino  County  it  is  occasionally 
manufactured  into  lumber. 

P'muH  muricata  was  discovered  in  1831  by  Dr.  Thomas  Coulter,  in  the  neighborhood  of  San  Luis 
Obispo,  about  thirty  miles  from  the  coast  and  nearly  three  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 
and  in  1846  was  introduced  by  Karl  Theodor  Hartweg  into  the  gardens  of  Europe,  where  it  is  still 
occasionally  cultivated,"  its  handsome  compact  head  of  dark  foliage  and  its  abundant  cones  making  it 
a  desirable  feature  for  the  parks  and  gardens  of  temperate  regions. 


'  I^minon,  Erglhen,  ii.  160. 

»  Greene,  Piltonia,  i.  197,  207. 

'  III  188B  Piniu  inuricala  was  found  by  Mr.  A.  W.  Anthony  on 
the  ooiist  of  Lower  Califomia. 

*  PinM  muricata  grows  rapidly  even  on  barren  soil.  The  log 
specimen  in  the  .Tesnp  Collection  of  North  American  Woods,  iu 


the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  is  fifteen 
and  one  half  inches  in  diameter  inside  the  bark,  and  seventy-six 
years  old,  with  twenty-seven  layers  of  sapwood  which  is  three  and 
a  quarter  inches  thick. 
>  Fowler,  Gard.  Chron.  1872,  1164 


I      "( 


CONIFERS. 

re  surrounded  by 
rs.  The  pistillate 
:he  year ;  they  are 
tracts,  with  broad 

■with  ovate  scales 
iular  bracts.  Thfl 
jh  long,  with  light 
;  their  full  size  in 
of  three  or  five  or 
n  length,  from  an 
tuB  chestnut-brown 
rtions  of  the  scales 
ei  toward  the  base 
d  spur-like  spines 

cone  are  slightly 
;  the  cones  often 
g  the  entire  life  of 
y  separate,  leaving 
he  seeds  are  nearly 
learly  black  rugose 

ragg  in  Mendocino 
»f  the  Bay  of  San 
wer  California  on 
ng  its  largest  size 
i  Mendocino  coast, 
ty,  on  sandy  plains, 
itter  soil  of  uplands 
ich  it  disputes  with 
)st  barren  soil  close 
idges,  or  is  mingled 
,  and  the  Madrona, 
'  leet  in  diameter. 
Trained;  it  is  light 
11  snmmt.'  cells,  few 
y  of  the  absolutely 
y  it  is  occasionally 

orhood  of  San  Luis 
he  level  of  the  sea, 
jpe,  where  it  is  still 
ant  cones  making  it 


ory,  ?f«w  York,  is  fifteen 
the  bark,  and  seventy-six 
npwood  whieb  is  three  and 


Vki) 


I' 


/i 


ifr 


I 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

Plats  DLXXXV.    Pwus  huricata. 

1.  A  braneh  with  sUmiiuite  flowera,  tutu  ral  lixe. 

2.  A  lUminata  flower,  tinUrged. 

3.  A  bract  of  a  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

4.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  ataiuinatu  flower. 
6.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 

6.  An  anther,  aide  view,  enlarged. 

7.  A  branch  with  piatillate  flowera,  natural  aize. 

8.  A  piatillate  flower,  enlarged. 

9.  A  scale  of  a  piatillat*)  flower,  upper  aide,  with  ita  ovnlea,  enUrged. 

10.  A  Bcale  of  a  piatillate  flower,  lower  aide,  with  ita  bract,  enlarged. 

11.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

12.  Croaa  aection  of  a  leaf,  magnified  fifteen  diametera. 


Platk  DLXXXVI.     Pufus  musicata. 

1.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  aize. 

2.  A  cone,  natural  size. 

3.  A  cone^cale,  upper  aide,  with  it*  aeeda,  enUrged. 

4.  A  cone-acale,  aide  view,  enlarged. 

5.  A  aeed,  natural  aize. 

6.  Vertical  aection  of  a  aeed,  enlarged. 

7.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 


Mil  I 


I 


1 


i-'ii  ' 
til 


I  t 


'\i:f 


1 


'h 


7.XV. 


1 


I 


J 


!  , 


:'% 


.-/  A'/,  •.■rrVi.f  JtreKf* 


Imp  J.  Tafirur  Paru^ 


I« 


Mi 


li 


i!'  it 


:•    f. 


■;.  I' 


m 


I  ^ 


Ij  ■      I  i 


MM 


I     ; 


RXI'LASATIPN   OK  TKE   n.AlKS 

l\jit»i  DLXXXV.     »'i-"  ^  mokkvtji. 
1.   A  briii  ..h  vi.ii  •tiuoiuiitii  11ijW»i%  i>4Uir»i  H'f. 
'2.  A  tUtiUiDiU*  liwv»r,  ••iiUrKwl 

3.  A  l>r»et  uf  a  stMniniUa  llowor,  enlArgovl. 

4.  I>w»;i-»ui  of  the  Uf'i;larr«  of  An  tt«mi:iii  i 
fi.  Ai    \nlW.  frunt  »imr.  •nJwi.i'il. 

6.   An  «<  ixM  '  ■     "'•'a'lr'l- 


.i;»<il- 


4.  A  couo-n'-ale,  ti.l«  tUw   milariiisJ. 
Ti.   .V  unrni.  nklni«l  •!>.•!. 
r.    V«r>im.l»*clini.  ofiKeed,  onl»rg>'!. 
■  emhrvo,  anUrgnd. 


Silva  of  North  Americ*. 


T»b  DLXXXV 


r  X  /■: 


<•  y.,r.-,  ./.-I 


Ha^'trw 


PINUS    MURICATA,  !;   Dc 


A  lucrreti.r  ./{rt\r ' 


Imp  J  T,ififtir  Farur 


'I 


''  ' 


,  I 


'J 


,'■ 

-J^l 

i 

j 

»    -  V 

1 

, 

i 

1 

9 

^  1  ' 

i 

■^»              1 

I 

ili  1 

1 

HI 

i" 

' 

i   ''IT 

1  • 

i 


3iW#>  of  N'^riJ.   AtthHc* 


T»b  ni.XXXV! 


WW 


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/ 


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i 


I 


■'.f 


vrf 


\  Ti,  ^rMfff 


.f^- 


■\ 


i 


y 


Yi' 


.■f  /horrftu-  i/t/r\{  ' 


■  11 

; 

in  'V 

1         ■ 

I 

H 1     1 

s            ; 

pnjv 

1 

•  El 

ii 

IP 

y 


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; 


it 


Wl  ,^j, 


j 


-14  1 

:      ! 

f 

J  i!! 

ikil^ 

Silva,  of  North   America- 


Tab.  DLXXXVl. 


(' F  Ft7uy>n  iM-. 


Bnliinieh, 


PINUS  MURICATA.D  Don 


,'/  Buu-ffiur  tiinu- . 


.  /  Tatif'ur,  PttruT 


'Il 


\  > 


CONIFEILfi. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


148 


PINUS   EOHINATA. 


Yellow  Pine.    Short-leaved  Pine. 


Leaves  in  clusters  of  2  and  of  3,  slender,  dark  blue-green,  from  3  to  6  inched  in 
length.  Cones  ovate  or  oblong-conical,  from  1^  to  2^  incbeM  long,  thtiif  mjuIos  urmed 
with  minute  slender  prickles. 


Pinus  eohinata,  MiUer,  Diet.  ed.  8,  No.  12  (1768).  — 
Muenohbaasen,  Hautv.  t.  220.  —  Manhall,  Arbu»t.  Am. 
100.  —  Burgsdorf,  Anleit.  pt.  u.  161.  —  Wangenheim, 
Nordam.  Holz.  74.  — Britton  &  Brown,  lU.  Fl.  52,  f. 
116.  —  Mohr,  B%M.  No.  13,  Div.  Forestry  U.  S.  Vept. 
Agric.  86,  t  12-16  (The  Timber  Pinea  of  the  Southern 
U.  S.). 

Pinua  Virginiana,  b  eohinata,  Du  Roi,  Obt.  Sot.  44 
(1771)  ;  ITarbk.  Baunue.  ii.  38. 

PinuB  squarrosa,  Walter,  Fl.  Car.  237  (1788). 

Pinus  TsBda,  y  vctriabilia,  Alton,  Hart.  Kew.  iii.  368 
(1789). 

Pinus  Taeda,  j3  eohinata,  Castiglioni,  Viag.  negli  Stati 
(Tniti,  u.  312  (1790). 

Pinus  mitis,  Michauz,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii.  204  (1803).  — Mi- 
chaux,  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i.  52,  t.  3.  —  Poiret,  Lamarck 

Diet.  Suppl.  iv.  416.  —  Antoine,  Conif.  16,  t.  5,  f.  1 

Spach,  SUt.  Vig.  xi.  386.  —  Torrey,  Fl.  N.  Y.  ii.  229.— 
Endlicher,  Sgn.  Conif.  167.  — Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  26.— 
Lindley  &  Grordon,  Jour.  Hort.  Soe.  Land.  v.  217.  —  Die- 
trich, Syn.  y.  399.  —  Carribre,  Traiti  Conif.  361.  — Gor- 
don, Pinetum,  170 ;  ed.  2,  243  (excl.  eyn.  Pinus  Roy- 
lei). —  Chapman,  Fl.  433.  —  CurtiB,  Rep.  Geolog.  Surv. 


N.  Car.  1860,  iii,  19,  =  H#hI(*.|  A  Hwtwleit.f,  Syn. 
Nadelh.  23.  —  Hoop«i,  Biwgfmu,  M,  =  Mn^laaze, 
Conif.  138.  —  ParlatorB,  Dfi  Qmtihlb  J'rmtf,  «♦!,  pt  il. 
380.  —  K.  Kofib,  Dtndr,  1(,  0,  fi,  mt,  —  Kofdllnger, 
Forstbot.  397.  —  SDgslmftnn.  Tmit,  HI,  /jtniis  Aaad.  It. 
184.  —  Sargent,  Fomt  Trm  N,  Am,  Ullh  Cmisui  V.  S. 
ix.  200  (excl.  bab,  K»rw«#),  =  \tmwSm,  iJmtsohe  Dmdr. 
ed.  2,  108.  —  Watson  *  CmA^t,  (Jmy't  Man.  ed.  6, 
491.  — Mayr,  Wald,  Nordam,  \\H,  i,  H,  »,  —  IteiMner, 
Handb.  Nadelh.  216,  —  MmtHH,  i/iilii',  H,  Jliiff,  Hoc.  xiv. 
233.  —  Hansen,  Jour,  R,  Hort,  Mm,  %U,  Wti  (Pinetum 
J>anieum).—Coa\Uif,  Oontrib,  U,  H,  Nat,  Herb,  1),  664 
(Man.  PI.  W.  Texas),  =  ^twhm,  IhllUnlu  Demlr.  36. 
Pinus  variabilis,  Lambert,  Plmn,  1,  'i%  t,  Ifi  (1808).  — 
WiUdenow,  apec.  iv,  pt,  (,  49S,  =  Vetmmi,  fiyn.  ii.  678,  — 
Du  Mont  de  Courset,  Hot,  Cult,  ed,  'i,  vi,  i<iO,  —  Nouvean 
Duhamel,  v.  235,  t,  69,  t,  2,  ==  J'hwIi,  M,  Am.  Sept.  ii. 

643.  — Nuttall,  Oen,  ii,  223,  =  K)lf<rtt,  Hit,  it,  633 

Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  886,  ==  hammm  Si  Him,  Agric.  Alan. 
349 ;  List  No.  10,  Ahletlnmv,  44,  —  Vot\m,  Pinetum 

Wohum.  m,  t.  11.  — Antoffw,  (Mif,  Ifl,  I,  e,  I,  2 

Link,  Linnaea,  xv,  602,  :r^  V,nAMm,  Hyn,  Conif,  168.  — 
Dietrich,  Syn.  v.  399,  ^Qm'h^n,  fam,  Gunif,  «2, 


A  tree,  usually  from  eighty  to  one  hundred  or  occasionally  one  hundrwl  ftiul  tWMliy  feet  in  height, 
with  a  tall  slightly  tapering  stem  and  a  short  pyramidal  truncate  l)ea4  »t  m)m\mni\\e\y  nlender 
branches  which  are  rarely  more  than  twenty  feet  in  length  and  frequently  M)n)6wlliit  |wii(lilluUB,  often 
producing  from  the  stump,  or  from  the  stem  and  branches  when  injured  by  fiw,  y'mtvoiM  nliuotf) '  usually 
covered  with  lanceolate  long-pointed  pale  gray-green  primordiiil  leaves,  The  buck  of  th«  tfUtik  is  from 
three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  is  broken  into  hu'ge  '\tK^\\\»t\y  ftlmped  plates 
covered  with  small  closely  apprc::sed  light  cinnamon-red  scales.  The  winter  brAH(«l('biMlK  tiff,  ovate,  and 
gradually  narrowed  to  the  rather  obtuse  apex,  the  terminal  bud,  wliich  id  twmi  m  lac^t)  m  the  lateral 
buds,  being  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long  and  an  eighth  of  an  inch  thjok )  tlicy  are  (fovered  by 
closely  imbricated  ovate-lanceolate  chestnut-brown  scales  darker  above  tlie  iniiklte  and  divided  into 
pale  matted  filaments,  those  of  the  inner  ranks,  which  are  fimbriated  on  tlie  inHrglnx,  remaining  on  the 
branches  for  four  or  fi  ve  years.  The  branchlets,  which  are  stout  and  brittle,  ftro  {Mile  urcen  or  violet 
color,  and  covered  whim  they  first  appear  with  a  glaucous'  bloom ;  becoming  dark  re(l<brown  tinged 
with  purple  before  the  end  of  the  season,  they  then  gradually  grow  darker,  ttl^  Imrk  Iteglnning  in  the 
third  year  to  separate  nto  large  scales,  which  when  they  fall  disclose  the  light  ormiffe'brown  inner  bark. 
The  leaves  are  borne  in  crowded  clusters,  usually  of  two  but  frequently  of  tlires,  nnd  rarely  on  vigorous 

•  Pinchot,  Qardm  and  Forat,  x.  192.  —  Fernow,  Garden  and  Forut,  x.  tiOO.  —  Gilford,  Thi  l^omlft,  III;  M. 


i 


Mi 


if 


144 


SILVA   OF  NOUrU  AMEUWA. 


CONIFERS. 


young  trees  of  four,  with  sheaths  which  at  first  are  lialf  au  'im\\  \tm^,  tlliii,  Ritvery  white,  and  lustrous, 
and  before  autumn  are  close  and  firm  except  un  the  acamiw  mit\fw§,  d«rk  gray-brown,  and  about  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  in  length ;  the  leaves  are  closely  serrulttto,  attuim  with  nhort  callous  tips,  soft  and 
flexible,  dark  blue-green,  from  three  to  five  inches  long  and  ulNiiii  mm  mUm\i\\  at  an  inch  wide ;  they 
contain  two  fibro-vascular  bundles,  from  three  to  six  small  rmm  iUwt§,  h  niiigle  layer  of  strengthening 
cells  under  the  epidermis,  and  numerous  bands  of  stomuta  oil  mnU  lm« } '  they  sonietimos  begin  to  fall 
toward  the  close  of  their  second  season,  and,  dropping  irregulMrlyt  iifUilt  (lu  tiot  entirely  disappear  until 
their  fifth  year.  The  staminate  flowers,  which  are  prodmittd  in  short  Ofowdetl  clusters,  appear  in  very 
early  spring  just  below  the  tip  of  the  growing  shoots,  and  firo  iiblMllg'cyliridrical  and  about  three 
(]uarters  of  an  inch  in  length  and  an  eighth  of  an  iUL'li  ill  thi^^bliOM,  with  pale  purple  anthers 
terminating  in  orbicular  obscurely  denticulate  crests,  and  are  mmtumlmi  by  from  eight  to  ten  involucral 
bracts,  those  of  the  outer  rank  being  much  smaller  titan  t\w  iti\mi*  niid  cuiiRpicuouHly  keeled.  The 
pistillate  flowers,  which  are  usually  in  pairs  or  in  dusters  of  tliriw  ttf  finir  and  often  appear  on  short 
lateral  branchlete  developed  from  adventitious  buds  on  ohl  hmiUsUmi'  life  subterminal  and  raised  on 
stout  ascending  peduncles  covered  by  ovate-lanceoLite  dark  cJMwtMtit'bi'owii  Imwta,  much  spreading  or 
reflexed  in  the  inner  ranks,  and  are  oblong  or  subglobosu  uiid  (tiMiiit  mte  third  ^lt  an  inch  in  length, 
with  ovat»  pale  rose-colored  scales  gradually  narrowed  iiit^i  uliwrt  iil«iid«'r  tijwi  and  large  nearly  orbicular 
bracts.  Growing  slowly  at  first,  the  cones  during  their  first  mnU<r  nm  hwlwriitnl  or  ascending,  oblong, 
light  chestnut-brown,  and  about  half  an  inch  lung,  with  l)ii*^la«litt«l  mtU<it  terminating  in  slender  rigid 
straight  or  recurved  spines,  and  when  fully  grown  early  in  tiw  folh^wiiig  niitunin  they  are  ovate  or 
oblung-coniciU,  subsessile  and  nearly  horizontal,  or  short-tjtalk««d  itiid  |i«lidetit,  generally  clustered  and 
usually  about  an  inch  and  a  half  or  rarely  two  inches  and  a  Iwlf  ill  htiigth,  with  thin  scales  nearly  flat 
below  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  their  exposed  iwrtions,  wliiiJi  urn  imiiAVtyrsely  keeled  and  only  slightly 
thickened,  terminating  in  small  pale  elevated  obh>ng  mnUm  liriilxd  with  filiort  straight  or  somewhat 
recurved  and  frecjuently  deciduous  prickles  ;  the  cones,  whii'li  nrn  jirodiK'cd  in  great  profusion,  often  on 
trees  only  twelve  or  fifteen  years  old,  open  when  rii»e,  tiiriiili^  dill)  lifowu,  the  bases  of  the  scales 
becoming  mahogany-red  and  lustrous  on  thr  upper  and  dark  dull  \iuwh  on  the  lower  side,  and,  soon 
shedding  their  seeds,  remain  on  the  branches  for  several  years  limffiif,  The  seeds  are  nearly  triangular, 
full  and  rounded  on  the  sides,  slightly  ridged,  and  about  tliriXK  si*M(«iiths  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  thin 
pale  brown  hard  coat  conspicuous'.y  mottled  with  blut'k  j  tlw'ii'  wings,  which  are  broadest  near  the 
middle,  are  thin,  fragile,  light  red-brown,  lustrous,  half  an  iin^li  long,  and  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch 
wide. 

Plnus  echliiafa  is  distributed  from  Staten  Island,  New  YmUJ*  rthd  eastern  Pennsylvania'*  through 
NeT  Jersey  and  Delaware,  southward  tl.rough  the  Athiiitii'  st«t<*s  to  the  uplands  of  northern  Florida, 
crossing  the  Allegliany  Mountains  to  West  Virginia  und  Ui  «*«st<'tli  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and 
through  the  eastern  Gulf  states  to  the  bottom-luiids  of  tliu  Mississippi  Uiver ;  west  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  where  it  is  most  abundant  and  attains  its  noblest  si/«,  tifUm  foftriiiig  pure  forests  over  great 
aieas,  it  ranges  from  northeastern  Texas,  northwestern  l^lmmlnu,  itiui  the  etistern  part  of  the  Indian 
Territory,  through  western  and  central  Arkanstts  and  southern  Missouri  Ui  southwestern  Illinois,"  and 
through  Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  Although  fouml  in  iioii'ly  itll  (»irts  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey, 
Pinus  echinata  is  rare  north  of  the  southeastern  boundary  of  tlii<  ftu]  windntone  except  on  the  western 


'  Coulter  &  Koso,  Hot.  flaullr,  xi.  ,108.  —  Bastin  &  Trimble, 
Am.  Jour.  I'httnn.  Ixviii.  17. 

»  See  Mohr,  IMl.  No.  13,  Div.  Forestry  U.  S.  Depl.  Agrir.  i>7 
(The  Timhrr  Pitifn  of  tfir  .^mithfnt  fj.  S.). 

^  Acponling  to  thr  y<miiger  .Miclmiix,  wlio  carefully  explored  tlie 
forettts  of  fastori)  North  Anieriea  nt  the  beginiiiiif;  of  the  present 
century,  Pinus  i-kinala  in  his  time  occurred  in  MRssacliuseltH  ami 
Connecticut,  and  ascended  the  Hudson  Kiver  to  the  neighliorbood 


of  AWmity  (^tm  llhl.  Arh.  i.  02, )  If  these  statements  aie  cor- 
rect, it  )»»»>■  b***  ((fCH  (■«(»•  frtirnated  in  this  territory,  .w  the  most 
easti^lH  ol«ti<MI  IN  which  it  is  now  known  to  mcur  is  on  Staten 
Islaiui,  wlMif*  h  »Mw(l  nnne  of  these  trees  exists. 

'  (i)  IVHwejUwHl*  I  liiii»  fi/iimilii  is  extremely  rare,  and  has  been 
re|)ort*/)  imif  (fimi  (Idtitingdini  and  Ijincastcr  Counties.  (See 
|{«tbr.»|(,  llfli  I'nm    llr/il.  A(/rir.  1895,  pt.  ii.  Piv.   "ore.itnj,  280.) 

'  \M^mnf,  I'rm.  If.  H.  Nnl.  Mhs.  v.  88  ;  liol.  (lazette,  viii.  351. 


CONIFERS. 

B,  and  lustrous, 

in,  and  about  a 

tips,  soh  and 

inch  wide ;  they 

f  strengthening 

108  begin  to  fall 

'  disappear  until 

,  appear  in  very 

iind  about  three 

purple  anthers 

to  ten  involucral 

mly  keeled.     The 

appear  on  short 

al  and  raised  on 

iiicli  spreading  or 

I  inch  in  length, 

e  nearly  orbicular 

scending,  oblong, 

r  in  slender  rigid 

tliey  are  ovate  or 

ally  clustered  and 

scales  nearly  flat 

and  only  slightly 

ight  or  somewhat 

)rofu8ion,  often  on 

ases  of  the  scales 

f/er  side,  and,  soon 

nearly  triangular, 

long,  with  a  thin 

broadest  near  the 

eighth  of  an  inch 

isylvania*  through 
'  northern  Florida, 
id  Tennessee,  aud 
;  of  the  Mississippi 
forests  over  great 
lart  of  the  Indian 
istern  Illinois,"  and 
ite  of  New  Jersey, 
;ppt  on  the  western 

lieso  Mtutt'iiifiits  ai'e  cor- 
liis  territory,  m  the  most 
'fi  to  tH-cur  is  on  Staten 
exipffl. 

cinely  rare,  and  has  been 
master  Counties.  (Seo 
t.  ii.  Piv.  '^oreslry,  280.) 
}  j  Hot,  IJozelte,  viii.  361. 


CONIFERiB. 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


145 


slopes  of  Kittatinny  or  Blue  Mountain,  but  from  the  Raritan  to  the  shores  of  Delaware  Bay  large 
forests  of  this  Pine,  frequently  mixed  with  Pimix  rigida,  alternate  with  those  of  Oaks,.  Chestnuts,  and 
other  deciduous-leaved  trees,  often  growing  freely  on  sterile  sands  and  clays.  It  is  commoii,  also,  ou 
the  Delaware  and  Maryland  peninsula ;  farther  south  it  is  rare  in  the  coast  region,  being  generally 
replaced  by  the  Long-leaved  Pine,  and  is  confined  chiefly  to  the  middle  and  upper  districts,  where  it 
is  mixed  with  other  Pines  and  with  the  prevailing  Oaks  and  Hickories  of  the  Ap^ialachian  forest, 
ascending  in  western  North  Carolina  to  an  elevation  of  two  thousand  five  hundred  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  In  Alabama  and  Mississippi  the  Short-leaved  Pine  rarely  occurs  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
Pine  belt  of  jhe  coast ;  but  common  on  the  rolling  hills  of  the  central  and  upper  regions,  it  here 
becomes  a  prominent  feature  of  the  forest.  In  western  Louisiana  it  abounds  on  the  uplands  north  of 
Red  River,  and  sometimes  forms  pure  forests  or  is  mixed  with  Oaks,  Hickories,  and  other  deciduous- 
leaved  trees,  and  with  the  Loblolly  Pine ;  and  in  eastern  Texas  from  the  prairies  adjacent  to  the  valley 
of  the  Red  River  and  above  the  belt  of  Long-leaved  Pine  it  spreads  over  hundreds  of  square  miles  of 
low  undulating  hills.  It  inhabits  dry  high  ridges  in  the  Indian  Territory,  and  in  Arkansas  on  both 
sides  *  the  Arkansas  River  it  is  frequent  in  the  forests  of  deciduous-leaved  trees  on  broken  hills,  and 
often  forms  great  forests  on  wide  table-lands.  In  Missouri,  where  it  is  generoUy  scattered  over  the 
southern  part  of  the  state,  it  is  most  abundant  on  the  low  hills  and  table-lands  of  the  southern  slope  of 
the  Ozark  Mountains,  where  its  tall  stems  rise  high  above  its  associates,  and  crossing  the  Mississippi  it 
maintains  a  foothold  on  river  bluffs  in  Union  and  Jackson  Counties,  Illinois,  and  is  distributed  with 
widely  scattered  colonies  through  Kentucky  and  Tennessee.' 

One  of  the  most  generally  distributed  and  valuable  timber-trees  of  eastern  America,  Pinus 
echinata  now  supplies  a  considerable  part  of  the  hard  pine  lumber  cut  in  the  trans-Mississippi  pineries 
used  in  the  states  of  the  central  west.  The  wood,  which  varies  greatly  in  quality  and  in  the  thickness 
of  the  siipwood,  is  heavy,  hard,  strong,  and  usually  coarse-grained ;  it  is  orange-color  or  yellow-brown, 
with  nearly  white  sapwood,^  and  contains  broad  bands  of  small  summer  cells  occupying  nearly  half  the 
width  of  the  annual  growth,  numerous  large  resin  passages,  and  many  conspicuous  medullary  rays. 
The  si)ecific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.6104,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  38.04  pounds.^ 
Among  yellow  pines  it  is  only  surpassed  in  quality  by  that  of  Pinus  pcdustris,  and  being  less  resinous, 
softer,  and  more  easily  worked,  it  is  often  preferred  to  it  for  cabinet-making,  for  the  interior  finish  of 


'  See  Mohr,  Bull.  No.  13,  Die.  Forenlry  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  88 
(The  Timber  Pines  of  the  Southern  U.  S.). 

'  The  sapwoml  varies  j^rcatly  in  tbickness  in  trees  of  the  same 
diameter,  the  variation  being  apparently  dependent  on  situation, 
soil,  exposure,  and  moisture.  Trees  ou  high  ridges  and  iu  dry 
sterile  soil  have  usually  the  thinnest  sapwootl,  althoiigli  on  ridges 
it  varies  from  two  to  six  inches  in  thickness  iu  trees  growing  side 
by  side  ;  and  on  tower  land  front  three  to  twelve  inches.  Iu 
Arkansas  lumhernicu  recognize  two  varieties  of  the  wood,  yellow 
aud  bull,  distinguishing  them  while  the  trees  are  still  standing  by 
cutting  into  them  with  axes  ;  the  bull  pine,  whidi  is  from  low 
ground,  grows  more  rapidly  and  is  heavier  with  thicker  supwood, 
while  the  yellow  pine,  from  sandy  uplands,  is  lighter,  straighter- 
grained,  aud  more  easily  worked,  aud  is  used  us  a  substitute  for 
white  pine  in  sashes,  doors,  blinds,  and  the  interior  finish  of  houses. 

'  It  has  been  observed  by  Mohr  ((.  c.  98)  that  iu  Alabama  the 
plants  of  this  species  attain  a  height  varying  from  three  to  five  feet 
at  the  end  of  their  fifth  year,  the  aiem  being  from  five  eighths  to 
seven  eighths  of  lUi  inch  in  thiekuci>s,  ;.nd  that  in  ten  years  they  :l^7 
from  ten  to  sixteen  feet  high,  with  stems  from  two  to  two  aud  a 
half  inches  in  diameter.  At  the  age  of  from  fifteen  to  twenty 
years  the  trees  arc  from  twenty  to  thirty  feet  iu  height,  with  a  stem 
diameter  of  four  or  Ave  inches,  the  crown  of  the  tree  occupying 


from  one  half  to  five  eighths  of  its  height.  At  the  age  of  fifty 
years  the  height  of  the  trees  varies  from  forty  to  sixty  feet,  and 
the  trunk  diameter  from  ten  to  fourteen  inches.  Between  sixty 
and  seventy  years  of  age  the  trees  are  from  Rhy  to  seventy  feet 
high,  with  a  trunk  diameter  of  from  twelve  to  fifteen  inches,  and 
in  their  one  hundredth  year  average  from  ninety  to  ninety-five  feet 
iu  height,  with  a  trunk  diameter  of  from  sixteen  to  nineteen  inches. 
Between  the  ages  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  aud  one  hundred  and 
thirty  years  trees  from  ninety  to  one  imndred  and  ten  feet  occur, 
with  trunks  from  eighteen  to  twenty-four  inches  iu  diameter.  The 
oldest  tree  examined  by  Mohr  had  two  hundred  and  eight  layers 
of  auniinl  growth,  aud  was  one  hundred  and  nine  feet  in  height, 
with  a  trunk  twenty-four  inches  in  diameter.  The  largest  tree 
felled  by  him  was  •"ite  hundred  and  seventeen  feet  high,  with  a 
trunk  diameter  of  twenty-five  inches  aud  one  hundred  and  forty- 
three  layers  of  annual  growth. 

The  log  specimen,  cut  in  Arkansas,  in  the  Jesup  Collection  of 
North  American  Woods  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  His. 
tory,  New  York,  is  twenty-three  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter 
inside  the  bark,  and  two  hundred  and  seven  years  of  age.  In  this 
specimen  the  sapwood  is  i,wo  inches  and  a  half  thick  and  seventy- 
four  years  old. 


r 


146 


8ILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONIITERA. 


hoijies,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  sashes,  doors,  and  blinds.  It  is  largely  used  for  these  purposes,  for 
the  framework  of  buildings  weather-boards,  and  for  flooring  and  shingles,  in  oar-building,  and  for 
railway  ties.  It  contains  a  large  quantity  of  resin,  and  in  North  Carolina  young  trees,  which  are  the 
most  prolific,  are  worked  for  the  production  of  turpentine.' 

Pinua  echinata^  which  was  cultivated  in  England  before  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century,' 
was  first  described  by  Plukenet  in  1696 ;  *  it  is  occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree,  and  has 
proved  hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts.  Spreading  now  rapidly  over  abandoned  fields  in 
the  upper  districts  of  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states,  which  it  soon  covers  with  healthy  forests,  the 
Short-leaved  Pine  seems  destined  to  play  an  important  part  in  restoring  fertility  to  their  lands  and  in 
supplying  new  crops  of  valuable  timber. 


>  Ashe,  Bull.  No.  5,  North  Carolina  Oeolog.  Surv.  SS  (The  Foral, 
Forest  Landi,  and  Fort$t  Products  of  Eastern  North  Carolina). 

"  Pinus  echinata  is  also  known  as  Spruce  Pine  in  Delaware,  Mis- 
sissippi, and  Arkansas ;  as  Pitch  Pine  in  Missouri,  where  it  is  the 
only  Pine-tree  ;  and  as  UuU  Piiie  in  Virginia. 


*  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2,  t.  316  (as  Piniu  variabilit).  —  Loudon, 
Arb.  Brit.  iv.  '2195,  f.  2072-2076  («»  Piniu  mUit). 

*  Pinm  Virginiana  pmlongis  folih  tmuioribus  cono  echinato  gra- 
cili,  Aim.  Bot.  207.  —  Duhamel,  Traiti  de>  Arbres,  ii.  126. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE   PLATE. 


Platk  DLXXXVII.    Piwus  kohinata. 
1.  An  end  of  a  branch  with  staminate  flowerB,  natural  size. 
3.  An  involucre  of  a  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

3.  Diagram  of  the  involucre  of  the  staminate  flower. 

4.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 

5.  An  end  of  a  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  size. 

6.  A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flov.-er,  lower  side,  with  its  bract  enlarged. 

8.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

9.  A  cone-scale,  lower  side,  with  its  bract,  natural  aiie. 

10.  A  seed,  natural  size. 

11.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

12.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

13.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

14.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  magniiied  fifteen  diameters. 


¥-U' 


CONIFEBiE. 

purposes,  for 
Liilding,  and  for 
8,  which  are  the 

iteenth  ceutury,' 
tol  tretj,  and  has 
indoned  fields  in 
salthy  forests,  the 
bieir  lands  and  in 


variabUii).  —  Loudon, 

rihiti  cono  echinato  gra- 
irbrei.ii.  120. 


^y 


•^^ 


\s\^ 


w 


■/ 


Tab.  DL7XXVII 


# 


^;.  \lWM. 


W 


v>S>     ^-\. 


't^o 


> -f- 


VV 


\ 


'3i 


A  ifirtff^i,r.   ti'jrAt ' 


KlNUb    KCHINATA,  Mill. 


/nj/i   .  ^  TaMt'Ur,  ParU 


K'n  Hifneli^  .fO 


i!  !;• 


;: 


i  t- 


.1   rr 


I  wf:rh  1 


,\»' 


iTui..<«,  Kin!  il.  <!       '^  ■'      ■  .  ■.  t.n,    ii.        ll    11,    Ui.;-i_»     u--.     ...     ..-♦•    ■.■i|.,..-. 

Uit*  6r>iiiu-«'»rk  "•  ■•    '  'itir  {|iHini»if  »o(i  Mhui^lk*,  to  «»rfi<  .''l.'u^    «ii> 

nt)«ftv  tM*.     it  «»»««/*«•  l«f)jH  ijUKiitity  of  i«h\m.  and  in  North  < "si kUwi  youn^  <  — 
mi>*l  p"  w.vrkcil  for  the  jjrodiintion  of  Uirjaiiitiiio.' 

/' .,„,itit,'  which  was  uiiltivaUnl  in  Kii^jhnd  betoro  the  mid'I.U  of  th*  wjthlr'-uili  <> 

TTTK  ♦'rrt  dMcribod   by  I'lukenel  in  I01»«li*  it  in  oi'cavonally  i'iiltivute<l  iw  uu  onwaicuul  ti*«,  lu 
iianJy  lu  far  north  w  Bantei-n  Mu^uhuuetU.     Spreading  now  rapidly  o\er  ahantlonwl  li.-. 
Li;    m-f.?!  districtR  ..f  the  w>ut.h  AtLmMr  and  Gulf  statM,  which  it  K.)on  covi-im  with  litalihy  fuu^f.. 
Shortleavfd  I'ino  s<*oin»  d«stinwl  «.)  play  an  a.iji'.rtani  {.art  in  tftitoiiiifj  ftrtility  to  thrir  lurjd* 
«u|tplyiug  ne«  (<r<>|«  ot  valiuibie  t!mh«<r. 

'  A»li,-,  JMl.  N..  a,  NartK  ('«n.iimi  (>  ■•^  ( Tht  ftrr*.  '  A.U.U,  II  -viWu).       I 

HMi|,r<   •'«1  Art*a««  :  "H  hWh  I'l'.-    n  MiMuu...  wb.r.-|l  «  U  ,  '•'.•  -     I'i.bamel.  Tr,.  m  ./«  ^rtr«,  li.  KB. 

.,;,.  1',,..  .>!■..•  ■    ....1  «-  l'i..i;  Pino  ill  \  irximii- 


for 

'  for 

the 


iry, 

has 
i  in 

the 
I  ill 


idon, 
gra- 


m 


KXll.ANAI '■'■*'■    "'■     "n     I  '.AIK 


IP' 


M 


,«..i. 


?    ■ 


10. ■'A  »Mid,  natiirat  «i/i 

11.    Vcrticnl  Mj.'tion  iif  a  ««<■  I    ..nlur;.-!. 

'9.   .'Vri  iinlirvii.  wilarijcil. 

l.S.  Tip  i.f  a  I'.Bf,  Mj..rf{p.l. 

14.  CrtKKi  r<.<:lian  of  k  te»f.  in»giii(Jed  Uftecn  tiiiimcl'  i». 


rl 


•IBJt. 

'tir|»>M*.-i,  for 

HM'!  for 

the 

iry,' 

■.I    !•■  has 

ii.i'tifd  lieldl  in 
iiliy  iiirml*,  tho 
I  t  u  itiil  in 


ivtlttiit)       I    idon, 
I, A 

rlirn.  ii   1W> 


Silva  of  Nor'.h   Anif.nca 


Tib   DLXXXVII 


^-'  /■  Faavn  d^ 


J:'rn  I!~.fneii^  J-c. 


PIN  us   ECHINATA,  Mill, 


A  liirrr-pnj^  djrar  '" 


Imp  ,  *"  T<ir.>.-u/\  ParU. 


Ml 

lilll 


^::i ; ' 


m 


I 


1 

ft 

1  iii  i 

!  1'' 

flf 

h 

i 


COMIVBHiR. 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


147 


PINUS  DIVARIOATA. 
Gray  Plae.    Jack  Pine. 

Leaveh  in  clusters  of  2,  stout,  fulciite,  divergent,  dark  gray-green,  from  i  of  un  inch 
to  IJ  inches  in  length.  Cones  oblong-conicul,  oblique,  usually  erect,  incurved,  from  1^ 
to  2  inches  long,  their  scales  furnished  with  minute  incurved  often  deciduous  prickles. 


Plnua  divarioata,  Du  Mont  da  Coun«t,  Bot.  Cult.  ili. 
760  (1802).  — Sudworth,  BuU.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  xx. 
44  ;  Sep.  V.  S.  Dept.  AgrU.  1892,  329. 

Pinua  sylveatria,  &  divarioata,  Aiton,  Uort.  Kew.  iii.  366 
(1789). 

Pinua  Banksiana,  Lambert,  Pinut,  i.  7,  t  3  (1803).  —  Pei^ 
■oon,  Syn.  ii.  r>78.  —  Deifontainea,  I/Ut.  Arb.  ii.  611.  — 
Nouveau  Du/iamel,  v.  234,  t.  67,  f.  3.  —  Aiton,  Hori. 
Kew.  ed.  2,  v.  315.  —  Pur»li,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii.  642.— 
Nuttall,  Gen.  ii.  223,  —  Sprengel,  Si/tt.  iii.  886.  —  Lawson 
di  Son,  Agrie.  Man.  345;  Lint  No.  10,  Aliietineie,  35. — 
Forbea,  finetum  H'ohiint.  13,  t.  3.  —  Hoolier,  Fl.  Bar.- 
Am.  ii.  161.  —  Antoine,  Conif.  8,  t  4,  f.  2.  —  Linli,  Liiir 

ncea,  xv.  491 Spach,  HUt.  Vig.  xi.  379.  —  Endlioher, 

Syn.  Conif.  177.  — Kniglit,  Syn.  Conif.  26.  —  Lindley  & 
Gordon,  Jour.  Hort.  Soe.  Lond.  t.  218  (exol.  syn.  Pinut 
ooniorta).  —  Dietrich,  Syn.  v.  400.  —  Carri^re,  Traiti 
Conif.  381.  —  Gordon,  Pinetum,  163.  —  Courtin,  Fain. 


Conif.  81.  —  Henkel  &  Hoclutetter,  Syn.  Nadtlh.  44.  — 
(NeUon)  Senilis,  Pinacea;  104.  —  lloopes,  Eoergremit, 
78.  —  S^n^lsuze,  Con{f'.  132,  —  Kngelniann,  Tram.  St. 
Louit  Acad.  iv.  184.  —  Veitcli,  Man.  Conif.  158.  —  liegel, 
Rata.  Dendr.  pt.  i.  ed.  2,  40.  —  ScliUbeler,  Viriil.  Nwueg. 
1.  392.  —  Willljomin,  Fortt.  Fl.  242.  —  Sargent,  Forut 
Trees  N.  Am.  UHh  Cetuiut  V.  S.  ix.  201.  — WaUon  & 
Coulter,  Oray'»  Man.  ed.  (i,  491.  —  Mayr,  Walil.  Nordam. 
214,  t.  8,  {.  —  Beisaner,  Handb.  Nadelh.  218.  —  Maaten, 
Jour.  R.  Hort.  Soe.  xiv.  226.  —  Hansen,  Jour.  R.  Hort, 
Soo.  xiv.  350  (Pinetum  IMnicum).  —  Kooline,  Deutsche 
Deiulr.  36. 

PinUB  Hudsonia,  Poiret,  Lamarck  Diet.  v.  .339  (1804). 

Piuus  rupeatrlB,  Micliaux  t.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i.  49,  t  2 
(1810).  —  Pruvancher,  Fl.  Canadienne,  ii.  655. 

PinuB  Hudaonioa,  Parlatore,  I)e  Candolle  Prndr.  xvi.  pt.  ii. 
380  (1868).  — K.  Koch.  Demlr.  ii.  pt.  ii.  298.  — Uuche, 
Deutsche  Dendr.  ed.  2,  108  (1883). 


A  tree,  frequently  seventy  feet  in  height,  with  a  straight  trunk  sometimes  free  of  branches  for 
twenty  or  thirty  feet,  and  rarely  exceeding  two  feet  in  diameter,'  and  long  spreading  flexible  branches 
forming  an  open  symmetrical  head ;  often  not  more  than  twenty  or  thirty  feet  tall,  with  a  stem  ten  or 
twelve  inches  in  diameter,  generally  fruiting  when  only  a  few  years  old,  and  sometimes  shrubby,  with 
stems  not  more  than  two  or  three  feet  high.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  thin,  dark  brown  slightly  tinged 
with  red,  and  very  irregularly  divided  into  narrow  rounded  connected  ridges  separating  on  the  surface 
into  small  thick  closely  appressed  scales.  The  winter  branch-buds  are  ovate  and  usually  abruptly 
narrowed  at  the  full  and  rounded  apex,  the  terminal  bud  being  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long  and 
an  eighth  of  an  inch  thick  and  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  lateral  buds ;  they  are  covered  by  ovate 
lanceolate  pale  chestnut-brown  scales  with  spreading  tips;  soon  becoming  reflexed  on  the  lengthening 
shoots,  from  which  they  fall  before  midsummer,  leaving  their  dark  thickened  bases  to  roughen  the 
branches  for  ten  or  twelve  years.  The  branchlets  are  slender,  tough  and  flexible,  and  pale  yellow- 
green  and  glabrous  in  their  flrst  season,  turning  dark  purple  tinged  with  red  during  their  first  winter 
and  becoming  dark  purple-brown  the  following  year.  The  leaves  are  borne  in  rather  remote  clusters 
of  two,  with  loose  sheaths  which  at  first  are  scarious,  pale  chestnut-brown  below,  silvery  white  above, 
and  nearly  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long,  and  in  their  second  year  are  black  and  often  not  more  than 
one  twenty-fourth  of  an  inch  in  length ;  the  leaves  are  finely  serrulate,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the 
apex,  which  terminates  in  a  short  callous  point,  somewhat  falcate,  rounded  on  the  back,  nearly  flat  or 
slightly  concave  on  the  inner  face,  spreading  from  the  base,  at  first  light  yellow-green  but  dark  green 
at  the  end  of  their  first  season,  usually  about  an  inch  but  varying  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  an 
inch  and  a  quarter  in  length,  from  one  twentieth  to  one  sixteenth  of  an  inch  yride,  and  persistent 

»  Britton,  BuU.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  x.  82.  —  Merriam,  Card.  Chron.  n.  ser,  ix.  503. 


-^/ 


148 


S/JA'A    OF  Aoini/  AMKIiK'A. 


CONirKHyC. 


I 


,pi|: 


until  the  necnnd  or  third  year,  when  they  full  Kriidually  un<l  irref(iilarly ;  they  contain  two  fihro-viMciilur 
buiidleN,  one  or  two  |Niri>ncliynmtouii  reNin  iliiotR,  which  iiru  Nometinu'ii  wanting,  unit  iitr<>n|;thi>niuK  cells 
uiider  the  epitleniiiN  hetwren  the  uumeroiM  handrf  of  d«>e|)-N««t  Htoninta.'  The  Htaniiiinte  flowem  are 
lirodiiced  in  crowded  cluHterit  UNimlly  ahout  uu  inch  and  ii  half  in  len);th,  and  are  olilou);  and  from 
one  third  to  one  half  of  an  inch  lou)f  and  nhout  one  eighth  of  an  inch  thick,  witli  yellow  anther* 
terminating  in  nearly  orhicular  olmctirely  denticulate  creittM,  and  are  Nurronnded  hy  fcom  nix  to  eight 
inviducral  hractx.  The  |iiHtillate  Howent,  which  are  Huhgl(d)ONe,  ^«ith  dark  purple  ovate  itcalcH  gradually 
narrowed  into  Hhort  incurved  tipn,  are  produced  in  cluNterN  of  from  two  to  four  on  the  terminal  ithoot 
and  on  itH  nunierouH  lateral  hraiu'hIetH,  two  cluNtent  being  often  produced  on  the  Mime  leading  Hhoot, 
and  are  rained  on  iitout  |)eduiu'leH  from  one  eiglith  to  nearly  one  (|uarter  of  an  inch  long,  and  covered 
hy  large  choHtnut-hrown  i>rouilly  ovate  acute  liractH  which  immediately  under  the  llower  are  Kcarioui 
and  spreading  or  reHexed.  The  cones  <luring  their  tirut  winter  are  erect,  HuhglolioNe  or  ohiong,  and 
ahout  a  ipiarter  of  an  inch  in  length,  light  yellow-hrown,  and  aruu-d  with  minute  incurved  prickleH ; 
and  when  they  are  fully  grown  in  the  following  autunni  they  are  ohlongH'iuiical,  acute,  ohiiipie  at  the 
baHe,  Hewiile,  erect  and  strongly  incurved,  or  Hiightly  Hpreading  and  occaHionally  recurvctl  above  the 
middle,  frcmi  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inchen  huig,  from  one  half  to  three  ipiarterii  of  an  inch  thick, 
dull  purple  or  green  when  fully  grown,  and  pale  yellow-brown  and  luHtroun  at  maturity,  with  thin  Htiff 
BcalcH  rounded  at  the  a|)ex,  and  below  dark  dull  purple  on  the  lower  and  bright  mahogany-red  and 
luKtroUH  on  the  upper  side,  their  exposed  portions,  which  terminate  in  minute  cinndar  oblong  concave 
dark  umbos,  furnished  with  minute  incurved  often  deciduous  prickles,  being  on  the  outside  of  the  cone 
and  especially  near  the  base  much  thickened  into  large  mamniillate  knobs,  i\nd  on  the  inside  smaller 
and  mamniillate  near  the  btuie  of  the  uone  and  above  transversely  keeled,  slightly  thickened,  or  nearly 
flat ;  they  usually  remain  closed  for  several  years,  opening  very  irregularly,  and  generally  not  falling 
for  twelve  or  fifteen  years.  The  seeds  are  nearly  triangular,  full  and  rounded  on  the  sides,  and  about 
three  eighths  of  an  inch  long,  with  almost  black  tuberculate  coats  and  an  embryo  with  four  or  five 
cotyledons ;  their  wings  are  pale,  lustrous,  broadest  at  the  middle,  full  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  one 
third  of  an  inch  long  and  one  eighth  of  an  inch  wide. 

J'inita  (livarimtu  is  distributed  from  the  neighborhood  of  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  to  the  nliores  of 
the  Bay  of  Chaleurs  and  to  those  of  I^ike  Mistassinnie,  and  westward  south  of  a  line  about  one  hundred 
miles  south  of  James  Bay  to  the  valley  of  Moose  River,  and  then  northwestward  to  the  neighborhood 
of  Fort  Assinibnine  on  the  Athabasca  River  and  down  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River,  where  it 
is  the  only  Pine-tree,  to  about  latitude  05"  north ; ''  southward  it  ranges  to  the  shores  of  Schoodio 
peninsula  in  Frenchman's  Bay '  and  Alamoosook  Lake,*  Maine,  Welch  Mt.,  New  Hampshire,"  to  western 
Vermont' and  the  Adirondacks,^  to  the  southern  shores  of  Lake  Michigan  in  Indiana  and  Illinois, 
the  banks  of  the  Lacrosse  and  Black  Rivera  in  northern  Illinois,"  and  to  central  Minnesota.  In 
eastern  Canada,  where  at  the  north  it  is  often  a  mere  shrub,  and  on  the  borders  of  the  northeastern 
states,  it  usually  grows  in  small  widely  scattered  colonies.  It  is  more  abundant  in  central  Michigan, 
covering  great  tracts  of  barren  lands,'  and  on  the  sand  dunes  along  the  southern  shores  of  Lake 
Michigan,  where  it  mingles  with  Pinus  Slrobun  and  with  stunted  Oaks  and  other  deciduous-leaved 


>  Coulter  &  Rom,  HoI.  Gmetlf,  >i.  .'VM. 

'  Briinut,  Cal.  Vrg.  I.iy.  Cnn.  nO.— Hill,  Bull.  Ornlng.  Itfp.  Can. 
1870-80,  ■»«•.  —  Mavoiin,  Cal.  Can.  I'l.  408. 

•  KeilHrld  &  Kand,  IM.  flaulte,  ivi.  '.iM  ;  Fl.  Mt.  Dmerl  Inland, 
149.  —  Itaud,  nardm  ami  I'orrit,  ii.  57!*. 

•  PinuM  tlivarirata  wan  found  iwveral  yearn  npo  at  the  outlet  of 
Alainooeouk  Ijike,  Orland,  Hancock  County,  Maine,  by  Mr.  George 
]|.  Witberle  of  Caatine,  Maine.  One  tree  at  tlitH  place  «aA  about 
fifty  feet  hijfb. 

•  Appalackia,  iii.  &">.  —  BM.  Taney  Bd.  Club,  iviii.  ISO. 

'  About  1860  a  imall  grove  uf  Pinut  (tivariaila  wm  found  near 


Ferriaburg  in  Addison  ('"imty,  woatem  Vermout,  by  Mr.  Kowland 
E.  UubinNon  of  Kerri-^butf 

'  .1.  II.  Scarn,  Hull.  ExArj    'ml.  liii.  J86. 

'  I'uininel,  ftartlrrt  anil  Ftirr^l,  iv.  5,32. 

*  In  the  upper  part  of  the  I'>wi>r  {leninitula  of  Michigan  numer- 
ous barrens,  the  largest  with  ai.  area  of  several  hundred  sc|uaro 
mileN,  are  rnvered  with  this  tree  and  are  known  as  .lack  I'iiin 
Plains  from  one  of  its  common  names.  (.See  Oarilm  and  Fore>l,  i. 
308.) 

In  northern  Michigan,  Wiscousin,  ami  Minnesota,  Pinua  divari' 
cala  forms  »  valuable  nurse  for  seedling  pUuts  of  Pinut  n$inota  on 


l'-'']7 


m.  -*-  Ui 


CONirKHA. 

()  tihrn-viutciilar 

ngtliciiing  colla 

ntti  Howi*rii  are 

tloiiff  atxl  from 

yi'lliiw  uiitherH 

loin  nIx  to  oi^lit 

HCuli'N  ^riiiluully 

|u  toriiiiiiiil  Hhoot 

tt  lemliiig  Hlioot, 

\\g,  iiiid  covered 

(>r  nro  NcarioiiM 

ur  ohloii^,  and 

jciirvt'd  prickloH ; 

e,  olilii|ue  at  the 

iirvcd  aliove  tlie 

i>f  an  inch  thick, 

:y,  with  thin  HtiiT 

lahogany-rud  and 

ohhiMff  concave 

itHido  of  tile  cone 

he  inxide  Hnialicr 

ckened,  ur  nearly 

lerully  not  falling 

'  aidcM,  and  about 

with  four  or  five 

at  the  apex,  one 

a,  to  the  .shores  of 
jmut  one  iiundred 
the  neighl)orh(H>d 
ie  River,  where  it 
lioreH  of  Schoodic 
pshire,'  to  western 
iana  and  Illinois, 
il  Minnesota.  In 
the  northeastern 
central  Michigan, 
I  shores  of  Lake 
'  deciduous-leaved 

rmout,  by  Mr.  Kuwlaml 


ila  of  Micliigati  niiiucr- 
irvcml  htindred  (tiiuaro 
3  known  aa  .Iiiok  linn 
ee  Garilen  and  Foreil,  i. 

tinnetota,  Pintu  divari- 
dita  of  Pinus  nsinosa  on 


CUNIiKHiK. 


siLVA  OF  Nonrn  amkiiica. 


U\i 


trees ;  north  of  Lake  Superior  it  often  ((rows  to  a  large  Nize  and  is  common,  but  probably  is  most 
abundant,  and  attainn  its  greatest  nize  and  beauty  in  the  region  west  of  Like  Winnipeg  and  north 
of  the  Haskatchewan,  where  it  frequently  ntretches  over  great  areas  of  siuidy  sterile  soil,  abounding  in 
the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  as  I'inuit  contortn  does  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Ko<-ky  Mountains 
in  the  same  latitude.' 

The  wood  of  I'inum  ilivnrivatu  is  light,  soft,  not  strong  and  close-grained  ;  it  is  clear  pale  brown 
or  rarely  orange-color,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapw(H>d,  and  contains  broad  conspicuouN  resinous  bands 
of  small  summer  cells,  few  small  resiu  [Nissages,  and  numerous  obscure  medullary  rays.  The  spccitlc 
gravity  of  the  abwilutely  dry  wood  is  0.1701,  a  cubit;  foot  weighing  '2'<'.U7  pounds.  It  is  cut  for 
fuel  in  the  Province  of  Quebec,  and  sometimes  is  used  for  railway  ties  and  |K>sts ;  occasionally  it  is 
manufactured  into  lumber.     By  the  Indians  of  ('amtda  it  was  value<l  for  the  frames  of  canoes.'' 

I'inuH  dimtrivttlii  was  probably  cultivated  in  England  before  the  middle  of  the  eighteentli  century.' 
Its  short  spreading  leaves  and  o|Htn  habit  do  nut,  however,  greatly  commend  it  to  the  planters  of 
umamental  trees,  and  a  colder  climate  than  that  of  any  part  of  the  United  States  south  of  its  northern 
border  is  needed  to  develop  its  beauty  and  insure  its  long  life.^ 


land  from  whiuh  tlin  tnttnl  baa  been  out,  until  they  are  aviirtii|>|i«d 
by  them  at  the  end  of  a  fi'w  yearn,  and  then  an  undergrowth  nervu 
to  prevent  tht*  di'velopnu<nt  of  linilM  on  the  truiihi  of  the  more 
valuable  »|>efieii ;  and  it  Im  iu>t  iniprulmble  tliat  birf{e  nreiut  in  theiie 
•taten  would  now  lie  prai'tit'ally  deurta  btit  for  the  exiatiMU'O  of 
thia  hardy  and  faat-growinn  tree.  (See  Ayren,  Oardtn  and  Fiirfal, 
ii.  'JUL  —  Hrf,  aUii,  DoukIhi,  fiarilm  and  Fnrul,  li,  S8fi.) 
'  0.  M.  Diiwiion,  Oardrn  and  Foretit  i.  oO. 

•  Richardmn,  Franklin  Jour.  Appi.  No.  7,  7B2. 

•  London,  Arh.  Bril.  i».  2190,  f.  •.'0«4-'.'067. 


*  Curiiiua  fanoiea  concendnf(  thin  tree  have  taken  potMMion  uf 
the  popular  mind  in  tonui  piirtft  of  thi>  noiintry.  It  Ih  eonitidered 
dangerous  to  thime  who  paiiN  within  ten  feet  of  itn  linibn,  the  itanger 
Uting  greater  for  wnnutn  than  for  nu'ii  ;  it  in  lielieved  to  poiiion  the 
N<»il  in  which  it  grown  and  to  lie  fiititl  to  ciittht  browning  near  it ; 
and  if  any  minfortune  eomctt  to  a  man  who  Iiuh  one  of  thene  treoi 
on  his  land,  or  to  hiw  cattle,  it  must  be  burned  down  with  womI, 
whieh  is  piled  around  it,  for  tlie  prejudice  against  it  is  so  strong 
that  no  one  poueised  of  this  belief  would  venture  to  cut  down  a 
Oray  Pine. 


'1 


'  *• 


•v^ 


I   I 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 

Plate  DLXXXVIIL    Pinus  divabicata. 

1.  A  brand)  with  staminate  flowers,  natural  size. 

2.  A  staminate  flower,  eularged. 

3.  An  anther,  aide  view,  enlarged. 

4.  An  anther,  front  view,  enlarged. 

Ti.  A  branch  with  pi8tillate  flowers,  natural  size. 

6.  A  scale  of  a  ])i8tillate  flowttr,  lower  side,  with  its  bract,  enlarged. 

7.  A  scale  (if  a  pistiUate  flower,  upper  Hide,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 

8.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

9.  A  cone-scale,  lower  side,  natural  size. 

10.  A  cone-«cale,  u])per  side,  natural  size. 

11.  A  seed,  natural  size. 

12.  A  cluster  of  young  leaves,  natural  size. 

13.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

14.  Ci  ss  section  of  a  leaf,  magnified  fifteen  diameters. 

15.  A  winter  branch-hud,  enlarged. 

16.  A  seedling  plant,  natural  size. 


Ju 


Sitva  of  No- 


■'*€\.     ' 


"^ 


\    I 


T^ 


V  '%-n///    j 


"% 


■■# 


'■.i:exvv 


I 


i     i 


4* 


S»'^ 


t.... 


<<  KtiJi-'Pito^  (/u"^v  ^ 


Imp.  J  Tansur,  Parix. 


H 


!>! 


EXI'LAivATION   <)¥  THK   I'LATK. 

Platk  DLXXXVni.    J'lxus  kivajucai'a. 
I.  A  lirnu'li  with  stnaiiimto  licwent.  natiml  sU'-. 
?.   A  ^Uuiiioi  t«  tluwer,  oniurKisil. 
3.  Ad  antlMtr.  mj«  yifyi,  «nbkrg;ml. 


l">    A  winter  brincli-huil,  fiiUi-if<'«l. 
16.  A  avodlingf  pUiit,  iiatunU  iiu«. 


f 


li 


r1  f 


1. 


m  i 


i    v:<" 


Silva  of  North   America. 


uh  Di,xxr/in 


1 


^  /:  Foj-cn  dff 


Hapt^fl  .rty. 


PINUS   DIVARICATA,  i-u  Mom 

A  /luJcreu.r  dir/'.v  '  '"V  ■'  TiXIUlf   I'm  in 


p 


1  -  ' 


CONIFKlt*. 


S.LVA    OF  NdiiTn  AMERICA. 


101 


Ft  TUS  VALUSTRIS. 
Long-ltvaved  Pine.    Southern  Pine. 

Leaves  in  clusters  of  3,  slender,  flexible,  dark  green,  from  8  to  18  inches  in 
length.  Cones  cylindrical  or  conical,  oblong,  from  6  to  10  inches  long,  their  scales 
armed  with  short  recurved  spines. 


Pinus  palustris,  Miller,  Did.  ed.  8,  No.  14  (1768).— 
Muenohhausen,  Havsv.  v.  220.  —  Du  Roi,  Harhk.  Baunue. 
ii.  49.  —  Burgsdorf,  Anleit.  pt.  ii.  163.  —  Wangenbeim, 
Nordam.  ^■>lz.  73.  —  Waltar,  K.  Car.  237.  —  Aiton, 
Hort.  Kew.  iii.  368. — Abbot  &  Smith, /jwecis  of  Georgia, 
i.  83,  t.  42.  —  Willdenow,  Bert.  Baunut.  211 ;  Spec.  iv.  pt. 
i.  499.  —  Borkhausen,  Handb.  Forstbot.  434.  —  Micbaax, 
Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii.  204.  —  Lambert,  Pimis,  i.  27,  t.  20.— 
Poiret,  Laviarck  Diet.  v.  341.  —  Persoon,  Syn.  ii.  578.  — 
Du  Mont  de  Courset,  Bot.  Cult.  ed.  2,  vi.  461.  —  Des- 
fontoines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii.  612.  —  Pargh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii. 
644.  —  NuttaU,  Gen.  ii.  223.  —  Hayne,  Detidr.  Fl.  174.  — 
EUiott,  Sk.  ii.  637.  —  Sprengel,  Si/st.  iii.  887.  —  Forbes, 
Pinetum  Wobum.  59,  t.  22.  —  Link,  Handb.  ii.  477  ;  Liw- 
ncea,  xv.  506.  —  Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  604.  —  Sargent,  Forest 
Trees  y.  Am.  10th  Census  U.  S.  ■%.  20J .  —  Watson  & 
Coulter,  Gray's  Man.  ed.  6,  491. —  Munt^rs,  uaar.  R. 
Hort.  Soc.  xiv.  236.  —  Coulter,  Contiiu.  U  W.  Nat.  Herb. 
ii.  554  {Man.  PI.  W.  Texas).—  Britton  &  Brown,  III. 
Fl.  i.  51,  i.  112.  —  M  '..•   Bull.  No.  13,  Div.  Forestru 


V.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  26,  t.  - 

Southern  U.  S.). 
PinuB  lutes,  Walter,  Fl.  Ca/ 
Pinus  Tesda,  8  palustr    . 

Uniti,  ii.  313  (1790). 


:  {The  Tvn;'^.<'  Pines  of  the 

'.  .  {i.m\ 

"tiglioni    I'iag.  negli  Stati 


Pinus  longitoUa,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  398  (1796). 

Pinus  australis,  Micbaux  {.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i.  64,  t.  6 
(1810).  —  JVouoeau  Duhamd,  v.  246,  t.  75,  f.  3.  — Law- 
son  &  Son,  Agric.  Man.  360;  List  No.  10,  Abietinew, 
30.  —  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  iv.  2265,  f.  2166-2160.  —  An- 
toine,  Conif  23,  t.  6,  f.  2.  —  Spach,  Hist.  Vig.  xi.  392.  — 

Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  165 Carson,  Med.  Bot.  ii.  43,  t. 

87.  —  Gihoul,  Arb.  Ms.  33.  —  Knight,  Syn.  Conif  30.  — 
Lindley  &  Gordon,  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  Land.  v.  217.  —  Die- 
trich, Syn.  V.  399.  — CaiTi^re,  TraitS  Conif.  345.  — Gor- 
don, Pinetum,  187.  —  Courtin,  Fam.  Conif.  76.  —  Chap- 
man, Fl.  434.  —Curtis,  Jiep.  Geolog.  Surv.  N.  Car.  1860, 
iii.  24.  —  Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Syn.  Nadelh.  65 (Nel- 
son) Senilis,  Pinae<:  ,  iO'?.  —  Ht'o|.'.s,  Evergreens,  109.  — 
Parlatore,  De  Camti,'.''  Prndr.  x\i.  j^it.  ii.  392.  —  NOrd- 
linger,  Forstbot.  401.  —  Butley  &  Ttimen,  Med.  PL  iv. 
258,  t.  258.  —  Eniidmann,  Tram.  S'.  Louis  Acad.  iv. 
185.  —  Veitch,  Man.  Conif.  172.  —  M.  .yi ,  Ii  'aid.  Nordam. 
109,  t.  7,  f.  —  Hansen,  uoiir.  R.  Hort.  Soc  xiv.  346  {Pine- 
<)/>■.  Duniciim). 

?  Pinus  australis  excelsa,  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  iv.  2256 
(lS38).  —  Woibes,  Pinetum  Woburi,  (W. -- Courtin,  Fam. 
Conif.  76. 


A  tree,  growing  to  iiii  ,tvera;.;e  height  oi  about  one  hundred  feet  and  to  i<,  maximiim  height  of  one 
hnudred  and  twenty,  with  a  K  !'  straight  shghtly  tapering  (ruiik  usually  from  two  to  two  and  a  half 
feet  but  occasionally  thic  feet  in  diameter,  a  massive  tap-root  penetrating  deep  into  the  ground,  thick 
lateral  roots  spreading  widely  )!aar  the  surface  or  descending  deeply,  and  stout  slightly  branched 
gnarled  and  twisted  limbs  covered  with  thin  dark  scaly  bark,  and  forming  an  open  elongated  and 
usually  very  irregular  head  from  one  third  to  one  half  the  length  of  the  tree.  The  bark  of  the  trunk 
varies  from  one  sixteenth  to  one  half  of  an  inch  iu  thickner.n,  and  is  light  orange-brown  and  separated 
on  the  surface  into  h-vge  closely  appressed  papery  scales,  or  when  much  thicken"  1  broken  by  shallow 
longitudinal  and  cross  fissureq  into  oblong  scaly  plates.  The  vinter  branch-buds  gradually  widen  from 
the  base  to  above  the  middle  and  then  narrow  to  the  acute  apex,  the  termuial  bud,  which  is  often  twice 
as  large  as  the  lateral  buds,  being  from  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long  and  half  an  inch  thick ;  they 
are  covered  by  elongated  linea)-Iaiiceolate  silve-y  wliite  lustrous  scales  divided  on  the  margins,  except 
near  the  apex,  into  long  spreading  filaments  which  form  a  jobweb-like  network  over  '■he  bud  through 
which  spread  the  slightly  reflexed  tips  of  the  scales ;  the  inner  scales,  which  at  first  densely  cover  the 
lengthening  shoots,  become  much  reflexed  and,  slov.ly  ''hanging  to  a  dull  orange-color,  usually  remain 
at  the  base  of  the  leaf-clusters  until  these  fall,  leaving  then'  much  thickened  bases  tc  roughen  the 


I 

i  ^ 


r ' 


J 


f     3 


162 


8ILVA   OF  NOBTH  AMERICA. 


CONIFEUiG. 


branches  for  several  years  longer.  The  leaves  are  borne  in  crowded  clusters  of  three,  forming  dense 
tufts  at  the  very  ends  of  the  branches ;  their  sheaths,  which  consist  of  eight  pairs  of  bud-scales,  are 
thin  during  their  first  year,  pale  orange-color,  and  loose  and  scarious  on  the  free  margins,  and  later 
become  dark  brown,  fulling  with  the  leaves  at  the  end  of  the  second  year ;  the  leaves  are  serrulate, 
acute  with  short  callous  tips,  soft  and  flexible,  pendulous  and  dark  green ;  on  old  trees  they  are  usually 
about  eight  inches,  but  on  young  and  vigorous  trees  generally  from  twelve  to  eighteen  inches  in  length, 
and  are  about  one  sixteenth  of  an  inch  in  width ;  they  contain  two  fibro-voscular  bundles,  usiudly  from 
three  to  Rve,  generally  internal  resin  ducts  occasionally  surrounded  with  strengthening  cells  which, 
however,  mostly  occur  on  the  ventral  side  of  the  fibro-vascular  region,  and  many  bands  of  deejj-set 
stomata  on  their  three  faces.'  The  flowers  are  produced  in  very  early  spring  before  the  appearance  of 
the  new  leaves,  the  staminate  in  short  dense  clusters  from  the  axils  of  the  lowest  scales  of  the  branch- 
bud  before  it  has  begun  to  lengthen,  the  pistillate  subtermimJ  just  below  the  apex  of  the  lengthening 
shout  and  usually  in  pairs  or  in  clusters  of  three  or  four,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  being 
occasionally  produced  on  the  same  branch.  The  staminate  Howers  are  cylindrical,  incurved,  from  two 
to  two  and  a  half  inches  in  length  and  almut  a  (juarter  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  with  dark  rose-purple 
anthers  terminating  in  almost  orbicular  denticulate  crests,  and  are  surrounded  by  involucres  of  from 
ten  to  twelve  bracts ;  withering,  they  remain  for  several  months  on  the  branches.  The  pistillate  flowers 
are  raised  on  short  stout  peduncles  covered  by  numerous  membranaceous  bracts  scarious,  spreading, 
and  often  reHexed  at  the  upex,  and  are  oval  and  about  a  third  of  an  incii  in  length,  with  broadly  ovate 
a.'U'k  purjjle  scales  gradually  narrowed  into  slender  tips,  and  nearly  orbicular  bracts  as  large  as  *(ie  base 
of  the  scales.  As  soon  as  their  ovules  are  fertilized  the  young  cones  grow  rapidly  for  a  frw  weeks, 
becoming  about  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  then  increase  very  slowly,  remaining  erect  during 
the  winter,  when  they  are  not  more  than  an  inch  in  length,  and  dark  red-brown ;  beginning  to 
grow  again  in  early  spring,  they  soon  become  horizonttd ;  and  when  they  have  attained  tlieii'  full  size 
in  the  autumn  they  are  cylindrical  or  conical-oblong,  slightly  curved,  nearly  sessile,  horizontal  or 
pendent,  dark  green,  with  chestnut-brown  umbos  and  prickles,  from  six  to  ten  inches  long  and 
about  two  inches  thick,  with  thin  flat  scales  rounded  at  the  apex,  their  exposed  portions,  which 
are  conspicuously  transversely  keeled  and  somewhat  thickened,  terminating  in  elevated  transversely 
compressed  slightly  incurved  dark  umbos  armed  >vith  small  reflexed  prickles ;  turning  dull  brown  when 
fully  ripe,  the  base  of  the  scales  being  now  dark  rich  purple  on  the  lower  side  and  reddish  brown  and 
lustrous  on  the  upper,  they  open  and  shed  their  seeds  late  in  the  autumn,  and  remaining  on  the 
branches  until  the  latter  part  of  the  following  winter,  leave  in  falling  a  few  of  their  basal  scales 
attached  to  the  stem.  The  seeds  are  almost  triangular,  full  and  rounded  on  the  sides,  prominently 
ridged  and  about  half  an  inch  long,  with  a  thin  pale  coat  marked  with  dark  blotches  on  the  upper  side 
and  a  sweet  slightly  resinous  embryo  with  from  seven  to  ten  cotyledons ;  their  wings  are  thin,  fragile, 
pale  reddish  brown  and  lustrous,  widest  near  the  middle,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  very  oblique  apex, 
about  an  inch  and  three  quarters  hnig  and  seven  sixteenths  of  an  inch  wide. 

I'ltiHS  puIuntrU,  which  is  chiefly  confined  to  a  belt  of  late  tertiary  sands  and  gravels  stretching 
along  the  coast  of  the  south  Athmtic  and  Gulf  states  and  rarely  more  than  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  miles  in  width,  is  distributed  from  the  extreme  southeastern  part  of  Virginia'-  southward  to  Capo 
Canaveral  and  the  shores  of  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  westward  to  tlm  u|)lan(ls  east  of  the  bottoms  of 
the  Mississippi  Uiver,^  in  Alabama  extending  northward  to  latitude  34°  150'  north  and  ascending  the 


'  Coulter  &  Rose, /io/.  ^ifiiWfc,  xi.  309.  —  Biwtin  v%  Trimlde, /Im.  the  Mi.vsiKKippi   Kivi-r  into  three  divisions,  biused  on  their  topo- 

Jmir.  Pharm.  Ixviii.  74,  f.  14.     .  ^raptiical  fciituroN  and  iiii  tliu  nieoltanictil  tind  pliysicul  conditions 

^  Piuus  palmtris  cxttMidtt  only  a  few  niili\s  north  of  the  Nuiithcrn  of  tlirir  aoiln. 
boundary  of  Virfpniu  into  the  SQUthoaatern  counties.     {.Sci   Ituflin,  (1.)    The   coast  plain,  an  iiniwrfuctly  druined  tidal  region  of 

Huiieir^  Magnzinf^  iv.  !V>. )  low  I'ine  harnms.  extending  inland  from  ten  to  thirty  niilcfl  and 

"  Or.  Charles  Mohr,  who  haa  carefully  studied  the  diMtrihutitui  cnvi^red  with  op(>u  forests  uf  I1h>  Lou^-leaved  Pine,  interrupted  t)y 

of  I'inwt  piti'iHtrli,  sepanites  the  ^reat  ntaritinie  i*iu<'  Ijelt  ca-st  of  inlets  from  tlio  sea,  brackish  marshes,  aiul  numerous  swamp.s  bear- 


CUNIfKUii: 

forming  dense 

bud-scalea,  are 

gins,  and  later 

B  are  serrulate, 

;hey  are  usually 

iches  in  length, 

B8,  usually  from 

ng  cells  which, 

nds  of  deej)-8et 

le  appearance  of 

of  the  branch- 

the  lengthening 

flowers  being 

lurved,  from  two 

dark  rose-purple 

^olueres  of  from 

pistillate  flowers 

rious,  spreading, 

til  broadlj  ovate 

large  as  Uie  base 

for  a  f'w  weeks, 

iiing  erect  during 

n ;  beginning  to 

ed  their  full  size 

ile,  horizontal  or 

inches  long  and 

1  portions,  which 

I'ated  transversely 

;  dull  brown  when 

•eddish  brown  and 

remaining  on  the 

their  basal  scales 

sides,  prominently 

on  the  upper  side 

s  are  thin,  fragile, 

very  oblique  apex, 

gravels  stretching 
ndred  and  twenty- 
southward  to  Capo 
of  the  bottoms  of 
and  ascending  tlie 

8,  biiseil  i>n  tlitir  topo- 
luiil  ]iliv9loul  cunditioiia 

(lmiiii'<l  tiilai  ri'(,'ioli  i)t 
li'ii  to  thirty  iiiilos  and 
vi'd  Pine,  iiiterru|it('d  Dy 
minieroiis  swamps  bear- 


COOTFER^. 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


153 


southern  foothills  of  the  AppaLichian  Mountains  to  an  altitude  of  two  thousand  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea ; '  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  it  ranges  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  and  from  the 
neighborhood  of  the  coast  to  the  thirty-second  degree  of  north  latitude  in  Texas,  and  in  western 
Louisiana  nearly  to  the  northern  borders  of  the  state.' 

The  most  valuable  of  the  Pitch  Pines  and  one  of  the  most  important  timber-trees  of  North 
America,  Pinus  palustris  produces  heavy,  exceedingly  hard  very  strong  tough  coarse-grained  durable 
wood ;  it  is  light  red  or  orange-color,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contains  broad  bands  of 
small  resinous  summer  cells  occupying  about  half  the  width  of  the  annual  growth,  few  inconspicuous 
resin  passages,  and  many  conspicuous  medullary  rays.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood 
is  0.6999,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  43.62  pounds.^    It  is  largely  used  for  masts  and  spars,  and  in  the 


ing  White  Cedars,  Bays,  Water  Oaks,  Live  Oaks,  Magnolias,  and 
Gum-trees.  Ou  sliglitly  higher  and  better  drained  levels  the  Long- 
leaved  Pine  was  once  more  abundant,  but  it  has  now  almost  entirely 
disappeared  from  all  parts  of  the  coast  plain  and  lias  been  replaced 
by  Pinm  Tmla  and  I'inua  heterujihylta. 

(2.)  The  rolling  Pino  hills  or  upland  Pine  barrens  rising  in  the 
Atlantic  states  some  six  hundred  feet  above  the  soa-level,  and 
spreading  in  the  (iiilf  states  into  broad  undulating  lower  table- 
lands. These  hills  and  table-lands  were  once  covered  exclusively 
by  forests  of  the  Long-leaved  Pine,  extending  without  interruption 
over  hundreds  of  square  miles  in  gloomy  monotony. 

(.3.)  The  upiier  division  or  region  of  mixed  growth.  In  this 
interior  region,  where  the  Long-leaved  Pino  grows  to  its  largest 
dimensions  with  the  largest  proportion  of  trees  of  maximum  size, 
it  is  conflned  to  ridges  covered  by  drifted  sands  and  pebbles,  to 
rocky  heights,  alternating  with  open  Oak  woods  growing  on  cal- 
careous loams  and  marls,  and  to  areas  on  which  the  drifts  have 
mixed  with  these  loams  and  marls,  where  it  mingles  with  deciduous- 
leaved  trees  and  with  the  Loblolly  and  Short-leaved  Fines.  (See 
Mohr,  Bull.  No.  13,  Div.  Forestry  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  30  [T/ie  Timber 
Pines  of  the  Southern  U.  S.}.) 

'  On  Blue  Mountain  or  Talladega  Mountain  Itange  in  Talladega 
County,  Alabama,  I'inus  paluslria  tlourishes  up  to  an  elevation  of 
two  thousand  feet  above  the  sen,  although  in  this  part  of  the  state 
it  usually  di.sappenrs  at  from  three  to  five  hundred  feet  lower 
(Mohr,  I.  c.  73). 

'  West  of  the  Mississippi  River  the  forests  of  rinus  palustris 
are  also  confined  to  the  sands  and  gravels  of  the  latest  tertiary 
formations,  occupying  in  Louisiana  two  distinct  regions  j  in  one, 
south  of  Red  River,  it  extends  from  the  borders  of  the  treeless 
savannas  of  the  coast  to  the  bottoms  of  Red  River,  and  from  the 
eastern  boundary  of  Caliosieu  Parish  to  the  Sabine  River,  which  it 
crosses  into  Texa.'i  ;  in  the  other,  north  of  Red  River,  it  extends 
nearly  to  Arkansas,  and  from  the  uplands  bordiiing  the  Iwttoms  of 
the  Ouachita  westward  along  the  shores  of  Lake  Catahoula  until  it 
is  stc  p^d  again  by  the  alluvial  deposits  of  Red  River.  The  Pine 
flats  near  the  Louisiana  coast,  which  are  imperfectly  drained  and 
often  covered  with  water,  produce  an  open  forest  of  comparatively 
small  trees,  which  have  already  been  cut  and,  owing  to  the  un- 
favorable nature  of  the  soil,  arc  not  replacing  themselves.  Farther 
from  the  coast  in  all  the  region  south  of  Red  River,  on  \mv  rid^^'s 
the  Long-leaved  Pine,  crowded  in  dense  forests,  grows  to  a  great 
height  and  produces  timlier  of  excellent  quality.  The  undulating 
uplands  immediately  north  of  the  Red  River  bottoms  are  still 
covered  with  pure  nearly  unbroken  forests  of  this  tree  ;  farther 
north  Pine-covered  ridges  rise  between  flats  clothed  with  White 
Oaks  and  Hickories,  and  still  farther  north  the  forests  are  more 
open  and  the  Long-leaved  Pines,  which  grow  here  in  great  perfec- 


tion, are  mixed  with  the  Short-leaved  Pine  and  with  deoiduoui- 
leaved  trees. 

In  Texas,  as  in  Louisiana,  the  imperfectly  drained  coast  flats 
have  been  stripped  of  their  Pino  forests,  but  farther  inland,  on 
gentle  undulating  low  hills,  this  tree  grows  rapidly  to  a  large  size, 
producing  timber  equaling  that  proiluced  in  the  adjacent  pineries 
of  southwestern  Louisiana.     (See  Alolir,  /.  c.  44.) 

^  During  their  early  years  the  seedlings  of  Pinua  paUistris  devote 
most  of  their  energies  to  the  de-. .  lopment  of  the  powerful  root  sys- 
tem peculiar  to  this  tree,  the  stcD.  .  t  :!'..  end  of  the  flrst  year  being 
rarely  over  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  length,  although  the  taji- 
root  at  this  time  is  often  from  eight  to  ten  inches  long.  At  the 
end  of  another  year  the  tap-root  is  often  from  two  to  three  feet 
long,  while  the  stem  is  scarcely  an  inch  and  a  half  high  ;  and  at  the 
end  of  the  fourth  year  the  average  plant  is  not  more  than  live 
inches  in  height,  while  the  tap-root  has  constantly  gained  in  thick- 
ness and  length.  In  Its  seventh  year  the  plant  enters  a  period  of 
vigorous  growth,  the  stem  increasing  rapidly  in  length  and  produ- 
cing branches  in  regular  whorls,  its  upward  growth  during  several 
seasons  varying  at  this  period  from  ten  to  twenty  inches.  Trees 
grown  on  abandoned  farms,  and  from  thirty  to  thirty-five  years  of 
age,  have  a  faei,Tht  of  from  forty-ttve  to  fifty  feet  and  a  trunk 
diameter  of  ten  and  a  half  or  eleven  inches,  their  leading  shoots 
being  sometimes  two  feet  in  length,  while  trees  of  the  same  age 
grown  in  the  forest  on  land  which  has  never  been  cleared  require 
almost  twice  as  long  to  attain  the  same  size.  When  twenty  years 
of  age  the  trees  begin  to  produce  flowers  and  fruit,  and  during  the 
following  ten  or  fifteen  years  attain  an  average  height  of  from 
forty  to  forty-five  feet,  with  clear  stems  free  of  branches  for  a 
considerable  distance  above  the  ground.  Growing  upward  rapidly 
with  an  average  yearly  increase  of  fourteen  or  fifteen  inches  dur- 
ing its  first  half  century,  the  average  upward  growth  during  the 
next  fifty  years  is  not  more  than  four  or  five  inches,  and  between 
the  ages  of  one  hundred  and  two  hundred  and  fifty  years  the  usual 
increa.se  is  only  about  an  iiicli  and  a  half,  the  decrease  in  the  ac- 
cretion of  wood  corresponding  with  the  iiiuduction  of  the  upward 
growth  of  the  stem  and  branches.  After  they  have  reached  the 
age  of  two  hinidred  yeara  the  trees  generally  become  wind-shaken 
and  defective,  while  the  exhaus;ion  of  the  soil  lessens  their  vitality 
and  increases  their  danger  from  disease  and  the  attacks  of  insects, 
and  trees  over  two  hundri'd  and  seventy-five  years  old  are  excep- 
tional. (See  Molir,  /.  r.  5.^,  for  an  elaborate  account  of  the  rate 
of  growth  of  Piims  palustris  in  different  parts  of  the  country,  and 
for  a  discus.sion  of  the  conditions  essential  to  its  best  development. 
See,  also,  Mlodziansky,  Garden  and  Forest,  ix.  7'J.) 

The  log  specimen  in  the  .Tesup  Collection  of  North  American 
Woods  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York, 
cut  in  southern  Georgia,  is  seventeen  inches  and  three  quarters  in 


I 


IM 


SILVA    OF  NOHTH  AMEBIC  A. 


CONIFERiK. 


building  of  bridges,  viaducto,  and  trestle-work,  in  the  construction  of  railway  cars,  for  which  it  is 
preferred  in  the  United  States  to  any  other  wood,  for  railway  ties,'  fencing,  flooring,  and  the  interior 
finish  of  buildings,  and  for  fuel "  and  charcoal. 

Rich  in  resinous  secretions,  Pinua  paluatria  supplies  the  world  with  a  large  part  of  its  naval 
stores.' 


'I 


diuneter  inside  the  bark,  and  two  hundred  and  twenty  years  old. 
The  sApwtMMt  of  tliis  speciiufu  is  nu  inch  in  tliickness,  with  forty 
layers  of  Anniiiil  f(rowtb,  and  the  bark  is  only  an  eighth  uf  uii  inch 
thick. 

*  Railway  tiei*  of  hard  pine  arc  every  year  in  greater  demand  ; 
they  are  used  alniuNt  excluNively  in  the  south,  and  are  now  laid 
on  many  of  the  principal  lines  iu  the  northern  states,  which  a  few 
years  ago  depended  on  Im'al  supplies  of  white  oak  and  chestnut. 
Thit)  makes  constant  and  increasing  drafts  u{>on  the  forests  of 
Long-leaved  Pine,  enormous  quantities  uf  young  trees  being  cut 
every  year  for  ties.  The  trees  used  are  geucnilly  Hfteen  or  sixteen 
inches  in  diameter  at  three  feet  above  the  ground,  and,  as  rule, 
only  the  butt  cuts  are  used,  usually  not  more  than  ten  ties  being 
obt^iiued  from  an  aert>.  The  Iwst  trees  are  therefore  socriHced 
long  before  they  reach  the  [H^riotl  of  greatt'i^t  value. 

''  Of  late  years  a  profitable  industry  ha.s  U'en  developed  in  the 
south  by  cutting  the  resinous  stumps  of  trees  in  abandoned  turpen- 
tine orchards  into  long  narmw  strips  about  three  ipuirters  of  nn 
inch  thick,  stcumiug  them,  and  rolling  them  into  small  bundles, 
which  are  shipped  to  the  north,  and  sold  for  kindling  wood.  I'iiie 
woimI,  called  light  wood,  abnormally  tilled  with  resin,  the  result  of 
working  the  tree  fur  turpentine,  is  very  durable  in  contact  with  the 
soil,  and  is  often  used  in  the  southern  states  for  fence-posts. 

*  The  production  of  turpentine  in  the  pineries  adjiu'ent  to  the 
coast  uf  North  Carolina  had  iH^conie  an  industry  of  considerable 
importance  iH'fore  the  Ilevolution,  most  of  the  crude  turpentine 
being  scut  to  Knglniid.  After  the  war  it  was  distilled  in  clumsy 
in»n  retorts  in  North  Carolina  and  iu  some  of  the  northern  cities, 
and  as  I'urly  n.s  IH18  the  deiimiid  had  greatly  increased  the  supply, 
although  the  Held  uf  operation  was  not  extended  south  of  Capo 
Kear  Hiver  nor  more  than  a  hundred  miles  from  the  coast  until 
18^(*i ;  but  the  introduction  of  tfae  cupper  still  iu  IH'M  and  the  de- 
mand for  spirits  of  turpentine  in  the  manufacture  of  india  rubl»er 
goods  and  for  illuminating  pur|H>ses,  rapidly  developed  this  indus- 
try, which  gradually  spread  farther  inland  and  lM>gan  to  move 
southward,  although  Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  remained  the 
chief  centre  for  the  distribution  uf  naval  stores  until  a  few  years 
ago,  when  portsi  nearer  to  the  productive  forests  superseded  it. 
The  manufacture  of  naval  stores  under  the  iuHuence  of  ruinous 
com|>etition  has  often  exceeiled  the  demand,  and  oj*  thus  only  the 
most  wasteful  methods,  having  iu  view  large  and  immediate  re- 
turns without  regard  for  future  supplies,  have  been  profitable,  wide- 
spread! ruin  has  been  caused  in  the  southern  pineries.  Searching 
always  for  virgin  foresUf,  the  industry  has  gradually  spreatl  until  it 
ha.s  now  invaded  every  state  where  Piuus  palustris  grows.  .\Ithough 
it  is  not  probable  that  the  drsiwing  oflf  of  the  resinous  juices  of  the 
trees  has  an  injurious  effect  upon  the  heartwood,  the  fonnation  of 
the  resin  taking  place  only  in  the  sapwoiMl.  the  timber  of  boxed 
trees  is  almost  invariably  mined,  as  if  left  standing  they  are  at- 
tacked by  fire,  which  so  weakens  them  that  they  are  soon  blown 
over,  or  are  destroyed  by  the  boring  of  capricom  beetles  or  by  the 
spread  of  fungal  diseases  (iver  the  wounds  on  the  trunk. 

The  tn^es  selected  for  boxing  are  usually  from  twelve  to  eighteen 
inches  in  diameter,  although  trinks  only  eight  inches  through  are 
now  sometimes  worked.     A  deep  notch  or  box  is  made  in  the  trunk 


of  the  tree  by  a  out  generally  made  at  twelve  inches  above  the 
ground,  slanting  downward  about  seven  inches  in  depth,  and  joined 
by  a  second  out  started  ten  inches  above  the  flrst,  and  extending 
down  from  the  bark  to  meet  it.  In  this  way  a  segment  is  renmved 
from  the  trunk,  and  a  triangular  trough  formed  funr  inches  deep 
and  four  inches  wide  at  the  top,  with  n  capacity  of  aUnit  three 
pints.  Two  such  boxes,  or  upon  a  largo  trunk  sometimes  four, 
are  made  on  each  tree.  A  crop,  the  unit  of  production,  consists  of 
ten  thousand  Iwxes.  They  are  cut  early  in  Novemlwr  with  a  nar- 
rjw-bladed  axe  specially  manufactured  for  the  purpose,  and  the 
trees  are  worked  on  an  average  during  thirty-two  weeks.  As  soon 
OS  the  upper  surface  of  the  box  ceases  to  exude  freely,  it  is  hacked 
over  and  a  fresh  surface  exposed,  the  dried  resin  adhering  to  tfae 
wound  having  been  first  carefully  removed  with  a  sharp  narrow 
steel  scraper,  the  hacking  being  done  witli  a  strong  dull  knife  fas- 
tened to  the  end  of  a  short  handle  which  is  furnished  at  the  lower 
end  with  an  iron  ball  weighing  about  four  |)ounds  to  give  increased 
force  to  the  strokes  and  thus  lighten  the  labor.  The  boxes,  espe- 
cially after  the  first  season,  are  frequently  hacked  as  often  as  unco 
a  week,  and  arc  thus  gradually  extended  upward  until  upon  trees 
which  have  been  worked  during  a  number  of  seasons  the  upper  end 
of  the  box  may  be  ten  or  twelve  feet  alnive  the  ground.  Once 
every  few  weeks  the  restn  caught  in  the  bottom  of  the  box  is  re- 
moved into  a  bucket  with  a  small  sharp  oval  steel  spade  attached 
to  a  short  wooden  handle.  The  product  of  these  dippings,  as  this 
operation  is  called,  is  placed  in  barrels  and  transported  to  the  dis- 
tillery. During  the  first  season  the  luxes  are  usually  dipped  eight 
times,  yielding  an  average  of  three  hundred  barrels  of  turpentine 
to  the  crop  of  ten  thousand  boxes,  'ilie  second  ycat'  the  number 
of  dippings  is  usually  reduced  to  five,  the  product  falli'ig  off  to  one 
hundred  and  fifty  barrels,  wliile  for  the  third  seasiui  one  hundred 
barrels  are  considered  a  fair  yield  from  three  dippings.  To  this 
must  bt>  added  the  yield  of  the  scrapings,  which  for  the  first  year 
is  estimated  at  from  sixty  to  soTcnty  barrels  of  two  hundred  pounds 
each  fn)m  a  crop,  and  for  the  succeeding  years  at  one  hundred  bar- 
rels. The  resinous  flow  is  most  abundant  during  July  and  August, 
diminishing  as  the  nights  become  emder,  and  ceasiiig  in  Octob**"  or 
NovendnT.  Trees  are  profitably  worked  in  North  Caroln:?.  durii>g 
four  or  five  years,  and  in  that  state,  where  the  industry  has  l>ecn 
longest  practiced,  trees  are  sometimes  worried  for  more  than  ten 
years,  and  then  after  a  rest  of  several  years  are  worked  again  with 
new  boxes  cut  between  the  old  ones.  Farther  south  the  trees  seem 
to  ptissess  less  .ecuperative  power,  and  in  South  Carolina  orchards 
are  rarely  i>  ofitably  worked  for  more  than  four  seasons,  while  iu 
(leorgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  and  Mississippi  they  are  frequently 
abandiuied  at  the  end  of  the  second  and  almost  invariably  at  the 
end  of  the  third  year.  The  copper  stills  generally  used  in  this 
I'oiintry  have  a  capacity  of  eight  hundred  gallons,  (»r  a  charge  of 
from  twenty  to  twenty-five  barrels  of  crude  turpentine,  and  in 
order  that  a  still  may  run  night  ond  day  trees  on  about  four  thou- 
sand acres  of  average  Pine  land  are  worked, 

The  following  grades  of  turpentine  are  recognized  :  "Virgin 
Dip,"  or  "Soft  White  (Juni  Turpentine,"  the  prtKluct  of  ihe  first 
year;  "Yellow  Dip,"  the  prmi'ct  of  the  second  and  succeeding 
years,  growing  darker  colon'd  and  less  liquid  e*.  ery  year  ;    and 


rtv-t 


CONIFER*. 

for  which  it  ia 
and  the  interior 

)art  of  its  naval 


elvo  inches  iibove  the 
en  in  depth,  ami  joiiieil 
first,  ami  cxtemling 
ft  Bcgmciit  i»  removed 
uriiied  four  inches  deep 
apiicity  of  ahout  three 
triiiik  winietiinos  four, 
production,  consistH  of 
Novemlwr  with  a  nar- 
tliu  purpose,  and  the 
■two  weeks.     As  soon 
■xuiU-  freely,  it  is  hacked 
I'll  resin  ndhering  to  the 
ed  with  a  sharp  narrow 
1  a  strong  dull  knife  fas- 
is  furnished  at  the  lower 
jwnnds  to  give  inereased 
labor.     The  boxes,  espe- 
y  hacked  as  often  as  onco 
upward  until  upon  trees 
r  of  seasons  the  upper  end 
above  the   ground.     Once 
!  bottom  of  the  box  is  re- 
oval  steel  spade  attached 
of  these  dippings,  as  this 
and  transported  to  the  dis- 
te»  are  usually  dipped  eight 
ndrod  barrels  of  turpentine 
lie  second  yea.-  the  number 
he  product  falli-.g  off  to  one 
he  thinl  seascni  one  Inindred 
nil  three  dippings.     To  this 
ngs,  which  for  the  first  year 
irrels  of  two  hundred  pounds 
iig  years  at  one  hundred  bar- 
lant  during  .Inly  and  August, 
Dr,  and  ceasing  in  OctiV"  or 
kcd  in  North  Caroli.:?.  during 
where  the  industry  has  licon 
-s  woi'-.ed  for  more  than  ten 
I  years  arc  worked  again  with 
Farther  Bunth  the  trees  seem 
iid  in  South  Carolina  orchards 
re  than  four  seasons,  while  in 
ssissippi   they  arc   frequently 
1  and  almost  invariably  at  the 
,.  stills  generally  used  in  this 
indred  gallons,  or  a  charge  of 
I  of   onule  turpentine,  and  in 
1  day  trees  on  nlwut  four  thou- 
worked. 

.line  are  reoogniwd  :  "  Virgin 
„tine,"  the  prwluct  of  .he  first 
of  the  second  and  succeeding 
I  h-sH  liquid  c.  ery  year  i    and 


CONIFRItfi. 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


185 


Plants  of  Pinua  paluatris  four  or  five  feet  high,  cut  at  the  level  of  the  ground,  are  sold  every 
winter  in  large  numbers  in  the  markets  of  northern  cities  for  the  decoration  of  churches  and  living- 
rooms.' 

Pinua  palustria  appears  to  have  been  first  described  by  Duhamel  in  1755,'  although  the  value 
of  its  resinous  prttducts  had  been  recognized  more  than  a  century  earlier.^  By  the  advice  of  F.  A. 
Miohaux,*  the  French  government  distributed,  about  lti30,  large  quantities  of  the  seeds  of  this  tree 


"  Scrape  "  or  "  Hard  Turpentine,"  the  product  of  the  •craping  of 
the  boxes.  Kosin  is  graded  as  follows  :  "  W,"  window  glass  ;  "  N," 
extra  pale  ;  "  M,"  pale  j  "  K,"  low  pale  i  "  I,"  good  No.  1  i  "  H," 
No.  1;  "G,"  low  No.  1  ;  "F,"  good  No.  2;  "E,"  No.  li ;  "D," 
good  strain  i  "C,"  strain;  "li,"  comiuon  strain;  "A,"  black. 
Window-gloss,  which  is  the  highest  grade,  is  produced  only  from 
the  first  dippings  of  virgin  trees;  the  resinous  exudation  becomes 
darker  in  color  and  less  volatile  with  every  succeeding  year,  and 
the  rosin  darker  and  less  valuable.  Trees  worked  during  several 
years  produce  dark  brown  or  black  rosin.  Spirits  of  turpentine 
distilled  from  the  resinous  exudations  of  virgin  trees  .s  pale-col- 
ored, light  in  weight,  and  free  from  any  taste  ;  the  resinous  matter 
yielded  in  succeeding  years  gains  more  and  more  body,  and  the 
greater  heat  required  in  distilling  it  throws  off  some  resin  combined 
with  the  spirits,  producing  a  bitter  taste  and  greater  weight. 

Tar,  produced  by  burning  the  dead  wood  and  most  resinous 
parts  of  the  Long-leaved  Pine  in  covered  kilns,  is  graded  as  fol- 
ows  :  "  Rope  Yellow,"  or  rope-makers'  tar,  —  the  highest  grade,  — 
produced  with  a  minimum  of  heat  from  the  most  resinous  parts  of 
the  wood  ;  "  Koany,"  or  "  Ship  Smearing,"  the  next  running  of  the 
kiln  ;  "  Black  "  or  "  Thin,"  the  lowest  grade,  made  from  inferior 
wood,  or  the  last  running  of  the  kiln,  and  therefore  produced  with 
a  maximum  of  heat.  (See  FlUokiger  &  Ilanbury,  Pharmacographia, 
M6.  —  Sargent,  Forest  Trees  N.  Am.  10(A  Cenms  U.  S.  ix.  517.  — 
Dunwoody,  Am.  Jour.  Pharm.  Ixii.  284.  —  Murray,  Am.  Jour. 
Pkarm.  Ixii.  393.  —  Ashe,  iiuH.  No.  5,  A^orM  Carolina  Cleoloij.  Siirv. 
73  (  The  Foreiln,  Forest  Lauds,  and  Forest  Products  of  Eastern  North 
Carolina. —iloht,  Bull.  No.  13,  />ii'.  Fore-ilri/  U.  S.  Depl.  Agric.  07 
[Timber  Pines  of  the  Southern  U.  S.].  —  Bastin  &  Trimble,  Am. 
Jour.  Pharm.  Iiviii.  242,  f.  23-27.) 

'  Garden  and  Forest,  lii.  12. 

'  Pinus  Americana  palustria  lri/olia,/oliit  longiuimw,  Truile  des 
Arbres,  ii.  120. 

^  That  the  production  of  tar  and  tnr{)entine  was  an  occupation  of 
some  importance  on  our  southern  coast  in  the  seventeenth  century 
appears  from  the  following  passage  on  the  fifteenth  page  of  Samuel 
Clarke's  A  True  and  Faithful  Account  of  the  Four  Chiefest  Phnla- 
rtonj  of  England  and  America,  to  wit,  Virginia,  New  England,  Ber- 
mudas atui  Barbadoes,  published  in  London  in  1670  :  "  Pot-ashes, 
and  Soap-ashes;  Pitch  and  7"ur  for  making  whereof  divers  Po- 
land-*rs  were  sent  over." 

«  Frauijois  Andrd  Michttux  (August  10,  1770-Oetoher  3,  1855) 
was  born  at  Satory,  a  royal  seat  ucar  Versailles,  and  was  the  only 
sou  of  Andrd  Mictmux,  famous  for  his  botanical  explorations  in  the 
Orient,  North  America,  and  Madagascar.  Frant^oia  necompanicd 
his  father  to  North  America,  where  he  was  sent  to  examine  its 
flora  and  to  gather  the  seeds  of  trees  and  other  plants  for  tlie  royal 
nurseries,  and  landed  in  New  York  on  the  Ist  of  October,  1735. 
He  remained  with  liis  father,  sharing  many  of  his  long  journeys, 
until  ITUO,  when  he  returned  to  France,  and  devoted  himself  to  the 
study  of  medicine  in  Paris  under  Corvisart  with  the  intention  of 
returning  to  the  United  States,  where  he  proposed  to  establish  him- 
self OS  a  physician.     But  the  government  becoming  dissatisfied 


with  the  results  obtained  from  the  nurseries  of  young  trees  which 
the  elder  Miohaux  hod  loft  in  New  Jersey  and  South  Carolina, 
Frautoui  Miehaux  was  invited  to  returu  to  America  to  ship  their 
contents  to  France  and  sell  the  laud.  He  reached  Charleston  on 
the  Oth  of  October,  1801,  and  remained  in  the  United  States  until 
1803,  devoting  his  time  after  the  fulfillment  of  his  commission  to 
exploring  the  forests,  traveling  as  far  westward  as  Nashville,  Ten- 
nessee. Returning  to  Paris,  he  published  in  1804  his  Voyage  h 
I'Ouest  des  Monti  Alleghanys,  which  describes  the  country  ho  had 
traversed  two  years  before,  and  in  the  following  year  a  Memoire 
sur  la  Naturalisation  des  Arbres  Forestiers  de  VAmeri'jue  du  Nord, 
in  which  he  insisted  on  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  natural- 
izing the  most  valuable  American  trees  on  a  large  scale  in  France. 
In  order  to  put  this  idea  into  operation,  he  was  again  sent  to  the 
United  States,  embarking  on  the  5th  of  Febniary,  1805,  although 
owing  to  the  capture  of  his  vessel  by  a  British  man-of-war  he  did 
not  reach  his  destination  until  the  end  of  May,  having  in  the  mean 
time  passed  some  time  at  Bermuda.  Miehaux  now  remained 
nearly  three  years  in  America,  studying  the  trees  of  the  eastern 
states,  familiarizing  himself  with  their  characters  and  uses,  and 
gathering  scedr  of  the  most  valuable,  from  which  more  than  two 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  phuits  were  raised  in  France.  On  his 
return  Miehaux  began  the  preparation  of  the  Hisloire  des  Arbres 
Forestiers  de  VAmvrique  Septentrionale,  the  work  by  which  lie  is  best 
known.  This  classical  book  was  published  in  three  volumes,  with 
one  hundred  and  forty-four  colored  plates  engraved  on  copper. 
Based  on  neeurato  knowledge  gained  in  the  forests  ami  workshops 
of  the  New  World,  it  is  a  monument  to  the  energy,  patience,  and 
knowledge  of  its  author,  and  must  always  be  consulted  by  all  stu- 
dents of  the  trees  of  eastern  North  America.  The  first  volume 
appeared  in  1810  when  Miehaux  was  forty  years  of  age,  the  second 
in  1812,  the  thinl  iu  1K13.  An  English  edition  in  three  volumes 
appeared  in  Paris  and  Philadelphia  in  1817-10  under  the  title 
of  The  North  American  Sylca,  with  a  few  additional  plates  and 
some  fresh  observations  by  the  author.  The  pintcs  of  the  illus- 
trations were  bought  in  Paris  by  Mr.  William  McClnre  of  Phil- 
adelphia and  brought  to  this  country,  and  in  1841,  an  edition  was 
printed  from  thcin  at  New  Harmony,  Indiana  ;  another  edition 
appeared  in  Philadelphia  in  1852  with  notes  by  Mr.  J.  Jay  Smith  ; 
and  in  18G5  this  edition  was  republished  in  Philadelphia  with  a  re- 
print of  the  two  volumes  of  Nuttall's  Sylca.  After  the  publication 
of  his  Hiilnire  di-s  .irhres,  Miehaux  devoted  the  remainder  of  his 
life  to  the  propagation  and  cultivation  of  trees  on  a  small  estate  of 
his  own  and  on  the  grounds  of  the  Socidtd  d' Agriculture,  to  which  he 
was  always  deeply  devoted.  In  recognition  of  the  hospitality  anil 
kindness  he  had  received  in  the  United  States,  Miehaux  becpieathed 
to  the  American  Philosophical  Society  the  sum  of  fourteen  thousand 
dollars  for  sp'  jial  purposes  connected  with  the  object  of  his  con- 
stant ambition,  "  the  progress  of  agriculture  with  reference  to  the 
propagation  of  useful  forest  trees;"  and  to  the  Massachusetts 
Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Agriculture,  of  which  he  was  an  lion- 
orarv  member,  he  left  the  sum  of  eight  thousand  dollars  fur  similar 
purposes. 


II 


'' 


■■jg-j.-  •.mfryt 


106 


>fILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONinEttA. 


to  land-owners  in  rentral  and  southern  France  in  the  expectation  that  its  cultivation  on  sterile  soil 
would  increase  the  proHperity  of  the  country.'  Tt  haH  not,  however,  flourished  in  Europe,  where  only 
a  few  of  the  treeH  planted  at  tliat  time  survive  in  southwestern  France''  and  in  northern  Italy.' 

Invaded  from  every  direction  by  the  axe,  a  prey  to  flres  which  weaken  the  mature  trees,  destroy 
tender  saplings  and  young  Hcudlings,  and  impoverish  the  soil,*  wiisted  by  the  pasturage  of  domestic 
animals,'^  and  destroyed  for  the  doubtful  profits  of  the  turpentine  industry,  the  forests  of  Long-leave<l 
Pines/  more  valuable  in  their  products  and  in  their  eiMy  access  than  any  other  Pine  forests  in  the  world, 
appear  hopelessly  doometl  to  lose  their  commercial  importance  at  no  distant  day. 


*  8e«  AnnnUmif  Fhmwnt,  ii.  dOH  {HapfHtrt/att  it  la  SiKiete  Rnifale 
tt  Centralf  tCAffriatltur^,  pur  F.  A.  Mielmtix,  Sur  U  Pinttt  auiira- 
tis).  —  Annalft  de  la  SiH-iett  tV Horticulture  tie  Pari*,  18iU,  UK-'. — 
8uuUnge-lt(Mlin,  AtmaleJi  df  Fromtmt,  ii.  IlHl  (OhnfrvatitmM  mr  la 
C'ttture  du  /'miw  ata/rfi/M)  ;  iii.  170  {HhuUut  dr  Semi*  de  Pintu 
a**tfralu).  —  Amuilen  d*  h'mmimt,  ii.  .'i77.  —  Ivoy,  Annalen  de  Fro- 
mont^  iv.  284.  —  Mrfrun,  Hev.  /lort.  1811,  51.  (Sep,  nUo,  Journal 
d* Horticulture  Pratifjue  de  Victor  Patpwl,  i.  '28<V  —  Poiteaii,  Hev. 
Hort.  1843,  lOU.) 

'  M.  h.  de  Vilmoriu,  fi'ardeti  and  Fore.nt,  x.  U'J,  f.  14. 

*  Nicholson,  Gardnx  and  Forest,  ii.  WJ7. 

*  Fires,  which  buve  lunj^  nivageH  the  forests  of  Lonf^-leavcfl 
Pine,  threaten  thrir  rxttriniiiation.  Lighted  in  enrly  Hpriiig  in  all 
parts  of  the  nmrititne  V'\i\v  l>elt,  tirHt  by  the  tndiand  ami  then  hy 
their  white  successors  to  improvi*  the  MCiUity  pnsturaf;^  of  the  forcMt 
tluor,  they  are  gnulimlly  eonsiiming  the  fertility  of  the  soil  and 
destroying  all  seedling  PinoH  and  other  iindorgniwth,  and  Heedlings 
and  young  plants  are  now  si-arce  except  in  regions  which  have  U-en 
protected  by  natural  barrierfi.  Fires  are  especially  deHtnii'tive  in 
the  forests  which  an-  workml  for  turpentine,  where  they  are  set  in 
•pring  for  the  parpote  of  deatroying  chips  and  other  combustible 


matter  raked  away  from  the  tapped  trees  to  protect  the  boxes  from 

aocidental  oouHagrations.  These  tires  often  spread  widely,  killing 
young  trees,  and  stunting  thu  growth  of  older  ones,  and  burning 
deeply  into  the  gashes  made  in  the  trees  of  abiindonetl  turpentine 
on'hanis,  hasten  their  death  or  lo  wepken  them  that  they  fall  with 
the  Hrst  gale.  (See  Ashe,  Hull.  No.  7,  North  Carolina  (t'eotog, 
Surr.  IForent  Fire*:  Their  l)e»iructive  Work,  Cause*,  and  Preven' 
tion].) 

*  Cattle  hri  '  Wen  turned  into  the  Pine  forests  of  the  south 
since  white  mi'ii  inhabited  the  country  ;  indirectly  pasturage  has 
intiicttd  enormous  injury  to  these  forests  through  tires  set  in  the 
spring'  hen  the  Pine  seeds  are  genninating  to  burn  off  the  old 
herlwge.  The  dire<-t  Ions  by  catiie  breaking  down  young  trees  and 
by  biting  off  their  topH  is  also  considerable.  Hogs,  which  in  the 
Nuutbern  states  are  habitually  pastured  in  the  forest,  iuHiet  great 
injury  on  tlie  Lung-leaved  Pino  forests  by  devouring  the  sweet 
f4ceds  of  tbis  tree,  of  which  they  are  particularly  fond,  and  by  dig- 
ging up  the  s'edlingH  for  their  thick  sneeulent  ta|>-roots,  which 
tliey  also  tind  palatable. 

•  Pinu*  fHilu.itris  is  also  often  called  Georgia  l*ine,  Vellow  Pine, 
Hard  Pine,  and  Pitch  Pine. 


n 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE   PLATES. 

Plate  DLXXXIX.     Pinus  i'Ai.uhtbw. 

1 .  A  cliifiter  of  staininate  floweni,  natural  nize. 

2.  Din^Taiii  of  the  involucre  nf  the  Htaminatn  flower. 
!{.  An  involucre  of  a  xlnminBte  flower,  enlarged. 

4.  An  anther,  front  view,  enliirged. 
C.  An  anther,  »iile  view,  enlarged. 

6.  An  end  of  a  branch  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  iiize. 

7.  A  srnle  of  a  pistillate  flower,  lower  side,  with  its  bract,  enlarged. 

8.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  upper  side,  with  its  ovules,  enlarged. 

9.  A  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower,  side  view,  enlarged. 

10.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarged. 

11.  Cross  section  of  a  leaf,  magnifled  fifteen  diameten. 

12.  A  terminal  winter  brnnch-bud,  natural  size. 

PtATB    DXC.      PiKU.'t   PA1.UMTUW. 
1.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 
'.'.  A  cone  one  year  old,  natural  size. 
.'I.  A  cone-scale,  lower  side,  natural  site. 

4.  A  seed,  natural  si/c. 

5.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 
0.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

7.  A  teedling  plant,  natural  size. 


'} 


COHIFKH^. 

on  iterile  w)il 
pe,  where  only 
taly.' 

treeii,  destroy 

;e  of  (lonieHtio 

at  Lonff-leaved 

tH  in  tlie  world, 


>t«ct  the  boiei  from 
rrad  widitly,  killing 
iii««,  anil  Iniriiing 
iiiihIdiifiI  tiiriirntiiic 
that  tlu-y  fall  with 
rlh  Carolina  (itolog, 
i'auut,  «»«/  I'revm- 

foreata  i>f  llie  aoiith 
rectly  |iaatunif(«  hu 

ininh  Hrea  act  ill  the 
to  burn  nfT  the  old 

lowii  younj;  trfpa  and 
IIoK*,  which  in  the 

10  forvat,  inllii^t  great 
di'vonring  the  awuet 

irly  tonci,  mid  by  dig- 

ileiit  ta|>-ro<it.H,  which 

gill  I'iiic.  Yi-llow  Pino, 


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^  ii%tii»^t^i-y  ri.         Kn..in«  in  the  '«t}wv>tatj'> .  >«  colti.'MtiMii  (tn-xtAiiW  »i)|l 

•vjwlii  «i.">»,>t    'Je  jiro-iiMrity  ^.f   tha  coiititry.'      It  fui»  not,  U„  «*¥«i.  K.   -nnfc*.  '   i-  K'»r<i{>«>.  wh".*  only 
^  f<'»  s>f  Uw  treeK  |ila>jk>ii  at  Hut  tLint>  nurvivo  its  southwe«t»j»i  Fi-an«-e"  urid  t.-i  north*m  llaiy.' 

tuviul«<l  frtnn  every  diroclioH  by  the  axe,  a  prej  t-o  iirm  y/hwh  wMikuJi  tbf  matnru  IroMt,  «iw(roy 
t«iHter  HapliiigB  and  y<)Miig:  wHjdliajfH,  and  imjHtveritili  the  soil,'  w(wt«<l  b_v  th*-  piMtiiru^'n  :»f  (KiioMtiO 
AiitmdlN,"  ail  1  (iisHtrovod  for  the  lioiihtlu]  proiir.s  of  thi-  turpentine  industrj,  thf  fdrvnt*-  «•{  i<>»n{^li>av«'4 
Pio«"B.'  mur»-  valualik  in  thfii  j>nKliiot.*.nid  '.n  \hfir  easj  access  than  ;iiiy  other  I'ino  fo/c»it>i  iu  the  world, 
appear  hopcleasly  doomed  to  io8e  tbeic  commercial  impurtance  at  no  distant  day. 


'  Hn»  Annalf  rl'  I^vniml,  li.  'MX  (Jiofpori /ait  i  la  Soeted  Woyi/« 
n  Ctntralt  'I'Jg^adturf,  p»f  F.  A.  Miirhanx.  .S'ur  It  I'vuu  avttm- 
lu).-  An!i:Ui  lit  la  Socirtv  d'HurHrmiure  ih  Font,  ItiSl,  V.'X.  - 
SuiiUDgv-Bodiii,  Annula  dt  Fromoni,  'i  'SHI  ((*«!rt»i,'t(»u  rjr  4: 
Onlurt  dv  t'ni'u  U'uiinUit)  ;  iii.  176  (Kitiilal  'U  Smit  ilt  I'inw 
a»a/ra/»*). —  Annaleti  <U  Frmnrmt,  Ji.  .'P?. —  Ivojr, /I'tirtiw  lU  /"Vo- 
mml,  i».  284  --M^rui..  iiifc.  War;.  1»41.  51.  {.Se«,  «1««.  .'.«/«i<i/ 
'I'HoHinAtan  Prmt^m  '.«  t'iWi*  royxl,  i.  280  —  Poiteiw,  Rrt' 
llori.  184.'!.  100.) 

«  M  I..  Jp  Vilmorii),  fninV*,!  cm//  Fiiral,  x.  112,  f.  N. 

•  Ntcholaou,  ftardru  itwi  tWett,  ii.  5H7 

*  Kirfl«,  which  liuvr  long  m^^i^ci  the  fi^is-irta  of  Lfin^f-leavrd 
l*ii)e,  tht«at«ii  liMiir  (ixt-tjruiiwL'm.  i'i,^iM«)'1  if,  .'W  iv  RpTt„^  '.n  aU 
f>«rlt  of  th»  aimririnii;  •'•iw  ■  i  H  '  -»•  ■•■•  t >f  t  ••«•.■»  »»  !  "J«Ml  'T 
t^r  whit*  --»r.*,       •    ■ 

ttrtf,   Ki»y  *■  '    ■ 


tuHtlt'r  rakwl  ucty  fron  Uii>  Upiwil  tra*>  to  protact  the  bom  friHii 

uutitlet'tiil  ponHH;fi.U.'Oti'.-  TWiie  Itreft  oftj^n  spi^atl  witlelj .  Lilliug 
)inuiL  Lt««:i»,  lUiVl  !(tiinting  th(^  ^^rowth  of  oldpr.  oneK,  aiul  b'lrning 
diH-ply  uit4i  Ih;*  rivthe^  uiarip  in  tht  tmw  of  iibaiicioniHt  ttirpfnliiie 
on'iMiJ*,  hiuitcn  tiieir  Jt'iith  ir  »o  MiTiJien  lliem  lliut  tin  y  I'JI  with 
'>••  bTM  |f»!«.  (8e«  Aobo,  iiuii.^So.  7,  .VortA  Carolimi  (•totoi], 
AuTT.  [^/•V.Tj:   H>.v     r*>i>  J )ailriai,tt  Wart,  CnuMa,  ami  I'rnir-*- 

^  CftliV:   Uavu  I't^eu  turned  ijito  thu  Pine  (oroftts  '•!    ho  riinith 

HiiKA  whi-'e  ni«n  inhnhit«d  the  oouniry  ;  indir^tcUj  pa»tuni^'«t  )i>>M 

iuflii'tfd  pnormoHh  ^ijuxy  to  titone  foroHts  thronj^h  tir-'    »r{  in  i!ie 

«(>r;i:^- whtii  iLa  I'iijc  soeda  Ar<.-.  j^^vrntinatiiig  ui  hum  off  tii«  o;A 

!»ipi>(»K«.     Th*  iliiM^t  low  l)j  Oiittlo  lircakiiig  down  yonn^  tncH  luid 

•w  l>T*,i,ij  .(ff  iitcir  •■■p*  1^  hNo  <»i,n«'d*ir»blf.     Uog«,  whati  in  the 

■    -'-wl  in  the  forwt,  inlln't  (.Ti-at 

"ii*  l*r  ilr-.mtrii^ff  tha  ftvioiit 

>Mv.i.  txd  by  lU^ 

»/   .  -..i«.  vrhieh 


'  inj. 


cx 


1'i.Mh.  iJl.X^.■^l^.     1  i.M  «  Tiin'.iTR.,.- 
1     A  ■■hiirt<'r  of  utttbtinato  flow<>ri<.  nntnnil  »iie. 
'.'.      •  i^'rai     -.'I  the  invol'.i«r!>  of  the  i.tamir.ntr  flower. 
•1.  involucre  of  »  !itan)In>it«  flower.  t^iil«rf;«i. 

■I.  Aa  anther,  front  tj.'-w,  enkrgpd. 
r>.   An  luitlwr,  «!('.«  view.  eiil»rvr«l 

0.  An  «n<l  of  a    ^m  -h  witJ\  pisiiUate  Dowera,  natural  niu. 
7.   A  M«]o  of  a  pi.'.i.iit>it6  flinrer,  lower  Ai.W  with  its  i<•'ac^  enlarged. 
H.  A  .rt-ale  i-f  a  j  i»tillttt«  ftnrer,  iippe.-  niile,  with  iu  ovul«,  ifolarged. 

0.  A  »<--»le  of  a  (lisOiUat*!  flowHi-,  nivl*  view,  »nUrg(<<l. 
10.  Tip  tii  a  l»»i.  «nlarg<;d. 

n.  Pn/M  Mrtioii  of  a  V<ii,  majiniHi'<l  liftet-n  ili.wntiter*. 
\  s-rminJ  winter  branth-buJ,  natural  Ate. 

PIjATK     U>t'         I'jVCS    iMlXIIB)-, 

1.  A  fruitlnf;  bnuiKh,  nilorai  lij". 

'J.  A  C'ono  oiin  jrear  oi<l,  natural  aije. 

'*.  A  conp-acaltf.  lower  -idf,  natural  riw. 

!  A  .1    -"'or /. 

0.  Verticai  sevtiuit  oi  a  ollJ,  cui^U'^cd. 

6.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 

7.  A  seedling  plant,  natural  size. 


«t(".*  only 
.a.  jlwitroy 

•  I     (UlUXMtlO 

iu  tiui  Vkorlil, 


ct  iUt  Itoieii  ff«»in 
,ii  wiilel;.  Ulliug 
lies.  *»d  buniiDg 
uIoiimI  liirpeiiliiie 
Hat  th<'y  fjl  with 

lars,  (vi-i  Prnirtm 

rests    "[     h.'    i'Mlh 

tly  p[i»tHni^<i  III'* 
h  lit  Hfi  in  the 
o  Imrti  off  t*»^  old 
vn  yoimif  !,r<-t-«  JUld 
lofipi,  winch  in  i-he 
fnrtti>',,  infliot  (P^«t 
.miring  tK<*  swwit 
jm..l.  xil  In  .lij^ 
si  «•»'  •  '•!-.  which 

Hw.  JfeiW."  ''iiij. 


Silva  of  North  America,. 


Tab.  DLXXXIX. 


(.\E.Fn>nm  i/fl. 


J^aprnf  sr. 


PINUS  PALU§TRIi,M, 


A  /iutrrona.-  dtrtw^ 


fmp  .J  Tn/isur.  Paris. 


P 


I 

}' 


If 


I 


1 


■: 


:     • 


Silva  of  North   America. 


Ub  1;X<: 


■f 


'  %:- 4';f^  ■  v'y. »"  ■  1^-      _Sr*      :wTr': 


J.'  •** 


";c 


1 


^i  :tu'>crivi.r  {tirf\-rr 


Silva  of  Nnrlb   America. 


Tab.  DXG. 


U 
I  I 


C.I^-FaAton  iM . 


/?a/itni'  st\ 


PINUS   PALUSTRIS.Wini. 


A.JfiocriVhr  {/irf\r  f 


Inp. ./  Tar.i'ur^  Paris. 


COHiniLB. 


SILVA   OF  NOBTJI  AMERICA. 


187 


PINUB  HBTBROPHYLLA. 
SlMb  Pint.    Bwfttnp  Plc«. 

Leaves  in  2  and  in  3-leaved  olaston,  Htout,  dark  groen,  from  8  to  12  inches  in 
length.  Cones  ovate  or  elongatcd-uonioul,  iVom  ii  to  6^  inches  long,  their  scales  armed 
with  short  slender  prickles. 


Plnus  heterophylla,  Sadworth,  Bull.  Torrey  Hot.  Vlub, 
XX.  45  (ISeS)  ;  Rep.  U.  8.  Dtpt.  Agric.  1802,  320,  — 
Mohr,  BuU.  No.  13,  IHv.  Forestry  V  S.  Oept.  Agrln,  ^ti, 
t  9-11  {The  Timber  Pines  of  the  Southern  U.  H.). 

Pinua  TcBda,  var.  heterophylla,  Elliott,  Sk,  ii.  086 
(1824). 

Pinua  Cubenaia,  Qrigebaob,  Mem.  Am.  Aoait.  viii.  KM 
(1863);  Cat.  PI.  Cuba,  217.  —  ParUton-,  De  Cmdulte 
Prodr.  ivi.  pt.  ii.  396.  —  Sargnnt,  Forest  Trees  N.  A  m, 


Wh  Vtntus  V.  a.  {x.  202.  —  Mt-r.  Wold.  Nordam.  116, 
t,  7.  t.  —  Maitm,  Jour.  R.  Hart  Cc:  '.iy.  228. 

Pinua  ;4aluunanala,  Qrliabach,  Fl.  BrU.  W.  Ind.  603 
(IMU).  —  lialier,  Hoc>-er  Icon.  ziz.  t.  1807. 

Pinua  Oubanaia,  var.  't  terthrooarpa,  QriMbach,  Cat.  PI. 
(JutM,  217  (1860). 

Pinua  BUiottii.  Rngelmanii,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv.  186, 
t.  1-9  (1879).  —  Chapman,  Fl.  ed.  2,  Suppl.  650.  —  Han- 
nun,  ihiir,  R,  ffort.  Soc.  xlv.  368  {Pinetum  Danifum). 


A  tree,  frum  one  hu;.ared  to  one  hundred  and  Hftoun  foet  in  height,  with  a  alightly  tapering  trunk 
from  two  and  a  half  to  three  feet  in  diameter  and  ttm  of  brnnvheii  for  sixty  or  seventy  feet  above  the 
ground,  a  comparatively  small  tap-root  furniitlied  with  Ntout  lateral  roots  spreading  widely  near  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  and  heavy  horizontal  branehuM  forming  n  handsome  round-topped  head  forty  or 
Sfty  feet  across.     The  bark  of  the  trunk  w  i'roiii  thruu  (|UnrterN  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in 
thickness,  and  is  irregut'ly  divided  by  shallow  flsitureH  into  broad  flat  plates  separating  on  the  surface 
into  thin  dark  red-brown  scales  which  in  falling  diiHitomi  the  light  orange-brown  inner  bark.     The 
winter  branch-buds  are  cylindrical  and  'radiudly  narrowed  aii  the  apex,  the  terminal  bud  being  an  inch 
and  a  half  long  and  a  third  of  an  irch  thick  and  niuoti  larger  than  the  lateral  buds,  aid  are  covered 
by  ovate  acute  light  chestnut-brown  lustrous  sunleiii  torininnting  in  slender  spreading  dark  tips  and 
separating  on  the  margins  into  long  slender  whittt  iilittnents  which  form  over  the  bud  a  cobweb-like 
covering  thickest  near  its  base ;  the  inner  scales,  beconung  much  retlexed,  are  persistent  for  at  least  two 
years  and  then  fall,  leaving  their  elevated  and  thiokun»:l  dark  bases  to  roughen  for  many  years  the 
stout  glabrous  branches,  which,  pale  orange-oolor  when  they  appear,  are  orange-brown  during  their  first 
winter  and  then  slowly  grow  darker.     The  leu  /oh  nre  Iturne  in  crowded  clusters  of  two  or  of  three,  the 
two-leaved  dusters  being  most  common  on  yuung  vigorous  trees  and  on  fertile  branches,  with  sheaths 
which  at  first  are  thin,  close,  scorious,  pale  ohestntit-brown  below  and  from  half  an  inch  to  nearly  an 
inch  in  le;.^i;h,  and  which,  becoming  shorter,  and  ragged  on  the  margins,  fall  with  the  leaves  at  the  end 
of  their  second  season;  the  ic/es  are  closely  serrulitttt,  acute  with  short  callous  tips,  dark  green  and 
lustrous,  stomatiferous  with  numerous  bands  of  stomatil  on  each  face,  from  eight  to  twelve  inches  but 
usually  about  nine  inche^  in  length  and  about  one  Hixte^tnth  of  an  inch  in  breadth ;  they  contain  two 
fibro-vascular  bundles,  from  four  to  six  internal  renin  passages,  and  strengthening  cells  usually  in  a 
single  layer  under  the  epidermis  and  in  clustern  at  the  angles  of  the  leaf.'     The  flowers  open  in 
January  and  February  some  time  before  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves,  the  staminate  in  short 
^crowded  clusters  from  the  lowest  scales  of  the  brAiich-biids,  the  pistillate  subtermin  1  on  stout  peduncles 
from  one  half  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length  and  covered  by  ovate  acute  chestnut-brown  bracts 
scarious  on  the  margins,  those  immediately  under  the  Hower  being  broader  ihan  the  others,  rounded 
at  the  apex,  spreading,  reflcxed,  and  membranaceous,     The  staminate  flowers,  which  fall  as  soon  as 

■  Coulter  &  lt»o,  Itol.  dntHli',  \\.  900. 


158 


SUVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


COMirKUA 


their  poUen  hai  boen  discharged,  are  cylindrical,  incurved,  and  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches 
in  lengtli,  with  dark  purple  antlien*  terminating  in  broad  rounded  cruHtH  denticulate  on  the  margins, 
and  are  surrounded  by  involucres  of  about  twelve  concave  bracts,  those  of  the  lowest  pair  being  not 
more  than  half  the  size  of  the  others  and  strongly  keeled.  The  pistillate  flowers  are  oval  and  about 
half  an  inch  long,  with  broadly  ovate  pink  scales  gradually  narrowed  into  short  stout  tips  and  bracts 
as  large  m  the  base  of  the  scales.  The  cones  begin  to  grow  rapidly  as  soon  as  the  ovules  are  fertilized, 
and  become  horizontal  at  the  end  of  three  or  four  weeks,  when  the  shoots  bearing  them,  although  much 
lengthened,  are  still  usually  leafless ;  during  the  autumn  they  are  pendent,  about  three  quarters  of  an 
inch  long,  one  third  of  an  inch  thick,  and  light  reddish  bruwn ;  when  the  flowers  open  in  the  following 
winter  they  are  an  inch  long  and  three  quarters  of  an  inch  thick,  with  thickened  scales  armed  with 
stout  straight  or  incurved  prickles ;  and  before  the  end  of  the  following  summer  they  have  attained 
their  full  sizo  and  are  ovate  or  elongated-conical,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  somewhat  obtuse  apex, 
bright  green,  with  dark  brown  umbos  and  prickles,  short-stalked,  pendent,  from  three  to  six  and  a  half 
inches  in  length  and  from  two  tu  two  and  a  half  inches  in  thickness,  with  thin  flexible  flat  scales 
rounded  at  the  apex,  their  exposed  portions,  which  ore  conspicuously  transversely  keeled  and  slightly 
tuickened,  terminating  in  small  transversely  flattened  umbos  armed  with  minute  prickles  incurved  on 
the  basal  scales  and  recurved  on  the  others ;  they  turn  dark  rich  lustrous  brown,  the  base  of  the 
scales  being  dark  dull  purple  on  the  lower  side  und  dull  mahogany-red  on  the  upper,  and,  opening 
and  shedding  their  seeds  in  the  month  of  October,  remain  on  the  branches  until  the  beginning  of  the 
following  summer.  The  tieeds  are  almost  triangular,  full  and  rounded  on  the  sides,  slightly  ridged  and 
rough  below,  and  from  one  sixth  to  one  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  thin  brittle  dark  gray  coat 
mottled  with  black  and  an  embryo  with  from  six  to  nine  cotyledons ;  their  wings  are  thin  and  fragile, 
dark  brown,  striate,  from  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  long  and  about  one  quarter  of  an  inch 
wide,  with  nearly  parallel  sides,  their  th'ckeued  bases  inclosing  the  seeds  and  often  covering  a  large 
part  of  their  lower  surface. 

Pinus  heterophylla  is  distributed  from  about  latitude  3.3°  north  in  South  Carolina  southward  over 
the  coast  plain  to  the  keys  of  southern  Florida  and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Pearl 
River  in  Louisiana.  It  is  common  on  the  Bahamas  and  on  several  of  the  West  Indian  islands,  and 
forms  great  forests  on  the  highlands  of  Central  America. 

In  the  south  Atlantic  states  Pinus  heterophylla  skirts  with  scattered  groves  the  shores  of  the 
numerous  inlets  and  estuaries,'  and  the  adjacent  islands,  and  is  mingled  with  the  Long-leaved  and 
Loblolly  Pines  in  the  open  forests  of  the  littoral  Pine  flats,  ranging  inland  nearly  to  the  limits  of  the 
maritinie  Pine  belt,  and  in  Georgia  ascending  the  valley  of  the  Ocmulgee  River  a  hundred  miles  from 
the  sea ;  in  Florida,  south  of  Gape  Canaveral  and  Te.mpa  Bay,  where  it  is  the  only  Pine-tree,  it  crosses 
the  peninsula  with  pure  forests  near  the  coast,  and  in  tho  interior  with  small  colonies  scattered  among 
Live  Oaks  and  other  broad-leaved  evergreens ;  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  where  it  is 
principally  confined  to  the  coast  plain,  it  follow  i  watercourses  inland  for  fifty  or  sixty  miles.^ 

As  a  timber-tree  the  Slash  Pine,  which  produces  straight  soiud  spars  of  large  dimensions,  is  little 
inferior  to  the  Iiong-leaved  Pine,  the  wood  of  the  two  trees  being  usually  manufactured  and  sold 
indiscriminately.  It  is  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  tough,  durable,  and  coarse-grained  ;  it  is 
rich  tiorV  orauge-nolor,  with  thick  often  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  contains  broad  resinous  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  occupying;  at  least  half  the  width  of  the  annual  growth,  few  and  nut  large  resin 
passages,  and  many  prominent  knedullary  rays.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is 
0.7504,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  46.76  pounds. 

Pinua  heterophylla,  which  is  no^7  generally  worked  for  turpentine  in  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf 


>  See  Garden  and  Forat,  v.  73,  f.  14. 


»  Mohr,  /.!  '/.  No.  1.!,  yXu.  Faralry  V.  S.  DtpU  Agric.  75  {Tht 
Timber  Pinet  of  the  Southern  U.  S.). 


1 
V 


COMirKKA 

ilf  to  two  inches 

on  the  margin!, 

It  piiir  being  not 

B  oval  and  about 

:  tip«  and  bracts 

les  are  fertilized, 

,  although  much 

Be  (juurtorH  of  an 

in  the  following 

(tulcfi  armed  with 

ey  have  attained 

lat  obtuse  apex, 

to  MX  and  a  half 

exible  flat  scales 

led  and  slightly 

kles  incurved  on 

the  base  of  the 

ler,  and,  opening 

beginning  of  the 

ghtly  ridged  and 

B  dark  gray  coat 

thin  and  fragile, 

uarter  of  an  inch 

covering  a  large 

a  southward  over 
illey  of  the  Pearl 
idian  islands,  and 

;he  shores  of  the 
Long-leaved  and 
i  the  limits  of  the 
ndred  miles  from 
ine-tree,  it  crosses 
)  scattered  among 
exico,  where  it  is 
miles.' 

imensions,  is  little 
actured  and  sold 
irse-grained ;  it  is 
resinous  bands  of 
id  not  large  resin 
itely  dry  wood  is 

Atlantic  and  Gulf 

J.  Depl.Ariric.  75  (The 


CONIITBHA 


SUVA    OF  NORTU  AMEJilCA. 


169 


states,  is  rich  in  fMinous  products,  yielding  freely  a  limpid  pale  yellow  turpentine,  less  viscid  and 
probably  rioher  in  vulatile  oil  than  that  of  the  Long-leaved  Pine.' 

J'inu»  hetrrophfilUt  was  first  distinguished  in  the  United  States  early  in  the  century  by  Stephen 
Elliott,'  who  consiilerod  it  a  variety  of  the  Loblolly  Pine ;  overlooked  again  for  half  a  century,  its  true 
oharaoten  were  ilnally  made  known  through  the  observations  of  Dr.  J.  H.  Mellichamp'  of  South 
Carolina,  although  the  West  Indian  tree  had  been  described  u  few  years  earlier. 

The  must  beautiful  of  the  Pines  of  the  southern  states,  the  broad  compact  shapely  dark  heads 
of  the  Slash  Pine  raised  on  massive  trunks  stand  out  boldly  among  the  more  open-heude<l  and  less 
symmetrical  lioiig-leaved  and  liobloUy  Pines,  which  it  seems  destined  gradually  to  replace  and  to 
become  a  ciiiitf  factor  in  the  restoration  of  the  southern  pineries.  For  its  seedlings,  produced  in  great 
DumberN  every  year,  are  able  to  thrive  without  direct  sunlight,  and,  overcoming  the  more  slowly  growing 
seedlings  of  the  other  species,  sooner  attain  suflicient  size  to  resist  the  fires  which  endanger  all  young 
plants  in  the  maritime  Pine  belt  of  the  south.* 


I  Mobr,  HuU,  Nu.  Ill,  tHv,  h^iralry  U.  S.  Ihpl.  Agric.  76  {Tht 
Timiiar  l>iii»  nflht  Simlhirn  V.  S.). 

'  Mtu|ihaii  Kllliitt  (NitviMiilHtr  n,  i771-Miirali  12S,  1830)  wan  n 
dinot  ilafwtiiiiUiit  iif  Wllllitni  Klllutt,  r  leading  inerohaat  of 
Charlaitiin,  wliu  arrlvnd  friiiii  Kti||l«iHl  in  1070,  and  on  the  mater- 
nal nida  ft  gtxut  KnndfMi  itf  .liilin  llunivllli'.  Ilo  wai  born  in  Gif- 
furd,  Noutb  Carulliia,  wna  Krndunt)>d  from  Ynle  College  at  the  age 
of  twenty,  and  atiidlod  iniMlliiIno,  alllioMKli  he  never  (iniotioed  the 
profeuiuii,  In  17llil  lia  wat  vleoted  a  niendier  of  the  legiHlatur. 
of  Hunth  Carullna,  inilitlniilnK  '"  retireient  Ilia  district  until  ISl'i, 
when  he  wa«  uIiimhii  (irfiildKnt  uf  the  New  Ntate  Hank  of  South 
(!arulina,  a  |H«illon  whii'li  li«  Hlled  nntll  hia  death.  In  1813  Mr. 
Klliott  took  an  nutlva  |inrt  In  i<alalillaliinK  the  IHiiloaopliical  Society 
of  Nuulh  Caroliuu,  »f  wlilidi  he  wna  the  president.  He  was  a  con- 
stant uontrilmtur  and  (iriihahly  the  real  editor  of  the  Smihem 
Itevitm;  and  In  IH'JA,  uli  the  or|{anl>atlon  of  the  Mndioal  College 
of  South  Cariilliia,  hit  was  a|i|HilntFil  iirofeaaor  of  natural  history 
and  liotany  In  that  Inatltiitlon,  tntert'sted  from  boyhoo<I  in  liter- 
ary and  auluutlHii  atiiillfa,  Mr.  Klllutt  diivotod  particular  attention 
tu  tlio  plants  Itf  Ilia  native  •tal«,  the  result  of  these  observations 
being  published  III  liU  Sktieh  i\l  Ihr  Bnlmiy  of  South  Cmolina  and 
Genryiu,  n  iilaaslual  work  upon  whieh  his  reputation  aa  a  man  of 
seienua  now  resta,  It  appeared  In  parts  In  two  volumes,  between 
1810  and  IHSH,  and  lotiitaliia  aeeiirate  descriptions  in  Latin  and 
Knglish  uf  tbti  plaiila  uf  the  region,  with  numerous  observations 
upon  their  inedielnal  priipertlea  furnished  by  Dr.  Tliomaa  McBride. 
Mr.  Klliotl'a  herbarliitn  la  preserved  in  the  Charleston  Museum. 

Tim  iiaMie  of  Ht«ph«n  Klllutt  is  also  preserved  by  EUioUia,  a 
genua  uf  plants  uf  th«  Heath  family  of  his  discovery,  which  was 
establiaheil  by  Muahl«nb«rg  and  oonslsts  of  three  shrubs,  the  type 
being  one  of  tha  mrcat  of  North  Amerienn  plants,  and  the  others 
eomnion  Inhabltanta  of  the  forests  of  nortbi  m  Japan.  (See  Garden 
ami  l-'oral,  vil,  UU4,  (.  'M,  fur  portrait  of  Stephen  Elliott.) 

•  Sea  vili,  144. 

*  Oarroinatillg  aully,  tb«  aeedllngs  appear  in  great  numbers 


from  early  spring  to  the  beginning  of  summer  in  old  fields  and  in 
openings  of  th«  forest  wherever  the  rays  of  the  sun  can  roaoh  the 
ground.  As  soon  aa  the  ootyledous  have  expanded,  the  terminal 
bud  develops  quickly  and  the  first  intemode  of  the  stem,  lengthen- 
ing rapidly,  is  covered  with  soft  linear  aoutu  primary  leaves  about 
an  inch  long.  Before  the  end  of  the  second  month  clusten  of  tha 
foliage  leaves  make  their  ap|iearance  in  tha  axils  of  some  of  the 
primary  leaves,  and  at  the  end  of  the  first  season  the  young  plants 
are  from  eight  to  nine  inches  high,  with  slender  tap-roots  and 
many  lateral  rootlets.  At  the  end  of  their  .eitond  year  they  are 
from  twelve  to  fifteen  inches  in  height,  with  slender  tap-roota  not 
more  than  four  inches  in  length,  and  at  the  end  of  tlicir  third  year 
they  are  often  nearly  two  feet  high,  with  lateral  branches  devel- 
oped in  regular  whorls.  Trees  from  ten  to  twelve  years  of  age 
measure  from  ten  to  eighteen  feet  in  height,  with  stems  clear  for 
half  their  length  and  from  two  to  four  inches  in  diameter.  Trees 
from  eighteen  to  twenty  years  old  are  from  forty  to  fifty  feet  high, 
with  stems  eight  or  ten  inches  in  diameter  at  the  ground.  Second- 
growth  trees  examined  by  Dr.  Mohr  near  Mobile,  forming  open 
groves  on  soil  deficient  in  drainage,  were  found  to  vary  from  sixty- 
five  to  eighty-five  feet  in  height,  and  from  fifteen  to  twenty  inches 
in  diameter  breast-high,  while  trees  of  second-growth  sprung  up  on 
better  drained  soil,  with  free  px|>o8un<  to  sunlight  and  air,  reach 
their  full  size  in  half  the  time  required  by  trees  growing  naturally 
in  forest-covered  swamps. 

Krom  Dr.  Mohr's  observations  it  appears  that  the  greatest  moss 
of  wood  for  any  decade  is  formed  by  this  species  when  the  trees 
are  about  fifty  years  old,  the  annual  growth  and  volume  being 
nearly  fifteen  cubic  feet  for  the  preceding  ten  years,  that  at  the 
age  of  ninety  the  growth  and  volume  are  only  about  two  thirds  of 
the  maximum  j  and  that  when  the  trees  are  one  hundred  years  old 
the  average  annual  growth  nearly  equals  the  current  growth,  indi- 
cating that  they  are  then  ripe  for  the  axe  as  far  ai  probable  de- 
Telopment,  represented  in  volume  accretion,  is  concerned,  (See 
Hobr,  I.  e.  81.) 


\ 


1;  i  M 


■):m-'N 


\ 


KXI'LANATION  OF  THE   I'LATES. 

VhAir.    DXCI.       PINIT14    llieTRROPHTLLA. 

li  A  «liMt«ir  nf  •Uminata  flowan,  natural  nUa. 

X  IH»KMin  n(  the  ■nToluers  of  tliu  aUminato  flower. 

8.  An  Inviilurre  of  n  utamiiiatu  flower,  eiilar)(e<I, 

4,  An  antbor.  front  view,  enlarged. 

A.  An  anther,  aide  tiaw,  enlarged. 

0,  A  l>r»nflh  with  |iiitillat«  fluwuni  and  yearling  eonea,  natural  aiie. 

7>  A  platillate  flower,  enlarged. 

N,  A  aeale  nf  a  |iiatillate  flower,  u|>|ier  nide,  with  it*  ovuloa,  enlarged. 

U,  A  M-ate  uf  n  jilatdlnte  flower,  lower  aide,  with  ita  bract,  enlarged. 

iO.  Tip  of  a  leaf,  enlarge<l. 

1 1.  Croae  aertlon  nf  a  leaf,  magnifletl  flfteen  diameten. 

i'J,  WlnlKT  liranrli-linda,  natural  aize. 


I'LATK    DXCII.       PlWUH   HBTBROPHTLLA. 

],  A  'rnlting  lirancli,  natural  aiie. 

•'.  A  rnnft-arale.  upper  aide,  with  ita  aeeda,  natural  aize. 

i\.  A  aeed,  natural  aize. 

4,  Vnrtleal  aeetion  of  a  aeed,  I'nlarged. 

0.  An  embryo,  enlarged. 


Silva  of  North  Amcnci 


Tab.  DXCl 


f     » 


\ 


^^^mr 


■i^ 


c. 


A  Tiio.  'rfHi.r  tftr^r 


Irnp  .J, 


cuieur  .tircj. 


1 


KXI'I^NATION  OK  TMK   fUATl-X 


I'  A  rliWJUir  'rf  ulnniiiml*  iW-wnre.  /tstuvitl  dis*.  %j  " 
'i.  \Hmtf»ni  »{  th«  in«>/ltter«  at  thr  ijtttninr'.o  fioiv«r.. 
'A    A"  Intolwr*  of  a  tlunJ^iate  fl  ••:■?,  *iiliuy<''J. 


i-nl  MAitfltiii  lit  3,  Ae»fi    .-nUrgfl.!. 


j-^^?   1 

™fr 

ft  j 

lip  ^ 

'!?§ 


11 


Silva  of  North   America.. 


Tall.  nXCl. 


\    ll 


('  Kyu.rofi  iidU. 


!hifiuu' 


PINUS    HETEROPHYLLA.Sudw 


A.Hw.rr.:.!-  ,!i.-,:,  ' 


Irnfi.  .7.  Tatwur.  J'ar:j. 


i! 


is^ 


\ 


.  r   M  -„*U      A  , 


■>  A 


Tab,  DXCII. 


^ 


'^ 


\ 


Jiafiine  j-c 


t  i 

Li 


Silva  of  North   America 


•I^F.u,"!  M 


T4lt   UXCIl 


PINUS    HETEROPHYLLA,  ,   :dw. 


A  liirrreu.r  t/irr.r  ' 


Itnf  .  ■'"  Ttifumr  I'ltri 


fiuf'ftir   .rr 


i->*>TM-'*tO"»i..'*rtr>JMi.i»WjW»W-Mi«r*!-*''  --- 


INDEX  TO  VOL.  XL 


Namea  of  Orden  an  in  small  capitals)  of  ndniitted  Genera  and  Speoiei  and    ther  proper  names,  in  roman  type; 

o{  ayuonyuu,  in  iuUia. 


Abietone,  06. 

iEgoris  Pinorum,  11. 

Aka-matau,  7. 

Aleppo  Pine,  9. 

Androgynous  Dowers  of  Pinna,  4. 

Apinu,  1. 

Asemum  ni<Bstiun,  11. 

Austmles,  4. 

Austrian  Pine,  6. 

Aylmeria,  30. 

Balfour,  John  Button,  60. 

Balfourodendron,  60. 

Balsam,  Carpathian,  10. 

Bay  shillings,  20. 

Bembicia  Sequoia,  11. 

Bhotan  Pine,  6. 

Black  Pine  of  Japan,  7. 

Bread  from  bark  of  Fmui  oontorta, ) 

Bread  from  bark  of  Hemlock,  93. 

Bull  Pine,  77,  OS,  146. 

Caliciopsis  Pinea,  12. 
Callidium  antennatum,  11 
Carpathian  balsam,  10. 
Ccttle  ill  iwutheiii  pineries,  1S6. 
Cedar  Pine,  131. 
Cembra,  1. 
Cembne,  4. 

Cenangium  Abietis,  12. 
Cenangium  fermginosum,  12. 
Chalcophora  Virginivnsis,  11. 
Chermes  piuifoliae,  11. 
Chiloneotria  uucurbitula,  12. 
Chionaspis  pinifolife,  11. 
Coleoeporium  Pini,  12. 
Coleosporium  Seuecionis,  12. 
CONIFKBiK,  1. 
Coraican  Pine,  6. 
Criocephalua  agrestis,  11. 
Crouartium  ribicolum,  12. 

Dendrootonus  terebnuif,  11. 
Digger  Pine,  95. 
Diplosis  Pini-rigidm,  11. 

Edible  seeds  of  Pinus,  3. 
Elliott,  Stephen,  169. 
Elliottia,  ISO. 
Eustrobi,  4. 

Fires  in  southern  pine '  ies,  166. 
Fir,  Scotch,  6. 
Foxtail  Pine,  59,  63. 
Fungal  diseases  of  Pinus,  11. 

Geleohia  pinifoliella,  11. 


Georgia  Pine,  166. 
Germination  of  Piniu,  4. 
Gnathotriohus  asperulua,  11, 
Gnathotriohua  materiarius,  11. 
Gray  Pine,  147. 
Great  Swamp  Pine,  113. 

Halepenses,  4. 
Hard  Pine,  166. 
Harmonia  Pini,  11. 
Hickory  Pine,  63, 136. 
Hybrids  of  Piiius,  4. 
Hylobiu*  Pales,  11. 
Hylurgopa  pinifex,  11. 
Hypoderma  bmcbysporum,  12. 

Insect  enemies  of  Pinus,  11. 
Integrifnliie,  4. 

Jack  Pine,  147. 

Jack  Fine  plains,  148. 

Japan,  cultivation  of  Pines  in,  11. 

Jeffrey,  John,  41. 

Jersey  Pine,  12"?. 

Knob-cone  Pine,  107. 
Kura-raatsu,  7. 

Laohnus  australis,  11. 
Laohnus  Strobi,  11. 
Lambert,  Aylmer  Bourke,  30. 
Lurop-black  from  Pinus  Pinaster,  8. 
Light  wood,  154. 
Loblolly  Pine,  111. 
Lodge  Polo  Pine,  90,  91. 
Long-leaved  Pine,  161. 
Lophodermium  Pinastri,  12. 

Maritime  Pine,  7. 
Maritime  Fine  belt,  162. 
Marsh  Fine,  119. 
Mexican  species  of  Finui,  5. 
Michaux,  FranQois  Andrtf,  165. 
Monohammus  confusor,  11. 
Monohammus  marmoratus,  11. 
Monohammus  scutcllatus,  11. 
Monohaninms  titillator,  11. 
Monterey  Pine,  103. 
Murray,  Andrew,  93. 
Mytilospis  pinifolie,  11. 

Naval  stores,  154. 

Naval  Timber  Pine,  113. 

Neotria  cucurbitula,  12. 

Nephopteryx  Zimmermanni,  11. 

Norway  Pine,  67. 

Nut  Pine,  43,  47,  61,  56. 


Oil  of  turpentine,  3,  9. 
Old  Field  Pine,  111. 

Pachylobius  pioivorus,  11. 

Peridermium  Cerebrum,  12. 

Peridermium  Harknessii,  12. 

Peridermium  oblongisporum,  12. 

Peridermium  Pini,  12. 

Peridermium  Strobi,  12. 

Pbacidium  crustaceum,  12. 

Phacidium  Pini,  12. 

Pieris  Menapia,  11. 

Pinaster,  4. 

Pine,  Aleppo,  9. 

Pine,  Austrian,  6. 

Fine,  Bhotan,  6. 

Fine,  Black,  of  ,Tapan,  7. 

Pine,  Bull,  77,  95, 146. 

Pine,  Cedar,  131. 

Pine,  Corsican,  6. 

Pine,  Digger,  95. 

Pine,  FoxUil,  59,  63. 

Pine,  Georgia,  166. 

Pine,  Gray,  147. 

Pine,  Great  Swamp,  113. 

Pine,  Hard,  150. 

Pine,  Hickory,  63, 135. 

Fine,  Jack,  147. 

Fine,  Jersey,  123. 

Pine,  KnolMione,  107. 

Pine,  Loblolly,  111. 

Fine,  Lodge  Pole,  90,  91. 

Pine,  Long-leaved,  161. 

Pine,  Maritime,  7. 

Fine,  Marsh,  119. 

Fine,  Monterey,  103. 

Pine,  Naval  Timber,  113. 

Pino,  Norway,  67. 

Pine,  Nut,  43,  47,  51,  66. 

Pine,  Old  Field,  111. 

Fine,  Fitch,  09, 116, 146, 156. 

Fine,  Pond,  119. 

Pine,  Frickle-cone,  130. 

Fine,  Pumpkin,  10. 

Fine,  Red,  67. 

Fine,  Red,  of  Japan,  7. 

Fine,  Riga,  6. 

Piue,  Rosemary,  113. 

Pine,  Sand,  lii7. 

Pine,  Scotch,  6. 

Pine,  Scrub,  89, 123. 

Fine,  Short-leaved,  143. 

Pine,  Slash,  113, 167. 

Pine,  Soledad,  71. 

Pine,  Southern,  161. 

Pine,  Spruce,  127, 131, 140. 

Pine,  Stone,  9. 


1^    P 


162 

Pine,  Sugar,  37. 

Pine,  Hwunp,  IS7. 

I>iiie,  Table-MounUio,  13S, 

Pine,  Tamaniok,  00. 

Pine,  Wejrmouth,  21. 

Pine,  White,  17,  23,  33,  M,  30. 

Pine,  Yellow,  76,  77,  8S,  143,  166. 

Pino  belt,  nuuitime,  162. 

Pine-brand  from  bark  of  Pinui  eontorta,  03. 

Pineriei,  louthen),  cattle  in,  100. 

Pineries,  wnithem,  flree  in,  156. 

Pinea,  cultivation  of,  in  Japan,  11. 

Pine-tree  money,  20. 

Pine  wool,  3. 

PiOon,  «l,  47,  61,  65. 

Pinut,  1. 

Pinui,  1. 

Pinut  adunt-n,  103. 

Piniu  alba  Canaderuit,  17. 

Pinu*  albicaulia,  30. 

Pinut  AUpentit,  8. 

t  Pinut  ahpteuroida,  110. 

Pinut  Apacluca,  81. 

Pinui  ariaUta,  63. 

Pinua  Ariionioa,  75. 

Pintii  Armfna,  6. 

Pinua  attenuata,  107. 

Pima  auttralit,  161. 

t  Piniu  aiulralis  exetlia,  151, 

Pinut  AtutriacOt  0. 

Pinut  Ayarakuite,  33. 

Pinut  Bahamtntit,  167. 

Pinua  Ualfuuriana,  60. 

Pimu  Bal/ouriana,  03. 

Pinut  Balfourianat  var.  arittata,  63. 

Pinut  Banktiana,  89,  147. 

Pinua  Beariishiii,  77. 

Pinujt  Benthnn,   (na,  77. 

Pinut  binatO'/iUio^  6. 

A'ntia  Bvlandc-rif  89. 

Pinut  borealit,  6. 

Pinut  Boursierif  80. 

Pinua  brachyptera,  77. 

t  Pinut  Califomianat  103. 

Piniu  Cali/omica,  103,  107. 

Pinua  Canarienaia,  4. 

Pinua  Ctdrut,  10. 

Pinuj  Cembra,  3,  10. 

Pinua  Cembra,  b  pumiia,  10. 

Pinu*  Cembra,  y  Helvetica,  10. 

Pinua  Cembra  pygmaa,  10. 

Pinua  cembroidea,  47. 

Pinua  cembroidet,  39. 

Pinua  Cbil'uabuana,  85. 

Pinua  clauaa,  127. 

Pinua  eontorta,  89. 

Pinua  eontorta,  01,  139. 

Pinua  eontorta,  var.  Bolanderi,  80. 

Pinua  eontorta,  var.  (b)  Hendenani,  89. 

Pinua  eontorta,  var.  lalifolia,  01. 

Pinua  contorts,  var.  Murrayaua,  00. 

Pinna  Coulteri,  99. 

Pinut  Craigana,  77. 

Pinut  Cubmtit,  167. 

Pinut  Cuhentit,  var.  f  terthnxarpa,  167. 

Pinu*  dejteza,  79. 

Piuua  denaiflnra,  3,  7. 

Pinufl  divaricata,  147. 

Pinua  echinata,  143. 

Pinus  ecbinata,  stump  growth  of,  4. 

Pinua  echinata,  turpentine  from,  146. 

PinuB,  economic  properties  of,  3. 

Pinut  Edgariana,  139. 

Pinu*,  edible  seeds  of,  3. 


INDEX. 

Pinds  adnlis,  55. 

Pinua  edutit,  var.  manophylla,  61. 

Piiiui  EUiotlii,  167. 

Pinua  &'n;<intanni,  77,  82 

IHnut  exe'lta,  6. 

Pinua /'uduiaa,  9. 

Pinua  Finlaytoniana,  5. 

Pinua  flexilta,  36. 

Pinut  jiezUit.  39. 

Pinut  Jiexilit  mejatoearpa,  36,  36. 

Pinut  Jieiilit,  $  iimcrocarpa,  35,  36. 

Pinut  JiezUit,  f  r^/iexa,  M. 

Pinut  Jiexilit,  vtr.  albicaulit,  30. 

Pinut  JiezUit,  vai.  a  lerrulata,  35. 

Pinua  Fremontianu,  61. 

Pinut  Frietiana,  6. 

Pinua,  fuuftal  diseases  of,  11. 

Pinus  Gurardiaiia,  3,  10. 

Pinus,  genuioation  of,  4. 

Pinus  glabra,  131. 

Pinttt  glomerata,  7. 

Pinua  Urijtithii,  0. 

Pinut  Qnaelieri,  23. 

Pinua  Hale|Minais,  3,  8. 

Piuun  heterophjrila,  157. 

Pinus  betcrupbylla,  androgynous  flowers  of,  4. 

Piniia  Ilutttonia,  147, 

Pinttt  Hudtotiica,  147, 

Pimu  huinUit,  6. 

Pinua,  hybrids  of,  4, 

P;  lua  inopt,  89,  01,  123. 

Pinut  inopt,  var.  ?,  130. 

Pinua  inojjt,  var.  clauta,  127, 

Pinus,  iusect  enemies  of,  11. 

Pinut  intignit,  103. 

Pinua  intignit  macrocarpa,  103. 

A'nua  intignit,  var.  (a)  radiata,  103. 

Pinua  intignit,  var.  (b)  Urvigata,  103. 

Pinua  intignit,  vur.  Iiiiutta,  104. 

Pinus  iniularis,  5. 

f  Pinua  Japunica,  7. 

Pinua  Jeffreyi,  79. 

Pinua  Jeffreyi,  var.  (b)  d^xa,  79. 

Pinua  Jeffreyi,  var.  (o)  monlana,  79. 

Pini«  Jeffreyi,  var.  nigricant,  70. 

Pinua  Jeffreyi,  var.  penintiUarii,  80. 

Pinus  Lainliertiana,  27. 

Pinua  Lamftertiana,  fi  7,  36. 

Pinua  Lambertiana,  1  B  brevi/olia,  36. 

Pinua  Lambertiana,  var.  minor,  27. 

Pinaa  Lambertiana,  var.  purpttrea,  27. 

Pinus  Lnnibortiaiia,  sugar  of,  20. 

Pinua  Lnriiiio,  3,  0. 

Pinua  Laririo,  0,  7. 

Pinua  I.Aricio  iu  the  Uirted  States,  6. 

Pinus  Laricio,  /3  Austrian,  6. 

Pinua  Laricio,  0  nigricant.  6. 

Pinua  Laricio,  y,  67. 

Pinua  Laricio  Calnbrica,  (i. 

Pinna  Laricio  Cebeunenain,  6. 

Pinua  I>arioiu  Pnllasiana,  3. 

Pinua  latij'olia,  81. 

Pinua  Latteri,  6. 

Pinua  Llaveana,  43,  47. 

Pinua  longi/olia,  9,  161. 

Pinua  lopbotperma,  71. 

Pinua  /iilaa,  161. 

Pinua  macroearpa,  99. 

Pinua  m<jcrophylla,  80. 

Pinua  Maderientit,  9. 

Pinua  Mandthurica,  10. 

Pinut  mariiima,  6,  7,  8, 

Pinua  il/aaaoniami,  7. 

Pinua  Mayriana,  81. 


Pinu,  medkal  prapertlM  of,  3. 

Pinus  Hcrkusii,  3. 

Pinus,  Mexican  apeoies  of,  6. 

Pinua  mitit,  1 U. 

Pinua  mitit,  B  pnupera,  131. 

Pinus  inouophylla,  61. 

Pinua  monopkylla,  var.  edulit,  5S. 

Pinua  m/m/(imi,  ij,  10,  135. 

Pinus  monticola,  23. 

Pinut  monlicola,  var.  digilata,  23. 

Pinua  motttirola,  var.  minima,  23. 

Pinut  monticola,  vat  porphyroearpa,  28, 

Pinua  Mugo,  6. 

Pinus  muricata,  130. 

Pinua  munm/a,  89. 

Pinua  muricata,  var.  ^inMonyi,  139. 

Pinua  Afurrayana,  01. 

Pinua  Murrayana,  var.  Sargtraii,  01. 

Pinus  I'epaleniia,  3,  0. 

Piaus  Ner  alensis  in  the  United  States,  6. 

Pinua  nigt  i,  0. 

Pinua  ni^ttvna,  0. 

Pinua  otteotperma,  •il. 

Pinus  paliistria,  161. 

Pinus  palustris,  railway  ties  from,  154, 

Pinus  paliistria,  turpentine  from,  164, 

Pinut  Parryana,  43,  77. 

Pinus  Pinaster,  3,  7. 

Pinut  Pinaiter,  6,  7. 

Pinua  Pinaster,  cultivat'un  of,  8. 

Pinus  Pinaster,  resinous  products  of,  7. 

Pinus  Piuea,  3,  0. 

Pinut  Pinea,  7. 

Pinut  PUyuta,  8. 

Pinus,  pollen  of,  4. 

Pinus  ponderoaa,  77. 

Pinm  ponderota,  80. 

Pinut  ponderota  (a)  Benthamiana,  77, 

Pinut  ponderota,  var.  (a)  nigricant,  77. 

Pinut  ponderota  (c)  brachyptera,  77. 

Pinut  ponderota,  var.  Benthamiana,  77. 

Pinus  ponderosa,  var.  ileiTreyi,  79. 

Pinus  ponderosa,  var.  Mayriana,  81. 

Pinus  pouderoaa,  var.  scopuloruiT;  dO. 

Pinut  Pontica,  5. 

Pinua  porphyroearpa,  23,  24. 

Pinus  puinila,  10 

Pinus  pungens,  135.  ' 

Pinus  quadrifolia,  43. 

Pinus  radiata,  103. 

Pinut  radiata,  var.  (a)  tubereui^   i,  103. 

Pinua  radiata,  var.  (»;  binata,  lO*.. 

Pinua  rejieza,  33. 

1  Pinvt  r^ftexa,  35. 

Pinus  rcsinusa,  67. 

Pinua  retinoia,  5,  77,  80. 

Pinus  rigidn,  116. 

Pinut  rigida  t,  103. 

Pinus  rigidn,  stump  growth  of,  4. 

Pinut  rigida,  var.  lutea,  116. 

Pinua  rigida,  var.  terolina,  110. 

Pinus  Koxburgbii,  3,  9. 

Pinus  Roxburghii,  turpentine  from,  9. 

Pinua  ruftra,  5,  67. 

Pinut  rupettrit,  147. 

Pinus  Sabiniana,  06. 

Pinua  icopifera,  7. 

Pinut  tcopulorum,  80. 

Pinus  serotina,  1 10. 

Pinut  Skatta,  39. 

.Pinua  Sinilairiana,  103. 

Pinut  Sinelairii,  103,  105. 

Pimit  iquarroia,  143. 

Pinus  strobit'orrois,  33. 


I,  SB. 


a,  23. 
,  !i3. 


nyi.  199. 
rgmlii,  01. 
rnited  BUtei,  6. 


iea  from,  1B4. 
e  from,  IM. 


ID  of,  8. 
produota  of,  7. 


tlhamiana,  17. 
i)  nigricatu,  77. 
hijplera,  IT. 
tetilhamiana,  77. 
lelTreyi,  79. 
Mavriana,  81. 
icopuIoruiR,  <M). 

3,ii4. 


tubereuk  i,  103. 
)  binaU,  KV. 


rowth  of,  4. 

a,  115. 

iim,  110. 

9. 

rpeotine  from,  9. 


FIbu  Btnbiu,  17. 

Pinui  Strob.-u  luuia,  81. 

Ftnut  Strobuf  civu,  21. 

PinuM  Slrobui,  t  mmuicola,  IS. 

Pinut  tyUettrii,  3,  S. 

Pinut  tj/lvtitrit,  5,  6,  7,  8. 

'  in\u  Kjlmtlrit,  t,  7. 

Piniu  iytvalrii,  $  Sorvigica,  67. 

PinuM  lytetilrit,  y  Nom-Citutrwmi,  128. 

Pmuf  ij/lvalrit,  I  divarieala,  147. 

i'lniu  tylvalru,  t  iiMn/i'ma,  b 

Pinui  ijrlve»tru  in  the  Unit  ^  SUtM,  S. 

Pinus  Syrlica,  7. 

Piniu  Tad*,  111. 

Pinui  Tada,  fi. 

Pinus  Tada,  ■  (enui/ojia,  111. 

Pinui  Tada,  $  echinala,  143. 

Pinui  Tada,  $  rigida,  118. 

Piniu  Tada,  y  variabilii,  143. 

t  Pinui  Tada,  >  alopecuroidea,  119. 

Pinw  Tinfa,  >  paluihii,  151. 

nnuf  Tada,  var.  A  {rigida),  US, 

PiniM  TWa,  var.  heterophj/Ua,  1S7. 

Pinut  Tomrar,  01. 

Pinuj  Tarlarica,  S. 

Pinuj  («nui/biia,  17. 

Pinui  Thunbergii,  3,  7. 

Piniu  Timorimiii,  S. 

Pinui  Torreyana,  71. 

Pinu«  lubereulata,  103, 107. 

Pinui  tubtrculald,  var.  acuta,  107. 

Pinui,  umbo  of  the  oone-Male  of,  4. 

Pinui  variabilii,  143. 

Pinus  Virginians,  123. 

Pinui  Virginiana,  b  echinata,  143. 

riuodes  Strobi,  11. 

Pitsh  Hne,  90, 116, 140,  IfiO. 


INDEX. 

Pollm  of  ?liMM,  4, 
Pulyponii  MiiUMiM,  U, 
Polypunu  HobwtialUll,  11. 
Poiypun.!  voWttMi  18. 
Pond  i'lna,  119. 
PondaruiMi,  4. 
Prli'lUa-tuiiui  line,  liW, 
Pumpkin  lln*,  lU, 

Railway  tlai  from  i'laiM  ptlMtrU,  IM. 

Ibid  PIna,  U7. 

R«d  Pin*  of  .lajHiM,  7. 

Raiiuui.^  pruduuU  of  IIbui  PIlMiUr,  7. 

RaHnIa  /ruitraiii,  U7. 

Rhg'',l"m  linaatuin,  II. 

V\t»  PilMl,  0, 
Ringwhille,  11, 
RoMmary  Piiia,  118. 
Roiiii  :>, 

Sabine,  J'  >   )h|OT. 
Sabinua,  O",', 
Sand  PlhH,  IU7, 
8aUion«ura  pltiimiUf  It. 
Sootob  Kir,  A. 
Bcotuh  Pine,  ft, 
Banib  Pine,  80,  IIO, 
Semirthiia  biilKnahi,  11. 
Bhilliuga,  bay,  tA), 
Bhort-leaved  I'iiia,  148. 
Slaih  Pine,  11.1,  in7. 
Boledad  Pine,  71, 
Soutbai  /)  Pine,  ini, 
Spirit!  of  turpentine,  9. 
Spruoe  Pine,  1U7,  1»1, 148. 
Stone  Pine,  p, 


163 


8trabai,4. 

ainlmi,l. 

Stamp  growth  of  Pinni,  4. 

Bagu  of  Pinui  Laubeitiana,  20. 

Sugu  Pine,  27. 

Swamp  Pine,  1S7. 

SyWeatm,  4. 

Table-Mountain  Pine,  ISB. 

trnim,*. 

Tamarack  Pine,  90. 

Tar,  3,  8,  0. 

Tomioui  oacographui,  11. 

Tomioui  oalligrapbui,  11. 

Tomioui  Pini,  11. 

Turrey,  John,  72. 

Tortrii  politana,  11. 

Trametei  Pini,  11. 

Turpentine  from  Pinui  echinata,  146. 

Turpentine  from  Pinni  paluitrii,  IM. 

Tu.-pentine  from  Pinni  Roxburghii,  9. 

Turpentine,  oil  of,  3,  8,  0. 

Tnrpentiue,  ipiriti  of,  9. 

Umbo  of  Pinui,  4. 

Walter,  Thomai,  132. 
Weevil  White  Fine,  11. 
Weymouth  Pine,  21. 
White  Pine,  17,  23,  33,  36,  39. 
White  Pine  Weevil,  11. 
Wool,  Pine,  3. 

Xyloterui  bivittatui,  11. 

YeUow  Pine,  75,  77,  86, 143, 186. 


[)3. 
lOS. 


